Study Guide Midterm Class 4419 Spring 2025 PDF

Study Guide Midterm Class 4419 Lect. Spring 2025 Define physiology and set an example in the human body. **Physiology is the study of the function of the body; how the body parts work to carry out life sustaining activities.** Explain what happens to a cell when placed int these different solutio...

Study Guide Midterm Class 4419 Lect. Spring 2025 Define physiology and set an example in the human body. **Physiology is the study of the function of the body; how the body parts work to carry out life sustaining activities.** Explain what happens to a cell when placed int these different solutions \-\-- isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic. **Isotonic: has same osmolarity as inside the cell, so volume remains unchanged** **Hypotonic:** **has lower osmolarity than inside cell, so water flows into cell, resulting in cell swelling** **Hypertonic:** **has higher osmolarity than inside cell, so water flows out of cell, resulting in cell shrinking** Explain which main nutrient is used as the most immediate source of energy for the cells. **The main nutrient used as the most intermediate source of energy for cells is carbohydrates.** List the organs located in the dorsal body cavity, in the pericardial cavity, and in the pleural cavities. **Dorsal cavity: brain and spinal cord, covered by membranes called meninges** **Pericardial cavity: the heart** **Pleural cavity: two, each one contains a lung** Define these chemical reactions: \-\-\-- anabolic (synthesis) reaction, catabolic (decomposition) chemical reaction, exchange chemical reaction. Set an example of anabolic and catabolic that occur in the body. **Anabolic:** **Builds up complex molecules from simpler ones, Consumes energy** **Examples include bone development, muscle mass gain, and protein synthesis** **Requires ATP and produces ADP.** **Catabolic:** **Exchange:** List the layers of the epidermis. Explain the function of the stratum corneum and the stratum Basale. **Layers of the epidermis: stratum Basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.** Describe the 3 body planes (how they divide the body). **Sagittal: vertical- cuts body into right and left parts (up and down). MIdsagittal -- lies directly in the midline. Parasagittal- offset from midline.** **Frontal (coronal): vertical -- divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts** **Transverse (horizontal): horizontal -- divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)** Explain the principle of complementarity between anatomy and physiology. Set an example in the body. **The principle of complementarity is A&P are inseparable; function always reflects structure, what a structure can do depends on its specific form.** Describe the Anatomical Position. **Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms forward, and thumbs out.** Explain the function of these organelles of the cell \-\-\-- mitochondria, nucleolus, nucleus, lysosome. **Mitochondria:** **produce most of cell's energy molecules (A T P) via aerobic (oxygen-requiring) cellular respiration** **Nucleolus: produce and assemble ribosomes** **Nucleus: contains the DNA of the cell** **Lysosome: isolate potentially harmful intracellular digestion from rest of cell, Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins, Degrade nonfunctional organelles** Define "Mediastinum." **Space between the lungs that surrounds the other thoracic organs (thymus and parts of the trachea and esophagus) contains the pericardial cavity.** List the functions of the integumentary system (skin). **Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, houses cutaneous receptors and oil/sweat glands.** List the organs locates in the abdomen in these quadrants \-\-\-\-- left upper and right lower. **Left upper quadrant: spleen, diaphragm, stomach, left lobe of liver, pancreas, left kidney, and parts of the colon.** **Right lower quadrant: cecum, appendix, part of the ascending colon, part of the small intestine.** List the 4 abdominal quadrants. **Right and left upper quadrants. Right and left lower quadrants.** Describe each body plane. **Sagittal: vertical- cuts body into right and left parts (up and down). MIdsagittal -- lies directly in the midline. Parasagittal- offset from midline.** **Frontal (coronal): vertical -- divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts** **Transverse (horizontal): horizontal -- divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)** Define Anatomy. **The study of the structures of the body parts and their relations.** List the necessary body functions of the organism. **Maintaining boundaries, movement, metabolism, responsiveness, digestion excretion, reproduction and growth.** Study and describe the location of these body regions\-\-- cervical **The cervical region is the neck area of the body.** List the two main body regions into which the body is divided. **Axial: head, neck, trunk.** **Appendicular: appendages or limbs arms and legs.** Function of these systems: \-\-- respiratory, digestive, endocrine **Respiratory: keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes CO2.** **Digestive: breaks down food into absorbable units the enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Any indigestible food parts are eliminated as feces.** **Endocrine: secrete hormones that regulate processes such growth, reproductions and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.** Describe these membranes' location and their layers layers: pericardium, pleura, peritoneum. **Pericardium: parietal (lines the pericardial cavity) and visceral (covers the heart)** **Pleura: parietal (lines pleural cavities) and visceral (covers the lungs)** **Peritoneum: parietal (lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity) and visceral (covers most of the organs in that cavity)** List the necessary life functions. Explain these: maintaining boundaries, movement, and metabolism. **Maintaining boundaries: separation between internal/external environment.** **Movement: of body parts, cells, and substances.** **Metabolism: all chemical reactions that occur in body cells; breakdown of molecules (catabolism), synthesis of molecules (anabolism), and use of nutrients and oxygen to make energy in form of ATP (cellular respiration). Responsiveness, digestion, excretion, reproduction, and growth.** List the survival needs. Explain these \-\-\-- nutrients, oxygen, water. **Nutrients: chemicals for energy and cell building. Carbs, proteins, fats, and minerals and vitamins.** **Oxygen: essential for metabolic reactions needed to release energy from food.** **Water: most abundant chemical in body; provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions. Fluid base for secretions/excretion.** **Normal body temp and appropriate atmospheric pressure.** Explain the negative feedback mechanism and set two examples (use the example of insulin). **Negative feedback is the most used feedback in the body. This response reduces/shuts off the original stimulus. The variable changes in the OPPOSITE direction of the initial change, which brings it back to the set point.** - **Regulation of blood glucose by insulin (an endocrine system mechanism)** - **Regulation of body temperature (a nervous system mechanism)** Describe the function of the muscle tissue as one important function for the organism. **Produce movement by contracting and pulling on bones or other structures within the body.** Explain these necessary life functions and set an example \-\-\-\-- movement and responsiveness. The example should mention how these two functions can work together in a particular situation that you can select at your best convenience. **Movement: of body parts, cells, and substances.** **Responsiveness: the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and respond to them; withdrawal reflex prevents injury.** List the two main body cavities and their subdivisions into other cavities. **Dorsal: the cranial (brain) and the vertebral (spinal cord)** **Ventral: thoracic (pleural cavities) and the mediastinum (pericardial cavity)** List the types of energy and explain examples related to the human body \-\-\-- mechanical energy, radiant energy. **Chemical** **Mechanical** **Radiant (electromagnetic)** **Electrical** Describe these anatomical terms\-\-\-\-- distal, proximal, superior, anterior, medial, lateral. **Distal: Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (think going down from another body part) the knee is distal to the thigh.** **Proximal: Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (think up from a body part) the elbow is proximal to the wrist.** **Superior: Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above \^ the head is superior to the abdomen.** **Anterior: Toward or at the front of the body; in front of. the breastbone is anterior to the spine. A for anterior A for at the front** **Medial: Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of. the heart is medial to the arm.** **Lateral: Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of. the arms are lateral to the chest.** List the names of the serous membranes that line/cover the surface of their corresponding body cavities. **Pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), and peritoneum (abdominal cavity)**