Music History Exam Study Guide - Part 2 & 3

1\) Be able to identify the Genre, Form, Era (Medieval or Renaissance), Texture (monophonic, polyphonic, homophonic), Language (if sung) and Composer of the following Songs. - Viderunt omnes (5^th^ century) - Medieval - Monophonic - Latin phrase meaning "all shall see" - Composer- Ano...

1\) Be able to identify the Genre, Form, Era (Medieval or Renaissance), Texture (monophonic, polyphonic, homophonic), Language (if sung) and Composer of the following Songs. - Viderunt omnes (5^th^ century) - Medieval - Monophonic - Latin phrase meaning "all shall see" - Composer- Anonymous - Form- Organum - O virdissima Virga - Medieval - Monophonic - Latin phrase meaning \"O most verdant branch" - Composer- Hildergard of Bingen - Genre- Latin chant - Form- Plainchant - Viderunt omnes (12^th^ Century) - Medieval - Polyphonic - Latin phrase meaning "all shall see" - Composer- Leonin - Genre- Organum (Scared Polyphony) - Form- Chant - Puis qu'en oubli sui de vous - Medieval - Polyphonic - Medieval Frech phrase meaning "Since you have forgotten me" - Composer- Machaut - Genre: Rondeau - Form- Chanson - *Mass Se la face ay pale*, Kyrie - Renaissance - Polyphonic - Old French phrase meaning "if the face is pale" - Composer- Guillaume DuFay - Genre- Chanson - Form- Mass - Ave Maria - Renaissance - Homophony - Latin phrase meaning "Hail Mary" - Composer- Josquin Desprez - Genre: Motet - Form- Strophic AA AB - *Pope Marcellus Mass*, Kyrie (will NOT be a listening option but still need to know info on this piece) - Renaissance - Polyphonic - Sang in Latin - Composer- Palestrina - Genre: Mass - Form: Rondeau -ABaAabAB - As Vesta was from Latmos Hill Descending - Renaissance - Polyphonic (Choir 6-voice) - Sang in English - Tonal - Composer- Thomas Weelkes - Genre: English Madrigal - Pavana Lachrymae - Renaissance - Form- Pavan - Form: Variation - Instrumental Solo - William Byrd - Based on John Dowland's Lute song "Flow My Tears" 2\) Be familiar with the following terms, ideas, and movements. - Cantus firmus: the foundational melodic line used in the basis of a piece. - Organum: Polyphony produced in Paris in the late 12^th^ and early 13^th^ centuries - Church Modes: Set of eight scalar arrangements of whole and half tones used in medieval church music. - Monophony: having only a single melodic line - Polyphony: literally "many voices;" multiple musical lines heard simultaneously, competing for attention. - Homophony: where on melody is played or sung with supporting harmony. - Melisma: several notes sung on one syllable - Motet: a form of church music to be sung by several voices usually without accompanying instruments and with several melodies woven together - Madrigal: secular Italian genre in four or five parts, with one singer per part - Humanism: based on the idea that individual humans have beauty, worth, virtue, and dignity - 95 Theses (Martin Luther): - Document that outlined abuses in the Catholic Church - Copies were spread bc of the printing press - Luther excommunicated and declared an outlaw by Holy Roman Empire - Counter Reformation: Reaction of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation - Protestant Reformation: German monk Martin Luther set in motion reforms to the church in 1517 - Chanson: love songs in one, two, or three parts - Pavan: slow, ceremonial dance in duple meter - Galliard: sprightly, fast dance in triple meter - Chant: - Plainsong, plainchant, chant: monophonic melody set to text in Roman Catholic Liturgy - Liturgy: text and music used in worship (Roman Catholic Church) - Notated church music w/ Latin texts - Neumes: dashes, Dots, and curved, Hook-like figures that could be used to Represent musical Notes - Gregorian Chant - St. Gregory (ca. 590⎼604) - Around 600: began setting standards for liturgy and encouraged uniform practices in singing chant - church modes - Unison - Responsorial - No rhythmic markings - No notated instruments - Divine Office and the Mass - Divine Office: - Extended series of services beginning around 4 a.m. and continuing at regular intervals throughout the day and evening - Practiced chiefly in monastery and featured readings of scriptures and prayers, in addition to singing of psalms, other scriptures, and hymns 3\) Know the following composers and why they are significant - Leonin - One of the earliest composers associated with the Notre Dame school of polyphony - Credited with pioneering the organum style - Hildegard of Bingen - Unique melodic style - Some of the earliest examples of liturgical drama - Giovanni Palestrina (Pope Marcellus Mass) - Master of Renaissance polyphonic choral music - Seen as the leading figure in the development of the Roman school of Music - Works often epitomized the Counter-Reformation - Martin Luther - Reformed the liturgy of the protestant church - Composed many hymns - Advocated for the use of vernacular language - Guillaume Dufay - Leading composer of the early Renaissance - One of the first to effectively blend medieval and Renaissance musical styles - Use of cantus firmus in his masses was influential in shaping Renaissance polyphony - Bridged gap between Medieval and Renaissance music - Born near Brussels - Choirboy at the cathedral of Cambrai - Sang in papal choir - Created music for high profile events - Involved in the development of the international style - Guillaume de Machaut (ca. 1300-1377) - Diplomat who served French and Bohemian kings - Worked as a cleric at the Cathedral of Rheims - Known for being a major composer and major poet - Many poems were part of the trouvère tradition of courtly love - Produced long narrative poems - Secular poetry written in French, not Latin - Turn to vernacular styles: significant development in the later Middle Ages - Set many of his poems to music -- Monophony or polyphony in 2-3 voices 4\) What similarities did the music of the Ancient Greeks have in common with the music of the Medieval era? - Church modes, or modes - Everything in both is modal and not tonal - Scale-like arrangement of pitches - Ionian - Dorian - Phrygian - Lydian - Monophonic - One Melodic Line, no harmonies - No prescribed rhythms - No set rhythms to follow 5\) What are the major/general differences between the music of the Medieval Era and the Music of the Renaissance? Medieval music was largely monophonic (single melody line) and focused heavily on religious themes. Renaissance music became more polyphonic (multiple independent melodic lines) with greater complexity, incorporating both religious and secular themes, and utilizing a wider variety of instruments and musical technique **BONUS QUESTIONS (if turning in the study guide you don't need to fill these out to receive extra credit)** 6\) Know the difference between the Mass Proper and the Mass Ordinary \"Mass Proper\" refers to the parts of the liturgy that change depending on the liturgical day or feast. "Mass Ordinary\" refers to the unchanging parts of the Mass that remain the same throughout the liturgical year. 7\) Be able to list the names of some of the Greek Modes that were used in the Middle Ages (Dashboard video) 8\) Be able to list common Medieval and Renaissance instruments - Harp - Fiddle - Lute - Recorder - Flute - Tenor Violin 9\) Be prepared to list any terms/ideas/genres/composers that are NOT on the test - Josquin Desprez (ca. 1450⎼1521) -- - Brought sacred polyphony to new heights - Famous- known by his first name -- - Likely born near Picardy (northern France) --1480s- - living in Italy -- - Perfected new style of polyphony - Motives- Short Musical Themes - Lorenzo the Magnificent (r. 1449⎼1492) -- - Accomplished equestrian, poet, skilled musician - Indirect contribution to Botticelli's Birth of Venus (ca. 1486) - Medici family of Florence