Module 7.0 - The Political Institutions PDF

THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS  LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1. Explain the forms and functions of state and non-state institutions.  LESSON OUTLINE  Politics and its Structures  Differentiating Power from Authority  Political Organizations  Nation and State  Non-State Actors  WHAT ARE...

THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS  LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1. Explain the forms and functions of state and non-state institutions.  LESSON OUTLINE  Politics and its Structures  Differentiating Power from Authority  Political Organizations  Nation and State  Non-State Actors  WHAT ARE SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS?  SOCIAL INSTITUTION It consists of institutions that come together for a common purpose.  SOCIAL INSTITUTION Its purpose is to maintain order and continue the spreading of the society’s cherished values and beliefs.  WHAT ARE SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS PRESENT IN OUR SOCIETY?  SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS Family Education Government Economy Religion  ARE YOU FAMILIAR WITH THESE? DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES COMMISSION ON AUDIT POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS  WHAT IS POLITICS?  POLITICS It is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in a group  WHAT IS POLITICAL INSTITUTION?  POLITICAL INSTITUTION 1. These are organizations in a government that create, enforce, and apply laws. 2. They often mediate conflict, make (governmental) policies on the economy and social systems, and otherwise provide representation for the population. WHY DO THESE INSTITUTIONS EXISTS?  POLITICAL STRUCTURE It is the organized way in which power is distributed or consolidated, and decisions are made within society. WHAT DOES IT TRY TO ASSERT?  POLITICAL INSTITUTION Power is fundamental in the normal functioning of society as expressed in terms of force—whether physical or psychological.  POLITICAL INSTITUTION Power is the personal ability of a person to control and influence others. Power involves a relationship – there is one who exercises the power and another who is subject to it. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POWER AND AUTHORITY?  LEGITIMACY The word legitimacy originated from the word legitimare, meaning “to declare lawful” and is broadly defined as “rightfulness”.  POWER VS AUTHORITY Power is the ability of a group or person to achieve their aims despite the resistance of others. However, many people do not view the exercise of such power as legitimate. Authority is the form of power that people recognize as legitimate. WHERE DOES POWER COME FROM?  SIX TYPES OF POWER FOR LEADER SOCIETAL PERSPECTIVE COERCIVE Use of Force REWARD Exchange for doing something LEGITIMATE Formalized way of ensuring REFERENT Power to attract & build loyalty INFORMATIONAL Use of information to persuade EXPERT The level of expertise  COERCIVE POWER Coercive power is the threat and application of sanctions and other negative consequences. These can include direct punishment or the withholding of desired resources or rewards. Coercive power relies on fear to induce compliance.  REWARD POWER Reward power comes from the ability to confer valued material rewards or create other positive incentives. It refers to the degree to which the individual can provide external motivation to others through benefits or gifts. In an organization, this motivation may include promotions, increases in pay, or extra time off.  LEGITIMATE POWER Also called "positional power," this is the power individuals have from their role and status within an organization. Legitimate power usually involves formal authority delegated to the holder of the position.  REFERENT POWER Referent power comes from the ability of individuals to attract others and build their loyalty. It is based on the personality and interpersonal skills of the power holder. A person may be admired because of a specific personal trait, such as charisma or likability, and these positive feelings become the basis for interpersonal influence.  INFORMATIONAL POWER This comes from access to and control over information. People in an organization who have data or knowledge that others need can make those others dependent on them. HELLO GARCI  EXPERT POWER Expert power draws from a person's skills and knowledge and is especially potent when an organization has a high need for them. Narrower than most sources of power, the power of an expert typically applies only in the specific area of the person's expertise and credibility. THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY  TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY Fuses power with tradition. Power is legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns. Traditional authority is more pronounced in pre-modern societies because changes in society are quite slow RATIONAL-LEGAL AUTHORITY Also known as the bureaucratic authority is a power legitimated by legally enacted rules and regulations. In contrast to traditional authority, bureaucratic authority stresses achievement over ascribed characteristics.  CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY Power legitimated through extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience. Unlike traditional and bureaucratic authorities, charismatic authority does not emanate from an inherited or achieved social status. POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS WHY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS WERE CREATED? POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS Political organizations were created to maintain social order, especially in the resolution of conflicts among people dwelling in the same geographical area (Haviland et al., 2008). TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES 1. UNCENTRALIZED Bands Tribes 2. CENTRALIZED Chiefdom State 1. UNCENTRALIZED Power and resources were distributed among members of society equally.  BAND A small kin-ordered group living together in a loosely defined geographical territory for a temporary time—until sufficient resources are gathered to sustain the group.  TRIBE A tribe comprised a number of bands that were politically integrated (often through a council of elders or other leaders) and shared a language, religious beliefs, and other aspects of culture. 2. CENTRALIZED The authority and power are assigned to an individual (chief) or a body of individuals (state).  CHIEFDOM Power and authority are bestowed to the chief because he is the highest-ranking individual. Apart from ensuring the unity of all the members of the community, it is also the chief who oversees all economic activities in his or her area of responsibility.  STATE A state exists in a society with a large population that resides in a clearly bounded territory, stratified into different social classes, and subject to a formal government that creates and implements laws to promote social order.  ELEMENTS OF THE STATE Population Territory Government Sovereignty and Recognition NON-STATE ACTORS  NON-STATE ACTORS These entities play a role in international politics and they are both presents in international organizations and in unconventional settings.  CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIETY Campaigning for policy reform; Adopting good practice standards; and Advancing "sustainable development” as a uniting vision for all organizations. CIVIL SOCIETY CATEGORIES 1. NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS It is a voluntary group or institution with a social mission, which operates independently from the government.  2. PEOPLE’S ORGANIZATIONS Composed of disadvantaged individuals and work to advance their members' material or social well-being.  CHARACTERISTICS OF FILIPINO CIVIL SOCIETY Political activism takes on a larger role for Filipino organizations than elsewhere. Welfare activities emanating from the non- government sector are clearly distinguished from religious or state-initiated welfare activities. NGOs in the Philippines have benefited from government administrations that, since the mid- 1980s, have been generally supportive of civil society.  PHILIPPINE NGOs CONTRIBUTION Advocated for a greater role in the delivery of social services, stressing their strong relationships in local, poor communities—a commitment that grew out of working with poor communities (Racelis, 2008). Facilitated the prospects for a truly democratic and just society continues to offer hope and fulfillment to poor Filipinos struggling for lives of dignity (Racelis, 2008). INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS  1. INTERNATIONAL NGO(s) International Non- governmental Organizations (INGOs) are comprised of private individuals and groups.  2. INTERNATIONAL GO(s) IGOs are based on treaties, have formal structures, and meet at regular intervals OTHER NON-STATE ACTORS  1. BANKS AND CORPORATIONS Active in the economic activities of various countries all over the world. 2.1 CO-OPERATIVE BANK It is organized, owned and controlled by cooperative organizations, for the purpose of providing financial and credit services to cooperatives and their members.  2.2. TRADE UNIONS It is composed of workers that have come together to achieve common goals, such as ensuring higher pay and benefits, acquiring health care and retirement benefits, and improving work conditions. 3. TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS 4. DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES  ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES Independent organizations shaped by public and private institutions aims to implement strategies of shared territorial development favoring marginal portions of population (ILO, 2003)  ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES Their goal is to develop and support economic growth in a specific region or state by providing necessary resources and assistance. TO GIVE AN EXAMPLE ASIA PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION  THANK YOU and MAY GOD BLESS US ALL