Lifespan Development Part II PDF

51 I. What is Lifespan Development? II. Lifespan Theories III. Stages of Development 52 1  Prenatal Development and the Newborn 53 ¡ Zygote: up to 2 weeks ¡ Embryo: 2-8 week...

51 I. What is Lifespan Development? II. Lifespan Theories III. Stages of Development 52 1  Prenatal Development and the Newborn 53 ¡ Zygote: up to 2 weeks ¡ Embryo: 2-8 weeks Zygote ¡ Fetus: 8 weeks – birth 2 wk 4 wk 16 wk 54 2  ¡ Organogenesis: begins in 1st trimester § organs begin to form ¡ Responds to sound at end of 2nd trimester ¡ Mozart Effect § Fact of fallacy? 55 56 3  ¡ Two lines of defenses 1) Placental barrier 2) Blood brain barrier ¡ Fetus: BBB not fully developed 57 ¡ Teratogens: Chemicals or viruses that can harm the development of an embryo or fetus ¡PHYSICAL ¡ BEHAVIOURAL ¡ COGNITIVE 58 4  Examples of teratogens: - viruses - environmental toxins - drugs - industrial products Smoking during pregnancy - birth defects (both mother and father) - lower birth weight - spontaneous abortions - premature babies 59 6-week old baby 6-week old baby FAS brain “normal” brain 1.9 in 1,000 live births (increases if you are looking at a population of “problem drinkers”) No safe time- all can have effects on anatomy/behaviour 60 5  Consumption during pregnancy - Lower birth weight - Higher consumption linked to miscarriages - Increased chance of SIDS Caffeine 61 Reproductive Development and Sex - Assignment ¡ Sex determined by SRY gene of Y chromosome § Resultant sex = gonads = reproductive organs (hormones and gametes) § Hormones determine formation of external genitals [e.g., vagina (XX) or penis (XY)] ▪ How a doctor visually identifies sex in a newborn ▪ AFAB (assigned female at birth) and AMAB (assigned male at birth) ▪ Terminology shapes perceptions and attitudes 62 6  Reproductive Development and Sex - Assignment ¡ Gender vs sex ¡ Gender is psychosocial construct § Boy / Girl historically visually identified biological sex ▪ Non-binary § Social and cultural norms § Not always mappable 63 Reproductive Development and Sex – Intersex ¡ When genetic sex and gondal sex don’t match, or are ambiguous ¡ Typically affect the persons’ reproduction likelihood ¡ Mislabelling and corrective genital surgery can lead to negative lifetime outcomes 64 7  ¡ Prefer sweet tastes at birth ¡ Quickly learn to like new tastes ¡ Have odour preferences from birth ¡ Can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth 65 ¡ Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth ¡ Prefer complex sounds to pure tones ¡ Learn sound patterns within days ¡ Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language Noam Chomsky- MIT 66 8 67 Newborn 2 months 6 months 68 9  Newborns display a preference for stimuli that appear “face-like”. 69 70 10  Babies will attend to new Time spent looking (seconds) stimuli when presented. The more often it gets presented, the weaker the response. 71 72 11  ¡ PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Brain development Motor development ¡ COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Piaget’s Stages ¡ SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Attachment Self-concept Child-rearing 73 ¡ At birth almost all your neurons are present ¡ Age 2: 80% of it’s adult size 74 12  1) Myelination ¡ Very little myelin when babies are born § Glial cells develop after 75 2) Formation of more synapses ¡ Plasticity processes 76 13  ¡ (Genetically designed) Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviour, relatively uninfluenced by experience ¡ Ex. Stand before walk, nouns before adjectives 77 ¡ First memories: generally not before 3 (average 3.5 yrs) ¡ By 4-5 yrs memories become less fragile ¡ Types of memories 78 14 79 Reflexes in the Newborn 80 15 81 82 16 83 ¡ Developmental psychologists once thought that infants develop intense attachments to caregivers to satisfy the infant's need for food. ¡ Harry Harlow, in experiments in monkeys, found otherwise. His studies demonstrated the importance of "contact comfort" in infants. 84 17 85 Harry Harlow 88 18  ¡ Harry Harlow (1950s) ¡ Safe haven ¡ Base to explore 89 Stranger anxiety - After object permanence - Schema for familiar faces Attachment - Emotional tie with another person - Caregiver 90 19  ¡ Critical Period § An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development 91 ¡ Konrad Lorenz ¡ Imprinting § The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life § Genetically predetermined response 92 20 93 ¡ Secure attachment predicts social competence ¡ Erikson- basic trust § a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy § said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers 94 21  ¡ Strange-Situation Test An experiment with a parent, child, and a stranger reveals the stranger anxiety of the child. 95 1) Secure, trusting attachment 2) Insecure, anxious attachment 3) Avoidance of attachment 96 22  Mothers ¡ Relaxed vs stress-prone ¡ Blaming mother Fathers ¡ Emotional reactions ¡ Hormonal changes during pregnancy (Storey et al., 2000) 97 ¡ Self-Concept § a sense of one’s identity and personal worth ¡ Humans § Starts 6 months § 18 months fully developed ¡ Not only mirror images 98 23  Parenting goals? 99 Authoritarian Parents impose rules and expect r obedience “Don’t interrupt.” “Why? “Because I said so.” 100 24  Permissive submits to children’s desires, make few demands, use little punishment 101 Authoritative both demanding and responsive set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion 102 25 103 104 26  ¡ Adolescence § The transition period from childhood to adulthood § Extending from puberty to independence 105 PUBERTY § the period of sexual maturation § when a person becomes capable of reproduction ¡ Females: age 11-13 ¡ Males: age 13 ¡ Age is decreasing (~16 yr at the beginning of the 19th century) 106 27  Adolescents’ ability to reason gives them a new level of social awareness. In particular they can think about: 1. Their own thinking. 2. What others are thinking. 3. And think about what others are thinking about them. 4. How ideals can be reached. Criticize society, parents and even themselves. 107 108 28 109 Life Expectancy CANADA 2020-2022 Statistics Canada 110 29  § Women outlive men by 5-6 years § At birth: 105 males for 100 females § By 100 years, women outnumber men by 5:1 § Stats Can, 2008 § Girls born in 2005 can expect to live 4.7 years longer than boys, with female life expectancy at 82.7 and male expectancy at 78. § Girls born in 1991 expected to live 6.3 years longer 111 112 30  ¡ Menopause § Cessation of menstruation § Also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines § Roughly 48-55 years 113 ¡ Andropause § The male menopause: possible causes, symptoms and treatment. British Journal Nursing 2003 12(2):80-4. 114 31 115 ¡ Several types of dementia ¡ AD- 3% of world’s population by 75 Other sources § 10% over 65 § 35% over 85 ¡ Acetylcholine system 116 32  Plaque Tangle http://www.learner.org/resources/series142.html# 117 ¡ Crook & West (1990) ¡ Video of 14 people introducing themselves ¡ TEST: recall names 118 33  ¡ No decline in recognition for Number of words words ¡ Recall of words impaired § caffeine improves 119 1. Cross-section studies (many ages) - originally supported mental decline (Weschler) 2. Longitudinal studies (same people over time) - IQ stable over time 120 34  3. No simple way to come to a conclusion - type of test - subjects tested CRYSTALLIZED Intelligence: INCREASES - vocabulary and analogies test FLUID intelligence: DECREASES - reason speedily and abstractly 121 "Wrinkles should merely indicate where smiles have been." ¡ Mark Twain 122 35  ¡ Social Clock § The culturally preferred timing of social events ▪ Marriage ▪ Parenthood ▪ Retirement 123 § Does it exist? § Evidence says NO! Emotional stability remains ‘stable’ through mid-adulthood 124 36 125 126 37  ¡ Kübler-Ross’s 5 stages of grief § Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance ¡ Those with religious or spiritual beliefs tend to cope better – social support ¡ Knowledge of death allows us to be prepared § Living will § Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) orders § Health care proxy (someone to make decisions for you if you’re incapacitated) 127 38