Prenatal Development Study PowerPoint PDF

Main debates: Stability and Change Can early traits and characteristics persist or change over time? - If a child is very shy during the childhood, do you think the child will From Democrat and remain the same during the adolescent years and in adulthood? Chronicle Biology and...

Main debates: Stability and Change Can early traits and characteristics persist or change over time? - If a child is very shy during the childhood, do you think the child will From Democrat and remain the same during the adolescent years and in adulthood? Chronicle Biology and Environment: Resilience Ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development Factors in resilience: Personal characteristics Warm parental relationship Social support outside family © iofoto/Shutterstock Community resources and opportunities Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Periods of Development The interplay of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes give rise to the developmental periods (timeframe) of the human life span - Prenatal period – from conception to birth -Infancy – from birth to 18/24 months Childhood – up to around 11 years - Early childhood – up to age 5/6 years - Middle and Late Childhood – (5/6 – 10/12 years) - Adolescents – from 10/12 to 18/22 years - Early adulthood – early 20ties to early 30ties - Middle adulthood – 40-60 years - Late adulthood – 60 years to death Conceptions of Age  ). Four types of age: - Chronological - (years since birth). - Biological – biological health. They younger the person’s biological age, the longer the person is expected to live, regardless of chronological age. - Psychological – individual adaptive capacities. Older adults who are flexible motivated, think clearly tend to be younger psychologically - Social age – refers to the connectedness with others. People with stronger social relations are happier and tend to live longer than individuals who are lonely (Antonucc et al, 2016). THREE PATTERNS OF AGING 1. Normal 2. Successful 3. Pathological © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education 1 Ltd. 0  Heredity and Chromosomes Gametes: involved in reproduction: the male gametes, or sperm, and female gametes, or ova.  Male gametes are produced in testes, process called spermatogenesis  Female gametes are produced ovaries present when born but immature; process called Oogenesis.  Genotype and phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genetic makeup of that Refers to the individual’s individual. inherited physical characteristics. What determines a Sex of a Child? Sperm = Y chromosomes Ova= X chromones If a child receives XY= genetically male If a child receives XX= genetically female Technology and ability to determine sex of a child  Genetic Mutations Definition of Genetic Mutations Genetic mutations are changes in the DNA sequence or gene that can occur due to errors during DNA replication or external factors such as radiation and chemicals. Potential Effects of Mutations Mutations can lead to various outcomes, including genetic disorders, cancer, or may have no effect at all, depending on where they occur in the genome.  The Germinal Stage: Weeks 0-2 The germinal stage is the first phase of prenatal development, lasting about two weeks after conception.  The Embryonic Stage: Weeks 3-8 Key Developments Organ Formation Major organs begin to develop during this stage, including the lungs, liver, and kidneys, laying the foundation for future growth.  The Fetal Stage: Weeks 9-Birth The fetal stage, which spans from approximately the ninth week of pregnancy until birth, is characterized by rapid growth and maturation of the fetus. During this period, the organs and systems develop and refine their functions, with significant growth in size and weight. By the end of this stage, the fetus is typically about 20 inches long and weighs around 7 to 8 pounds. This stage is crucial for the development of body systems, including the nervous, respiratory, and digestive systems, as well A fetus at 10 weeks of development as the formation of facial features and limbs. Environmental factors during this stage, such as nutrition  Prenatal testing Aspects of prenatal care that focus on detecting problems with the pregnancy as early as possible Prenatal Testing Prenatal Diagnosis Finding problems among a large Pursuing additional detailed population with affordable and information once a particular noninvasive methods. problem has been found and can sometimes be more invasive.  Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis Ultrasound Imaging Ultrasound is a non-invasive technique that uses sound waves to create images of the fetus. It helps assess fetal growth, detect structural anomalies, and monitor heart activity. Blood Tests Maternal blood tests can identify certain genetic conditions by measuring specific substances in the blood, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) or cell-free fetal DNA (cfDNA). Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) CVS is an invasive procedure where a sample of the placenta is taken to test for genetic disorders. It is typically performed between the 10th and 13th weeks of pregnancy. Amniocentesis Amniocentesis involves extracting amniotic fluid to analyze fetal cells for genetic conditions. It is usually performed between the 15th and 20th weeks and carries some risk. Genetic Disorders and Prenatal Development Genetic disorders can arise from mutations in genes, chromosomal abnormalities, or complex interactions between genes and the environment. These disorders can affect prenatal development by causing congenital malformations, growth restrictions, or functional abnormalities in the fetus. Examples of genetic disorders that impact prenatal development include Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and spina bifida, which can lead to significant health issues at birth. Early detection through prenatal screening can help manage genetic disorders, allowing for informed decision-making and  Teratogens and Their Effects Effects on Prenatal Development Definition of Teratogens Types of Teratogens Exposure to teratogens can lead to Teratogens are substances or factors serious birth defects, developmental that can cause malformation and delays, and other health issues, developmental abnormalities in a fetus Common teratogens include certain depending on the timing and level of during pregnancy. medications, alcohol, drugs, infections, exposure. and environmental toxins that can adversely affect fetal development.  Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Stress and Mental Nutrition Health Drugs, Tabacco, and Alcohol High levels of stress can negatively Adequate nutrition is crucial during(Teratogen) affect prenatal development, leading to pregnancy as it supports fetal growth complications such as preterm birth. and development. Poor nutrition can Exposure to drugs and alcohol can have Managing stress through support and lead to low birth weight and severe consequences on fetal relaxation techniques is essential. developmental delays. development, including birth defects and cognitive impairments. Pregnant individuals should avoid these substances. Parental Age and Genetic Risk Parental age is a significant factor in prenatal genetic risk. Advanced maternal age, typically defined as 35 years or older, increases the likelihood of chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome. Similarly, older paternal age has been associated with a higher risk of new genetic mutations and conditions like autism spectrum disorders. This is attributed to factors such as the accumulation of genetic mutations in sperm and eggs over time.  Advancements in Non-Invasive Testing Emerging technologies like cell-free DNA testing are revolutionizing prenatal genetic testing by allowing for safer, non-invasive methods to assess fetal The Future of Prenatal genetic conditions. Genetic Testing Integration of Artificial Intelligence AI is being utilized to analyze genetic data more efficiently, improving the accuracy of predictions regarding genetic disorders in fetuses. Personalized Medicine Approaches The future of prenatal genetic testing aims to provide personalized insights, enabling tailored care plans based on the unique genetic profile of both the parent and fetus. The Role of Counselling in Prenatal Genetics Genetic counseling plays a crucial role for expecting parents as it provides them with essential information about genetic conditions that may affect their child. Counselors help parents understand the risks of inherited disorders, interpret genetic test results, and discuss the implications of these findings. This support empowers parents to make informed decisions about their pregnancy, helps them prepare for potential challenges, and offers emotional support throughout the process. Factors influencing prenatal risks The timing of the exposure: Structures in the body are vulnerable to the most severe damage when they are forming. If a substance is introduced during a particular structure’s critical period (time of development), the damage to that structure may be greater. For example, the ears and arms reach their critical periods at about 6 weeks after conception. If a mother exposes the embryo to certain substances during this period, the arms and ears may be malformed. The amount of exposure: Some substances are not harmful unless the amounts reach a certain level. The critical level depends in part on the size and metabolism of the mother. Genetics: Genetic make-up also plays a role in the impact a particular teratogen might have on the child. This is suggested by fraternal twin studies who are exposed to the same prenatal environment, yet do not experience the same teratogenic effects. The genetic make-up of the mother can also have an effect; some mothers may be more resistant to teratogenic effects than others. Gender: Being male or female: Males are more likely to experience damage due to teratogens than are females. It is believed that the Y chromosome, which contains fewer genes than the X, may have an impact.  Prenatal Major complications Gestational diabetes Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG) Preeclampsia Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Infections Peripartum Cardiomyopathy  Why do women die in Pregnancy and childbirth Severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after childbirth) Severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after childbirth) High blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia) Complications from delivery Other complications: Miscarriage Stillbirth Gender Differences in Development Physical Development Differences Boys often exhibit greater physical strength and larger body sizes. Girls typically develop fine motor skills, like writing and drawing, earlier. Differences in growth patterns may influence play preferences and activities. Cognitive and Language Skills Girls generally outperform boys in verbal skills during early childhood. Boys may excel in spatial skills, influencing their interest in building activities. Social interaction can enhance language development in girls more than boys. Physical Growth Milestones Typical Physical Growth Milestones By age 2, children typically weigh about 26-28 pounds and stand around 34 inches tall. Between ages 3-5, children experience steady growth, gaining about 4- 5 pounds and 2-3 inches in height each year. By age 4, most children can hop on one foot, catch a bounced ball, and begin to use utensils effectively. By age 5, children often show improved coordination, can skip, and may start riding a bike with training wheels. Overall, physical growth during early childhood is characterized by rapid changes in height, weight, and motor skills development. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development (Textbook p. 250-252) Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of learning. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence.  Sensorimotor stage: Birth to 2 years: world experienced through senses and actions.  Preoperational stage: Ages 2 to 7: use words and images to represent things but lack logical reasoning  Concrete operational stage: Ages 7 to 11: understand concrete events and logical analogies; performs arithmetical operations  Formal operational stage: Ages 12 and up: Utilize abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking  Theory of Mind The understanding that the mind holds people’s beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions. The mind can be tricked or not always accurate  Developing a Concept of Self: Who am I? Early childhood is a time of forming an initial sense of self. Self-concept: idea ow who we are, what we are capable of doing, and how we think and feel as a social process that involves taking into consideration how others view us. In order to develop a sense of self, children must have interaction with others. Gender Identity: Male or Female, interest in finding out the differences between boys and girls (physical and acceptable actitivites).  Childhood Stress and Development Huge impact of stress on childhood development Impact depends on number of stressors, duration of stress, and child’s ability to cope. Changing school, loss, expose to family violence etc Types of stress: Positive, Tolerable, and Toxic Toxic Stress: chronic, excessive stress that exceeds a child’s ability to cope, especially in the absence of supportive caregiving from adults Consequences: memory issues, reduced immunity, anxiety. Breakout discussion: What are possible coping skills on how children can manager stress?  Trauma and Childhood Childhood Trauma = Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Examples: neglect, abandonment, sexual abuse, physical abuse, parent or sibling treated violently, separation/divorce, incarceration of parents, parents with mental illness. Importance of early intervention Early Childhood Education Impact of Early Childhood Education Programs Early childhood education programs enhance cognitive skills, promoting critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. These programs foster social skills, helping children learn to interact with peers and develop emotional intelligence. Research shows that children who attend quality early education are more likely to succeed academically in later years. Access to early childhood education is linked to long-term benefits, including higher graduation rates and improved career outcomes. Investing in early childhood education leads to better health and economic stability for families and communities. Successful Early Childhood Program Overview of the Program: ABC Early Learning Centre The ABC Early Learning Centre implemented a comprehensive early childhood development program focusing on holistic growth. The program emphasizes play-based learning, fostering cognitive, social, and emotional skills in children aged 3-5. Staff includes trained educators who work closely with families to ensure a supportive learning environment. Regular assessments track children's progress and adapt teaching strategies to meet individual needs. The center collaborates with local health services to provide integrated support for physical and mental well-being. Impact of Socioeconomic Status Access to Resources Children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds often have better access to educational resources, healthcare, and nutritious food, which supports their development. Stress and Environment Low socioeconomic status can lead to increased family stress, which negatively impacts children's emotional and cognitive development due to an unstable home environment. Educational Opportunities Socioeconomic status influences the quality of educational opportunities available, affecting children's readiness for school and long-term academic success.  Attachment and Bonding Attachment and bonding are crucial concepts in early childhood development that refer to the emotional ties formed between a child and their caregivers. These bonds are essential for a child's emotional security and development, as they influence the child's sense of safety and the ability to explore their environment. A strong attachment fosters healthy emotional and social development, helping children form relationships with others. Understanding these concepts can inform practices that support positive caregiver-child interactions, ultimately enhancing the child's overall development and well-being.