Control and Coordination Study Material PDF

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL- BOPAL, AHMEDABAD Study Material Chapter – 6 Control and Coordination Importance of control and coordination A living being does not live in isolation. It has to constantly interact with its...

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL- BOPAL, AHMEDABAD Study Material Chapter – 6 Control and Coordination Importance of control and coordination A living being does not live in isolation. It has to constantly interact with its external environment and has to respond properly for its survival. For example; when a hungry lion spots a deer, the lion has to quickly make a move so that it can have its food. On the other hand, the deer needs to quickly make a move to run for its life. The responses which a living being makes in relation to external stimuli are controlled and coordinated by a system; especially in complex animals. Nervous System The nervous system is composed of specialized tissues; called nervous tissue. The nerve cell or neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. It is the nervous system which is mainly responsible for control and coordination in complex animals. Neuron: Neuron is a highly specialized cell which is responsible for transmission of nerve impulses. The neuron consists of the following parts: Fig: Neuron a. Cyton or cell body: The cell body or cyton is somewhat star-shaped; with many hair-like structures protruding out of the margin. These hair-like structures are called dendrites. Dendrites receive the nerve impulses. b. Axon: This is the tail of the neuron. It ends in several hair-like structures; called axon terminals. The axon terminals relay nerve impulses. c. Myelin Sheath: There is an insulator cover around the axon. This is called myelin sheath. The myelin sheath insulates the axon against nerve impulses from the surroundings. Types of Neuron a. Sensory neuron: These neurons receive signals from a sense organ. b. Motor neuron: These neurons send signals to a muscle or a gland. c. Association neuron (Inter-neuron): These neurons relay the signals between sensory neuron and motor neuron. Nervous System in Humans The nervous system in humans can be divided into two main parts, viz. the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system can be further divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomous nervous system. Central Nervous System: The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain controls all the functions in the human body. The spinal cord works as the relay channel for 1  signals between the brain and the peripheral nervous system. Peripheral Nervous System: The peripheral nervous system is composed of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. The cranial nerves come out of the brain and go to the organs in the head region. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The spinal nerves come out of the spinal cord and go to the organs which are below the head region. Autonomous Nervous System: The autonomous nervous system is composed of a chain of nerve ganglion which runs along the spinal cord. It controls all the involuntary actions in the human body. The autonomous nervous system can be divided into two parts: a. Sympathetic Nervous System: This part of the autonomous nervous system heightens the activity of an organ as per the need. For example; during running, there is an increased demand for oxygen by the body. This is fulfilled by an increased breathing rate and increased heart rate. The sympathetic nervous system works to increase the breathing rate and the heart rate; in this case. b. Parasympathetic Nervous System: This part of the autonomous nervous system slows the down the activity of an organ and thus has a calming effect. During sleep, the breathing rate slows down and so does the heart rate. This is facilitated by the parasympathetic nervous system. It can be said that the parasympathetic nervous system helps in conservation of energy. Human Brain Human brain is a highly complex organ; which is mainly composed of the nervous tissue. The tissues are highly folded to accommodate a larger surface area in less space. The brain is covered by a three- layered system of membranes; called meninges. Cerebrospinal fluid is filled between the meninges. The CSF provides cushion to the brain against mechanical shocks. Furthermore, the brain is housed inside the skull for optimum protection. The human brain can be divided into three regions, viz. forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Parts of Human Brain Forebrain: It is composed of the cerebrum. Midbrain: It is composed of the hypothalamus. Hindbrain: It is composed of the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata. Some main structures of the human brain are as below. Cerebrum: The cerebrum is the largest part in the human brain. It is divided into two hemispheres; called cerebral hemispheres. Functions of cerebrum: The cerebrum controls the voluntary motor actions. It is the site of sensory perceptions; like tactile and auditory perceptions. It is the seat of learning and memory. 2 Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus lies at the base of the cerebrum. It controls sleep and wake cycle (circadian rhythm) of the body. It also controls the urges for eating and drinking. Cerebellum: Cerebellum lies below the cerebrum and at the back of the whole structure. It coordinates the motor functions. When you are riding your bicycle; the perfect coordination between your pedaling and steering control is achieved by the cerebellum. Medulla: Medulla forms the brain stem; along with the pons. It lies at the base of the brain and continues into the spinal cord. Medulla controls various involuntary functions; like hear beat, respiration, etc. Reflex Action: Reflex action is a special case of involuntary movement in voluntary organs. When a voluntary organ is in the vicinity of a sudden danger, it is immediately pulled away from the danger to save itself. For example; when your hand touches a very hot electric iron, you move away your hand in a jerk. All of this happens in flash and your hand is saved from the imminent injury. This is an example of reflex action. Reflex Arc: The path through which nerves signals; involved in a reflex action; travel is called the reflexarc. The following flow chart shows the flow of signal in a reflex arc. Receptor ⇨ Sensory Neuron ⇨ Relay neuron ⇨ Motor neuron ⇨ Effector (muscle) The receptor is the organ which comes in the danger zone. The sensory neurons pick signals from the receptor and send them to the relay neuron. The relay neuron is present in the spinal cord. The spinal cord sends signals to the effector via the motor neuron. The effector comes in action moves the receptor away from the danger. The reflex arc passes at the level of the spinal cord and the signals involved in reflex action do not travel up to the brain. This is important because sending signals to the brain would involve more time. Although every action is ultimately controlled by the brain, the reflex action is mainly controlled at the level of spinal cord. Muscular Movements and Nervous Control: Muscle tissues have special filaments; called actin and myosin. When a muscle receives a nerve signal; a series of events is triggered in the muscle. Calcium ions enter the muscle cells. It results in actin and myosin filaments sliding towards each other and that is how a muscle contracts. Contraction in a muscle brings movement in the related organ. 3  DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL- BOPAL, AHMEDABAD Study Material Chapter – 6 Control and Coordination Coordination in Plants: Unlike animals, plants do not have a nervous system. Plants use chemical means for control and coordination. Many plant hormones are responsible for various kinds of movements in plants. Movements in plants can be divided into two main types, viz. tropic movement and nastic movement. Tropic Movement: The movements which are in a particular direction in relation to the stimulus are called tropic movements. Tropic movements happen as a result of growth of a plant part in a particular direction. There are four types of tropic movements, viz. geotropic, phototropic, hydrotropic and thigmotropic. a. Geotropic Movement: The growth in a plant part in response to the gravity is called geotropic movement. Roots usually show positive geotropic movement, i.e. they grow in the direction of the gravity. Stems usually show negative geotropic movement. b. Phototropic Movement: The growth in a plant part in response to light is called phototropic movement. Stems usually show positive phototropic movement, while roots usually show negative phototropic movement. If a plant is kept in a container in which no sunlight reaches and a hole in the container allows some sunlight; the stem finally grows in the direction of the sunlight. This happens because of a higher rate of cell division in the part of stem which is away from the sunlight. As a result, the stem bends towards the light. The heightened rate of cell division is attained by increased secretion of the plant hormone auxin in the part which is away from sunlight. c. Hydrotropic Movement: When roots grow in the soil, they usually grow towards the nearest source of water. This shows a positive hydrotropic movement. d. Thigmotropic Movement: The growth in a plant part in response to touch is called thigmotropic movement. Such movements are seen in tendrils of climbers. The tendril grows in a way so as it can coil around a support. The differential rate of cell division in different parts of the tendril happens due to action of auxin. 4  Nastic Movement: 1 The movements which do not depend on the direction from the stimulus acts are called nastic movement. For example; when someone touches the leaves of mimosa, the leaves droop. The drooping is independent of the direction from which the leaves are touched. Such movements usually happen because of changing water balance in the cells. When leaves of mimosa are touched, the cells in theleaves lose water and become flaccid; resulting in drooping of leaves. Plant Hormones: Auxins, Gibberellins, and Cytokinins are grouped into Plant growth promoters while Abscisic acid and Ethylene are grouped into Plant growth inhibitors. Ethylene can be grouped either into the promoters or into the plant inhibitors. 1. Auxins - promotes cell growth and differentiation, especially on the tips of plants. It controls plants' response to light. 2. Cytokinin - promotes cell division and lateral growth in plants. It helps in the rapid division of seeds and fruits. 3. Gibberellins - helps in breaking dormancy in seeds and buds. It can be used in the production of seedless fruits. 4. Abscisic acid - promotes dormancy in seeds and buds. It promotes wilting and falling of leaves. 5. Ethylene - promotes fruit ripening. Phototropism and role of Auxin: Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 3-IAA) is the most common, naturally occurring, plant hormone auxin. 5 Endocrine System The endocrine system is composed of several endocrine glands. A ductless gland is called endocrine gland. Endocrine gland secretes its product directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are produced in the endocrine glands. Hormone is mainly composed of protein. Hormones assist the nervous system in control and coordination. Nerves do not reach to every nook and corner of the body and hence hormones are needed to affect control and coordination in those parts. Moreover, unlike nervous control; hormonal control is somewhat slower. Endocrine Location Hormones Produced Functions gland i). Releasing hormones (RH) At the base Hypothalamus ii). Growth inhibiting Regulates secretions of pituitary hormones. of brain Hormones GH stimulates growth. Controls growth- i). Growth hormone (GH) dwarfism and gigantism. ii). Thyroid stimulating Pituitary gland At the base TSH stimulates functioning of thyroid hormone (TSH) (Master gland) of brain gland. iii) Follicle stimulating FSH stimulates the follicles during hormone (FSH) ovulation. Controls general metabolism and growth in i). Thyroxine Thyroid Gland Neck the body. ii). Thyrocalcitonin (TCT) TCT regulates calcium level in body i). Adrenaline Prepares the body for emergency situations Above Adrenal gland ii). Nor-adrenaline and hence is also called ‘Fight and flight’ kidneys iii). Corticoids hormone. Insulin regulates glucose homeostasis, stimulates glycogenesis, controls carbohydrate metabolism. Near i). Insulin Glucagon regulates glucose levels, Pancreas stimulates gluconeogenesis. stomach ii). Glucagon 6  Sperm production, development of Testis (male) In scrotum Testosterone secondary sexual characters during puberty. Oestrogen promotes egg production and development of secondary sexual i) Oestrogen characters during puberty. Ovary (female) Near uterus ii) Progesterone Progesterone causes thickening of endometrium (the inner lining of the uterus) Q. Mention any five functions of adrenaline hormone. Ans 1. Increase in heart rate. 2. Increase in respiratory rate. 3. Change in the body's metabolism. 4. Dilation of pupils. 5. Increase in blood pressure. Question Explain briefly why Adrenaline is called emergency hormones and it's functions. Ans Adrenaline is a hormone secreted by adrenal medulla during stress. This is called as emergency hormone because it initiates quick reaction which makes the individual to think and respond quickly to the stress. The hormone increases metabolic rate. there occurs dialation of blood vessels going to heart and the brain. The blood vessels reaching skin and kidneys constrict in order to provide more blood to the heart and the brain. they also increase fat metabolism thereby synthesising more energy. What is the function of adrenaline? Ans Adrenaline triggers the body's fight-or-flight response. This reaction causes air passages to dilate to provide the muscles with the oxygen they need to either fight danger or flee. Adrenaline also triggers the blood vessels to contract to re-direct blood toward major muscle groups, including the heart and lungs. The body's ability to feel pain also decreases as a result of adrenaline, which is why you can continue running from or fighting danger even when injured. Adrenaline causes a noticeable increase in strength and performance, as well as heightened awareness, in stressful times. After the stress has subsided, adrenaline’s effect can last for up to an hour. 7