Jays Treaty Study Guide HIS 104 PDF

Jays Treaty: When: 1794 - 1795 Who: The U.S. sits down with British and come up with Jay’s Treaty Figures: John Jay (Jay served as the American representative dispatched to Britain to negotiate the agreement) He attempted to settle disagreements over U.S. trade rights, compen...

Jays Treaty: When: 1794 - 1795 Who: The U.S. sits down with British and come up with Jay’s Treaty Figures: John Jay (Jay served as the American representative dispatched to Britain to negotiate the agreement) He attempted to settle disagreements over U.S. trade rights, compensation for American ships taken from the United States, and British occupancy of forts in the Northwest Territory. Although his efforts produced the treaty, its alleged concessions to Britain caused controversy in the United States. George Washington (U.S. President during the treaty negotiations) Signed the treaty into law. Alexander Hamilton (Influential supporter and advisor) As Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton played a behind-the-scenes role in shaping the treaty’s goals, particularly in preserving strong trade relations with Britain, which he viewed as vital for the U.S. economy. Thomas Jefferson (Prominent opponent) not directly involved but Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party criticized the treaty for favoring Britain and undermining relations with France. Lord Grenville (Represented Britain in the negotiations) Why: The British government was accused by citizens of violating parts of the 1783 Treaty of Peace that put a stop to the American Revolution, preventing American ships from entering its ports, and interfering with neutral shipping rights in order to fight its war with France SO, Jay’s Treaty comes to play. Impact: The treaty strengthened U.S.-British ties during a period when France was at war with Britain, France saw it as a betrayal. France attacks U.S. shipping particularly by seizing U.S. merchant ships trading with Britain. This led to the Quasi-War (1798–1800), an undeclared naval conflict between the United States and France. The U.S. then tries to solve this issue with an agreement called the Convention of 1800 which ended this war. Key Outcomes after: Britain consented to give up its Northwest Territory forts. U.S. ships were given certain trade rights, particularly in the West Indies.  Tensions persisted as a result of the treaty's resolution of American debts to British creditors but its failure to address other problems, such as the impressment of American sailors. VA Dynasty: President is gonna be from Va and an Enslaver When: (From Thomas Jefferson elected president) The Virginia Dynasty spanned the presidencies of Washington (1789) to Monroe (1825), covering over three decades of U.S. history. Notably, the only non-Virginian president during this time was John Adams (2nd President), from Massachusetts. Who: The Virginia Dynasty consists of: 1. George Washington (1st President, 1789–1797) From Mount Vernon, Virginia. 2. Thomas Jefferson (3rd President, 1801–1809) Author of the Declaration of Independence, from Monticello, Virginia. 3. James Madison (4th President, 1809–1817) Father of the Constitution, from Montpelier, Virginia. 4. James Monroe (5th President, 1817–1825) Known for the Monroe Doctrine, from Highland, Virginia. What: The Virginia Dynasty describes a time when Virginians dominated the presidency and shaped the early political, economic, and diplomatic underpinnings of the country. The Democratic-Republican Party's rise and initiatives to clarify the federal government's function occurred at the same time as their leadership. The Hartford Convention in 1814 saw New England Federalists discuss their objections to the War White House, including the Va dynasty, who has been in power for so long, etc. Bolshevik Revolution: Who: The Bolsheviks, a political group led by Vladimir Lenin, supported by workers, peasants, and soldiers. What: A revolution in Russia where the Bolsheviks overthrew the government to establish a communist state. When: October 1917 (November in the modern calendar). Where: Russia, centered in Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg). Why: 1. Poor leadership: People were angry at the Tsar and the provisional government for failing to fix problems. 2. WWI hardships: War caused food shortages, economic collapse, and massive deaths. 3. Inequality: Huge gaps between rich and poor led to widespread unrest. 4. Lenin’s promises: The Bolsheviks promised “Peace, Land, and Bread” to gain support. Result: The Bolsheviks took control, leading to the creation of the Soviet Union and the spread of communism. Presidencies of Washington and Adams: George Washington: Elected President: In 1788 During Presidency: Britain and France have Conflict 1789 (French Revolution- King/Queen getting executed, Federalists panics…) 1793 (France and Britain go to War- Federalist sides with Britain & Republicans side with France) 1794 - 1795 U.S. sits down with British and come up with Jay’s Treaty 1792 - 1796 (Federalists & Democratic Republic) John Adams(new englander): Elected President: In 1796 (John Adams is President & Thomas Jefferson is Runner up) During Presidency: Tense look as U.S. possibly will go to war with France 1798 (Congress passes U.S. Legislation, Adams still President) Alien and Sedition Acts passed allow deportation of french immigrants ^ Sedition States You can’t write or say anything critical about the government/president (Targeted Democrats) People were arrested, mainly Democratic Republicans Thomas Jefferson’s (Democrat) response to Va and Kentucky Resolutions If state feels there's a U.S. legislation that is unconstitutional, states should be able to do something, and state should be able to void Democratic Republicans uses this as a political strategy as of wanting to win the next election U.S. Presidencies of Jefferson and Madison: Thomas Jefferson Elected President: In 1800 Democratic Republicans were successful in this support and TJ wins this election as a Dem Repub During Presidency: Louisiana Purchase Territory Not explicitly written in U.S. democrats doesn’t agree Britain and France at War 1800-1861 SLAVERY OVERAL IN 19th CENTURY : 1807 The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Banned 1803 Jefferson lays his views as he prioritizes farmers and takes this land deal (Louisiana Purchase) Jefferson’s Embargo: U.S. ships cant sell to foreign ports (restriction). Uses economic strategy as a realization of how important U.S. trading is BUT U.S. will be economically effected poorly and DOESN’T WORK 1804 Jefferson will be re- elected in 1804 Va Dynasty: (From Thomas Jefferson elected president).. President is gonna be from Va and an Enslaver 1807 (Relationships between U.S., Britain France, ect) + The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Banned  Britain & France interfering with U.S. trade (makes attempts to as well) and U.S. is upset about that James Madison Elected President: 1808 (New Democrat Republican President) During Presidency: During Madison’s first term, there are adjustments towards the Embargo The War of 1812: 1812 (War of 1812 Against British, ends in 1815) (Moral/Barter Economy- Face to Face) Ex: Martha Ballard paid in Eggs or Cloth U.S. Patriotism: During War of 1812 “The Creeks” were having a war within themselves (civil war) Andrew Jackson takes on “The Creek” upon fighting (Creek: Native Americans) The end results during the War of 1812, the defeat of the creek and resulted in sums of obtaining “Creek” lands Creek and Cherokee Strategies to resist encroachment Adopting values of White Americans (enslavers, ect) Embracing Market Values/Transactions Writing Written Constitutions/Laws Some natives resists this legislation Use the court system- some won(Supreme Court cases), some lost The War of 1812 Reasons: Britain & France interfering with U.S. trade The British were encouraging Native Americans to have conflict with the U.S. as reason if go to war, Natives will side with British (Encourages Natives to Unify to go against the Encroachment) Some people thought Britain never respected the U.S. as an independent nation Some also thought of honor that U.S. should go to war Some as well hoped that U.S. goes to war they can use conflict to get more territory (Upon Florida and Canada) 1812 (James Madison Re-Elected) “Mr. Madison’s War” 1814 (The Hartford Convention)  New England Federalists talk about opposition of the War White house; who’s been in for such some time, Va dynasty, ect Westward Expansion/Slavery …(3.5ths Compromise) Wanted Constitution Amendment that states you can’t have a president from the same state back to back 1815 (War of 1812 Ends) (Antebellum Period) POST WAR OF 1812 Treaty of Ghent Ends War of 1812 Trade & “Impressment” as issues according to this treaty Interprets the War of 1812 as a Victory in thinking that they stood up to the British Realization of Need of Economics (Manufacturing especially) Federalists weakens (on their way out) Era of Good Feelings What: A period in U.S. history marked by: National unity and pride after the War of 1812. The decline of major political divisions as the Federalist Party faded, leaving the Democratic-Republican Party dominant. When: (End of War of 1812-Mid 1820s) Where: Across the United States, especially in growing regions like the South and West, though tensions lingered in the North. Why: Victory in the War of 1812: Americans viewed the war as a second independence victory, boosting patriotism. Economic Growth: The country was industrializing and expanding westward, creating opportunities. Political Unity: With the Federalist Party gone, there was less political conflict. Monroe’s Leadership: Monroe toured the country to promote unity, and his administration supported policies like the American System (improving roads, canals, and industry). But It Wasn’t All “Good Feelings”: Sectionalism: Tensions between the North, South, and West over slavery and economic interests. Panic of 1819: The first major financial crisis in U.S. history.  Missouri Compromise (1820): A temporary solution to the growing conflict over slavery. The term “Era of Good Feelings” reflected optimism but hid underlying issues that would later lead to deeper divisions, especially over slavery and state rights. 1815- 1860s (Increased Economic Growth**Manufacturing) Most Domestic Manufacturing up North (NY, MD, OH…) Westward Expansion and Expansion of Slavery Antebellum Period Cotton Cultivation/Slavery down South (Some facilities are Textile Manufactures) The Market Revolution and the Transportation Revolution Gender Ideology (Northern Middle Class) “Husbands working outside of Home, Wives taking care of Home” BUT many women working outside of Home in Manufacturing facilities and DON'T ACCEPT changes of gender ideology Disagree with “All men are created equal” The American Revolution: 1816 (Madison Ideas as he is almost on his way out) Democratic Republicans latched onto Federalists Ideas Come up with “The American System” The Sycath Bank of the U.S. (Second Bank of U.S.) Plan for Economic Growth Tariff to ramp up U.S. economy Need for Internal Improvements Market Revolution: When: 1790s-1850s What: The Market Revolution was a big change in how goods were made, bought, and sold in the United States. What happened? 1. Shift to a national economy: People started producing goods not just for themselves but to sell in markets across the country. 2. Industrialization: Factories and machines replaced hand tools, making goods faster and cheaper.  3. New inventions: Things like the cotton gin, mechanical reaper, and textile mills boosted production. Why was it important? It connected farms, factories, and consumers, creating a stronger national economy. It gave rise to wage labor and moved many people from farms to cities. It created both opportunities and inequalities (like poor factory conditions and dependence on slavery in the South). Transportation Revolution: What: The Transportation Revolution was the improvement of how people and goods moved around the country. Making more roads, improve existing roads, canals, ect What happened? 1. Roads and turnpikes: Improved dirt roads allowed easier travel by horse and wagon. 2. Canals: The Erie Canal (1825) linked waterways, making shipping cheaper and faster. 3. Steamboats: Allowed goods to move upstream efficiently. 4. Railroads: By the 1830s, railroads started connecting cities, revolutionizing travel and trade. Why was it important? It helped farmers and businesses sell their goods to distant markets. It reduced costs and sped up transportation. It connected different parts of the country, encouraging economic growth and westward expansion. How are they connected? The Market Revolution wouldn’t have been possible without the Transportation Revolution, which made it easier to move goods, people, and ideas across the U.S. These changes set the stage for the modern economy. James Monroe Presidency : When: In 1816 Lack of Hardcore Political Squabbling During Presidency: 1819 The Missouri Crisis & Severe Downturn: Missouri Territory apart of Louisiana Territory ( U.S, territory) Missouri Territory wants to become a state Slavery in Missouri Same number of free states as slave states in U.S. (11 free & 11 slave) (Population of free states growing rapidly) worries of this Northern states worried of expansion of slavery (anti-slaverists) The Missouri Compromise: Why it Matters: Decided that Missouri will be allowed in the Union(U.S,) as a Slave State (Tips balance) Maine(Apart of Massachusetts) added as a Free/New State of Union(U.S.) Line 36’30 is the Southern Boundary of Missouri: States that north of line will be free state, Remaining states below can have slavery Significant Figures: Henry Clay Role: Known as the “Great Compromiser,” Clay was a key architect of the Missouri Compromise. Significance: He worked to balance sectional tensions between the North and South by crafting a plan to maintain the balance of power in the Senate. 2. James Monroe Role: U.S. President at the time of the compromise. Significance: Signed the compromise into law, supporting efforts to preserve national unity during his presidency. 3. Thomas Jefferson Role: Former president, not directly involved but commented on the compromise.  Significance: Described the compromise as a “firebell in the night,” warning that it foreshadowed deeper conflicts over slavery. 4. Jesse B. Thomas Role: U.S. Senator from Illinois. Significance: Proposed the amendment that established the 36°30’ line, dividing free and slave territories. 5. John Quincy Adams Role: Secretary of State under Monroe. Significance: Privately critical of the compromise, seeing it as a temporary solution to a growing national problem. Andrew Jackson Shows aggression towards the Seminoles (Natives) in Florida (Spanish Territory).. Everyone moves over to Alabama and Mississippi (Most gets loans to live) …. Results in : The Panic of 1819: Banks were giving out risky loans Massive unemployment Bankruptcy ^ Resentment towards Banks Presidential Election of 1824: 1824 U.S. Political Election Yr (1 Political Party: Dem Repub) 4 Candidates from Democratic Republic : 1. John Quincy Adams (Has a political pedigree, John Adams former Pres son, Monroe’s Sec of State..) 2. Andrew Jackson (Military Background, Assos w Frontier, Established as enslaver..) 3. Henry Clay (American System built upon ideas of Clay..) 4. William Crawford (Monroe’s Sec of Treasury..) Election goes to the U.S. House of Representatives and decides John Quincy Adams is the winner of this election. 1824-1828 Fallout of this election leads to the distinct of 2 Political Parties which are Democratic Republicans and National Republicans National Republicans Party is under John Adams John Adams and Henry Clay are National Republicans 1828 Democrats try to get Andrew Jackson to win next election …. And he does!.. Andrew Jackson’s Presidency; Whigs: 1828-1833 The Nullification Crisis John Quincy Adams’s Signs the Tariff of 1828 Andrew Jackson(President) and Democrats are not challenging this tariff John C Calhoun (Enslaver From South Carolina) secretly then publicly states his objection of the tariff. He Argues that this tarrif favors manufacturing interests in the North(Free States). Wanted to protect the Future of Slavery, Worries that Free States while its growing will populate more progressively with this tariff. Believed that South Carolina should nullify the Tariff of 1828. President Calls out South Carolina stating that they can not nullify federal legislation. Compromise tarrif… South Carolina pushed the forced bill to nullify this document South Carolina is the most populated SLAVE STATE “Benefits one section of the country more than the other” 1829 Mexico abolished slavery (Strategy used to decrease U.S. expansion) ^ LEADING TO … 1820- 1830s States are taking qualifications for voting ( More white voters) & Explicitly using race to take away voting qualifications from free black men (racial disqualification) 1829 Andrew Jackson was Inaugurated & threw a Big Party Not everyone was ok w ith the “white men voters” Got criticized of Jackson for opening up the voter process Spoil System The Bank War 1830 The Indian Removal Act Legislation that Negotiate with Natives to move from their traditional lands and sending them elsewhere out west to “indian territory” Some People aren’t happy about this  Some natives resists this legislation 1830s William Lloyd Garrison Supporter of Colonization, then reads book and states that he is wrong and want to end slavery Published the newspaper, “The Liberator” in 1831 (Shows the worst of Slavery and Treatment) Most people in the North are Abolitionists Douglass Joined up with Garrison resulting in U.S. organization to work to end slavery Angelina and Sarah Grenkey (Wealthy white women from South): Prominent Abolitionists who speak on the Worst of Worst about what they’ve witness upon Slavery , also pushing for women’s rights. Sarah calls out for women’s rights publicly. Summer of 1831 Nat Turner’s Rebellion Located in SouthHampton County VA Nat Turner: Enslaved Man in VA, Literate, Religious Visions of Black and White Angels in Sky Ideas of Rebellion which resulted in this Rebellion. Ended up killing 30 white people Nat Turner hides out in the swamp but later captured and executed as well as the others involved 1831-1832 VA Makes Literacy Access Illegal VA was so panicked about this Rebellion, the state legislature are talking about working toward emancipation state-wide but NEVER happens Results in tightening Slave Codes in VA (Makes Literacy Access illegal) 1832 Andrew Jackson Re-elected president Native Americans Policy 1833 Additional Political Party forms (Whigs) Hatred for Andrew Jackson 1835-1836 Treaty of Newechoda (Cherokee) Moditary payment of $5 Mill in favor to move to indian territory Cherokee says treaty is fraudulent 1836-1845 Texas is operating as an Independent Republic 1836 Bank of U.S. was “expired” & San Antonio Texas Ailimo(Abandoned Mission) Jackson “shuffled” the funds of the 2nd bank as well and people thought he were overstepping his boundaries more so like a king which is unsettling General Santiano has become the leader of Mexico and exert more power, authority, and control in Mexico Government over Texas but poeple(white u.s. settlers and ppl in Texas) are resisitant … As of this, they have a showdown who are resistant to Santiano & Santiano wins in result of this win they kill the others leaving their wives/children Battle of Sanhasento U.S. Politicians hesitant of involvement 1837 Martin Van Buren elected in 1836 became President of the U.S. Whigs: Whigs: Simple Breakdown Who: The Whig Party was a political party in the United States made up of: Leaders like Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and later William Henry Harrison and Zachary Taylor. Members who opposed Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. What: A political party active from the 1830s to the 1850s, created to counter Jacksonian Democrats. Named after the British Whigs, who opposed monarchy, symbolizing their opposition to what they saw as Andrew Jackson’s “king-like” leadership. When: Founded in the early 1830s. Peaked in the 1840s and declined by the 1850s, dissolving by 1854. Where: Across the United States, especially in the Northeast, parts of the South, and among business and reform-minded people. Why: 1. Opposition to Andrew Jackson: They opposed Jackson’s policies, especially his use of executive power and his veto of the national bank (the Bank War).  2. Economic Concerns: Supported a strong federal government, protective tariffs, and internal improvements (roads, canals, etc.) to grow the economy. 3. Slavery Division: They tried to avoid the slavery debate, focusing instead on economic policies, but eventually split over the issue. How: They gained support from people who disliked Jackson’s policies, including businessmen, farmers needing infrastructure, and reformers. Won the presidency twice: William Henry Harrison (1841) Zachary Taylor (1849–1850) What happened to them? The party declined in the 1850s due to internal divisions, especially over slavery. Many former Whigs joined new parties like the Republican Party or the Know-Nothing Party. ———————————— During Time: 1838-1839 U.S. Military forces push of treaty of New Echota Cherokee were forced out of their homes/org land to new indian territory This is called The Trail of Tears 1840 Whig wins Election : William Henry Harrison (Leading Whigs) John Tyler soon takes over William Henry Harrison’s position (Whigs were upset**didn’t agree with Whig beliefs**, called him an accidency) Mid 1840s Florida becomes a State 1844 U.S. Presidential Election (Whigs and Democrats PP) William Henry Harrison James K. Polk A 3rd Political Party formed for abolition called Draws a lot of votes away from the Whigs, as result, James K. Polk WINS Polk’s Presidency Wants Polk wanted to Extend U.S. Claims in Oregon Polk thought Texas should be added to the U.S. (is in 1845) California Apart of Mexico ALSO and In result U.S. goes to War with Mexico Manifest Destiny James K. Polk was a Firm Believer. Embraced the territorial bounds for expansion from east to west ( Atlantic to Pacific ) Thought God wanted this expansion Believed Anglo american culture/beliefs 1845 Texas became apart of the U.S. Mexico not so pleased of this 1846 U.S. and Mexican War Lands along the Rio Grande as of this disputed territory Land along Rio is apart of Texas but Texas was still under Mexico authority (not independent yet) ? Some people opposed this war as of looking at the U.S. as of forceful power and expansion Some people thought if U.S. acquire more territory, it will worsen slavery (abolitionists mainly) Negative thought 1848 The U.S. WON Mexican War Treaty of Lupe’ ENDED this war : Mexico signs of Texas being apart of the U.S. U.S. acquires the land along the Rio Grande RESULTS IN MASSIVE U.S. EXPANSION & TERRITORY Gold Rush Farmers Wanted Access to Cheaper and More Land 1850 The Compromise of 1850  An attempt to deal with the status of slavery and territory - California becomes a Free state Remaining territory will be divided into Utah and Mexican(New Mexico) Territory (Popular Sovereignty applied to decide) Slave Trade outlaws in Washington, D.C. The Fugitive Slave Act U.S. LAW U.S. Law assist people who is “claimed” as fugitive slave Court Appointed Commissioners decide and also get paid Makes life pareless , especially for people who were on the run Increases Sectional Tension in 1850s 1854 The Kansas Nebraska Act U.S. LAW Firstly, Unorganized Territory from Louisiana Purchase Land Steven Douglass Democrat Politician from Illinois Wants to see development Transcontinental Railroad Backing new proposed legislation called the Kansas Nebraska Act Takes previous unorganized territory and divide it into to different parts/territory Missouri Comp Line is going to be appealed and new rule; Popular Sovereignty will be used to decide whether the states from those territories will be slave or free states. Opens the opportunity for more slave territory and most don’t like this Whigs are struggling Creates political tension As a result a new political party forms to opposition Kansas and Nebraska leads to … CREATION OF REPUBLICAN PARTY REPUBLICAN PARTY wanted no expansion of slavery (not the same as abolitionists tho) Northern Whigs , some Northern Democrats , and some Abolitionists became Republicans Abolishment (Abolition of Slavery): Simple Breakdown Who:  Abolitionists: Activists like Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, William Lloyd Garrison, and Sojourner Truth. Anti-Slavery Groups: The American Anti-Slavery Society, Quakers, and others. Leaders: Politicians like Abraham Lincoln and reformers worldwide. What: The abolishment of slavery refers to the movement and eventual legal end of the system of enslaving people. In the U.S., this culminated in the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865, which officially outlawed slavery. When: The global abolition movement gained traction in the late 1700s. In the U.S.: Northern states began abolishing slavery after the Revolutionary War. Nationally, slavery ended in 1865 after the Civil War. Where: Abolition efforts took place worldwide, including: Britain: Slavery was abolished in 1833 with the Slavery Abolition Act. United States: Slavery was abolished after the Civil War. Haiti: Became the first nation to abolish slavery via a successful slave revolt in 1804. Why: 1. Moral Reasons: Abolitionists believed slavery was a profound injustice and violation of human rights. 2. Religious Beliefs: Many abolitionists, particularly Quakers, saw slavery as morally incompatible with Christian values.  3. Economic Shifts: Industrialization reduced the reliance on manual labor in some regions. 4. Political Conflict: In the U.S., slavery created tensions between the North (anti-slavery) and the South (pro-slavery), leading to the Civil War. How: 1. Advocacy: Abolitionists wrote books, gave speeches, and published newspapers like The Liberator to spread anti-slavery ideas. 2. Underground Railroad: A network of secret routes and safe houses helped enslaved people escape to freedom. 3. Legislation: Laws like the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) and the 13th Amendment legally ended slavery in the U.S. 4. War: The U.S. Civil War (1861–1865) was a turning point, leading to slavery’s abolition in the South. Legacy: The abolishment of slavery marked a crucial step toward human rights, but systemic racism and inequality persisted, shaping future civil rights movements. ————————— 1800-1861 SLAVERY OVERAL IN 19th CENTURY 1807 The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Banned 1833 Britain Abolishes Slavery + Compensation upon enslavers Most white southerners weren’t enslavers but hope one day to be enslavers/relatives were (has a strong hold of politics in the south) 1820, 30s, & 40s Slave Code In States Slave codes are “tighter”  Inhibited Slaves from getting property (had to show documented permission to travel/move) No legal-book marriages upon enslaved people Also has laws that restrict the rights of free people Enslaved people found ways to control their own lives regardless of this James Henry Hammon in South Carolina has a property called Silver Bluff He got Silver Bluff from marriage of his wife At Silver Bluff the labor had been organized under the Task System (once task done, free time) Thinks he could get more work instead of Task System called Gang Labor (less free time for slaves) Form of Resistances : Slave Driver: A person who monitors and oversee the a. work of enslaved people Own African culture medicine Enslaved people may “claim that they were sick” or break their tools to not do work Creation of a Vibrant African American Culture Form of Violent Resistances : Enslaved Men using violence against whites who acted on enslaved women ————————— During their Time: 1814 (The Hartford Convention) New England Federalists talk about opposition of the War White house; who’s been in for such some time, Va dynasty, ect Westward Expansion/Slavery …(3.5ths Compromise) Wanted Constitution Amendment that states you can’t have a president from the same state back to back 1815 (War of 1812 Ends) (Antebellum Period) POST WAR OF 1812 Treaty of Ghent Ends War of 1812 Trade & “Impressment” as issues according to this treaty Interprets the War of 1812 as a Victory in thinking that they stood up to the British Realization of Need of Economics (Manufacturing especially) Federalists weakens (on their way out) 1815- 1860s (Increased Economic Growth**Manufacturing) Most Domestic Manufacturing up North (NY, MD, OH…) Westward Expansion and Expansion of Slavery Antebellum Period Cotton Cultivation/Slavery down South (Some facilities are Textile Manufactures) 1830s William Lloyd Garrison Supporter of Colonization, then reads book and states that he is wrong and want to end slavery Published the newspaper, “The Liberator” in 1831 (Shows the worst of Slavery and Treatment) Most people in the North are Abolitionists Douglass Joined up with Garrison resulting in U.S. organization to work to end slavery Angelina and Sarah Grenkey (Wealthy white women from South): Prominent Abolitionists who speak on the Worst of Worst about what they’ve witness upon Slavery , also pushing for women’s rights. Sarah calls out for women’s rights publicly. Summer of 1831 Nat Turner’s Rebellion Located in SouthHampton County VA Nat Turner: Enslaved Man in VA, Literate, Religious Visions of Black and White Angels in Sky Ideas of Rebellion which resulted in this Rebellion. Ended up killing 30 white people Nat Turner hides out in the swamp but later captured and executed as well as the others involved 1831-1832 VA Makes Literacy Access Illegal VA was so panicked about this Rebellion, the state legislature are talking about working toward emancipation state-wide but NEVER happens Results in tightening Slave Codes in VA (Makes Literacy Access illegal) 1844 U.S. Presidential Election (Whigs and Democrats PP) William Henry Harrison James K. Polk A 3rd Political Party formed for abolition called : The Liberty Party Draws a lot of votes away from the Whigs, as result, James K. Polk WINS 1854 The Kansas Nebraska Act U.S. LAW Firstly, Unorganized Territory from Louisiana Purchase Land Steven Douglass Democrat Politician from Illinois Wants to see development Transcontinental Railroad Backing new proposed legislation called the Kansas Nebraska Act Takes previous unorganized territory and divide it into to different parts/territory Missouri Comp Line is going to be appealed and new rule; Popular Sovereignty will be used to decide whether the states from those territories will be slave or free states. Opens the opportunity for more slave territory and most don’t like this Whigs are struggling Creates political tension As a result a new political party forms to opposition Kansas and Nebraska leads to … CREATION OF REPUBLICAN PARTY REPUBLICAN PARTY wanted no expansion of slavery (not the same as abolitionists tho) Northern Whigs , some Northern Democrats , and some Abolitionists became Republicans 1854-1861 Kansas aftermath Bleeding Kansas People from Missouri flood over to Kansas to vote in elections in favor of pro-slavery interest Some wanted Slave, some wanted Kansas to be free state As Kansas figures out policy of slavery Violence Breakout from people who wanted Kansas to be free or slave state (Popular Sovereignty not working) 1856 Election Democrats and Republicans PARTY Republicans gained support, but did not win election James B. Cannon (Democrat) Wins (had support of southerners 1857 U.S. Supreme Court issues Dred Scott Decision Denied Citizenship of African Americans Dred Scott Enslaved man travels with enslaver, uses time in free territory as an argument for his freedom resulting in Supreme Court case and decision “Can he sue, is he a citizen?” Is he a citizen  Is living in a free territory grounds to be free? Did U.S. have authority to restrict slavery in the first place 1. Scott can’t sue, African Americans are not citizens of the U.S. (Denying Citizenship 2. Living in a free place is not enough to argue for freedom 3. U.S. Congress never had authority to regulate slavery in territories (potention unconstitution) 1859 John Brown (Was involved in abolitionist activity in Kansas) Took whatever it took to end slavery Planned to go to Harper’s Ferry VA (Weaponry there) Wanted to raid the arsenal and give the weapons to people in the area to fight to end slavery On trial for actions at Harpers Ferry, Convicted, then Executed. Nation started to know who Abraham Lincoln was … 1860 U.S. Presidential Election (IMPORTANT) Democrats & Republicans Democrats meet (Northern & Southern) Some at Convention gets upset, Democrats split into two different parts: Northern & Southern Democrats Northern Candidate; Steven Douglass (Stick w Popular Sovereignty) (From Illinois) Southern Candidate; John C. Breckenridge (Protection of slavery in territory) ? Republican Candidate; Abraham Lincoln (From Illinois) People thought he would please most on behalf of Republicans Republicans: Saying no to expansion of Slavery !!! Constituents Union Party Candidate; John Bell Constitution Union Party Prioritized the Continuation and The Union The U.S. MUST stay together Abraham Lincoln WINS December of 1860 South Carolina Holds a Convention, SC succeed from the U.S. January into February of 1861  Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Texas, & Louisiana ALSO SUCCEEDED FROM THE U.S. ^ States SUCCEDED formed the CONVEDERACY Mississippi succeeding because of SLAVERY, references cotton sultivation March of 1861 The Cornerstone Address Speech of VP of the Confederacy They want to keep SLAVERY around “slavery is gonna break up this country” To uphold an order in which there is no racial equality White supremacy 1861 Beginning of U.S. Civil War To preserve the U.S. (Union) Lincoln and policy makers made this forcefully bout slavery, they will succeed May 1861: Fort Monroe. (Hampton) U.S. Fort Enslaved individuals thinks perhaps they may be free by U.S. Soldiers here Benjamin Butler; U.S. Commander of Fort Monroe Benjamin Butler treats enslaved as controband of war (not complying with fugitive slave law) Enslaved people are freeing themselves forcing the U.S, Army to deal with them 1861 - 1862 U.S. Confiscation Act U.S. Congress Passes Legal way to Freedom for enslaved Allowed Union forces to confiscate enslaved people if their enslavers were forcing them to labor for the Confederacy Confederacy was NOT arming enslaved to fight Freed enslaved people whose enslavers are supporters of the Confederacy 1862 U.S. Congress passed Militia Act Comes after a campaign called the Seven Days Campaign Authorities African Americans to serve in the U.S. Armed Forces * The goal of the U.S. was to capture Richmond Spring-Summer 1862 Union forces make their way trying to get to Richmond ,,. Union realizes slave labor is helping the Confederacy “hold on “ ^ As of this, Lincoln and Cabinet start talking about a military strategy as a way to end the war January 1st 1863 Emancipation Proclamation Freed enslaved people who are in areas were the Confederates are under control Didn’t apply to all enslaved U.S. Military strategy to help Union Win Knock the Confederacy as an economic blow Strategy to get formerly enslaved men to fight for the Union (did, Army and Navy) African Americans serving but are receiving prejudice Enslaved men who live in Border States got their freedom but the U.S. compensated their ________ August of 1862 Lincoln states main point of Union 1864 - 1865 January of 1865 U.S. Congress talking about approving the U.S. Constitution Amendment (13th) that would end slavery U.S. Congress approved The 13th Amendment (It abolished Slavery) Concerns of Family, Educational Opportunities, Spring of 1865 City of Petersburg VA falls into place …… Lincoln Assassinated Andrew Johnson President After Lincoln Assasination Andrew Johnson: Lincoln’s running mate in 1864 (Calculated Choice) A Southern Enslavor Supported emancipation as a war goal Never joined the Confederacy  A Unionist A Racist Thought secession was illegal From a modest background Negative views toward wealthy elites/confederates 1865 War over UNION WON (U.S. With No Slavery) 1865-1867 Presidential Reconstruction See more schools established (secondary institutions for African Americans- HBCU) Worship services tended to be integrated at first, BUT NOW churches of own (black churches) Sharecropping (Labor system: someone who doesn’t own land, work on land from a land owner, use land to grow crop, and pays landowner with crops) March of 1865 Congress established The Freedmen's Bureau FB Agent help negotiate labor contracts, helps builds hospitals, schools,.. Take some confiscated land from confederates into 40 acre plots opening the door for freed people to rent or purchase these lands (BUT NEVER HAPPENS BECAUSE LINCOLN WAS ASSASSINATED) results in land given back to confederated under Andrew Johnson Presidency. 1865-1867 Andrew Johnson’s plans: Issues a general pardon that applies to most former confederates; Confederates get Pardoned for the crime of treason and gets property and political rights back People who own $20,000+ property before the war the general pardon didn’t apply to them, but could ask president for an individual pardon The confederate states Have to Ratify the 13th amendment to get back in Union Only people voting are white men that has to hold conventions and come up with new state constitutions and governments Black Codes are State laws that are severely restricting the lives of African Americans in the South Could not Vote Could not Testify in Court, nor Serve on Jury…ect U.S. Congress Response :  1. Radical Republican: Someone who wanted to see more happen in the U.S. related to Citizenship and Equality 1. Civil Rights Bill of 1866 U.S. law that states if you are born in the U.S., you are a citizen and have rights A response to the Black Codes & The Dred Scott Decision 1. FB Bill Passes both bills to the president but president vetoes it but congress overrides it 1. Summer of 1866: 14th Amendment Defines Citizenship/birthright Having equal protection under law Didn’t include African Americans men’s right to vote but took punitive measures in place if states aren’t allowing African American men to vote If political person takes Oath of Loyalty to constitution but violated by supporting the confederacy, they can’t hold political office March of 1867 Republicans in Congress comes up with a new plan for Reconstruction ….. leads to Reconstruction Act of 1867 Congressional Reconstruction Act of 1867 Confederate States divided into military districts Military oversight Plan: These Former Confederate States Have to ratify the 14th amendment These Former Confederate States Have to let African American Men Vote …..Johnson Impeached…… Election…… 1868 Republican Grant becomes President 1869 U.S. Congress works upon the 15th Amendment 15th Amendment: Says that State Government cannot take away a man’s right to vote because of Race Biracial Political Cooperation  White and Black Republicans working together politically (voting and holding political office.. local, state, and national level) CarpetBagger- Criticism that some southern whites used upon northerners whites Scalawag- Native White Southerner who's going over to the Republican Party White Republicans working with African Americans 1869 The First Transcontinental Railroad The End Of Reconstruction 1870 1876 U.S. Presidential Election Disputed Election Republican Candidate Rutherford B. Haise Samuel Tilden Decided that the Republicans will hold onto the presidency, Rutherford WINS Republicans promise to stay out of stuff 1870 - 1877 All confederate states under policy of congressional reconstruction in Union now Democrats taking back political control of the South (Called Redeemer Democrat) Strategies of Redeemer Democrats: Violence, Intimidation, smashed ballot boxes for no voting The KKK’s Evolved and other terrorist groups End Of Reconstruction Democrats regain political power “New South” Want for Economical development (Leaning towards Industrial Development) Industrial Development: 1870s-1880s-890s Assert/Reassert White Supremacy in South Railroads Steel Industry Tobacco (Manufacturing of Cigarettes) Textile Manufacturing Urban Growth (Such as in Atlanta) Most people in South still making a living through Agriculture also 1890s 1. Strategies Used to Disenfranchise African American Voters 2. Strategies to keep White Supremacy First see strategies in Mississippi Poll Taxes Property Qualifications Literacy Test Loopholes to let whites to wave them through of voting under this^ Gets a passage of The Constitution, It being read to them and then having to explaining it to pass to vote The Grandfather Clause: “You can vote in the state if your grandfather(white) voted before Congressional Reconstruction Measures kicked in” Jim Crow Laws Laws that Mandate Racial Segregation Violence KKK Lynching/hanging Confederate Monuments African American Leaders Response Ida B. Wells: Journalist and Teacher who speaks out on the gross problem of lynching Booker T. Washington (Born Enslaved, Goes to Hampton Institute but Leaves and creates TUSKEGEE UNI): Speaks upon African American Economics. Made Speech and others thought as if he went along with segregation. W.E.B Dubois (Free African, Founding Member of NAACP): African Americans need to combat the depreciation of civil rights, Fight against Disenfranchisement and Jim Crow Laws 1896 Plessy V. Ferguson Supreme Court Case Supreme Court issues the ruling of Jim Crow Laws are “OK” & don’t violate the Constitution, IF those spaces are equal…. Separate BUT Equal. SIMILAR CASE NOT RETURNED UNTIL 1954 Women’s Rights: Women’s Rights Movement: Simple Breakdown Who:  Key leaders: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott, Sojourner Truth, and Alice Paul, among many others. Groups: Women from diverse backgrounds, including reformers, abolitionists, and suffragists. What: A social and political movement aimed at achieving equal rights for women, including: Right to vote (suffrage). Equal pay and job opportunities. Access to education. Legal rights in marriage and property. When: Began in earnest in the mid-19th century, with key milestones: 1848: Seneca Falls Convention, marking the start of the organized movement. 1920: Women gained the right to vote in the U.S. with the 19th Amendment. Continued through the 1960s–70s feminist movements and beyond. Where: Primarily in the United States, but also part of global efforts in Europe, Canada, and beyond. Early efforts focused in places like Seneca Falls, New York (site of the 1848 convention). Why: Inequality: Women were denied basic rights, including voting, owning property, and access to education. Inspired by Other Movements: Women’s rights advocates were often involved in abolition, labor, and temperance movements. Need for Representation: Women wanted a voice in laws and policies affecting their lives. How: Conventions and Advocacy: The Seneca Falls Convention (1848) issued the Declaration of Sentiments, demanding equal rights. Public Speaking and Writings: Activists like Sojourner Truth (famous for her speech “Ain’t I a Woman?”) and Stanton/Anthony’s writings spread awareness. Petitions and Protests: Groups lobbied Congress and organized rallies for suffrage. Civil Disobedience: Women like Susan B. Anthony illegally voted to challenge laws. Legacy: The movement achieved the 19th Amendment and paved the way for modern feminism. It continues today, focusing on issues like equal pay, reproductive rights, and combatting gender-based violence. ————————- During this time: 1815 Gender Ideology (Northern Middle Class) “Husbands working outside of Home, Wives taking care of Home” BUT many women working outside of Home in Manufacturing facilities and DON'T ACCEPT changes of gender ideology Disagree with “All men are created equal” 1830s William Lloyd Garrison Supporter of Colonization, then reads book and states that he is wrong and want to end slavery Published the newspaper, “The Liberator” in 1831 (Shows the worst of Slavery and Treatment) Most people in the North are Abolitionists Douglass Joined up with Garrison resulting in U.S. organization to work to end slavery Angelina and Sarah Grenkey (Wealthy white women from South): Prominent Abolitionists who speak on the Worst of Worst about what they’ve witness upon Slavery , also pushing for women’s rights. Sarah calls out for women’s rights publicly. Skilled Labor & Unskilled Labor Skilled Labor: Training (Mainly Women, Children, and Immigrants) Unskilled Labor: No training preferred 1869 A Union: Knights of Labor Opened to Skilled labors and Unskilled labors Open to Women, African Americans, and immigrants BUT EXCLUDED CHINESE IMMIGRANTS Wanted 8 hour work day Wanted Equal work/pay in Mid 1870 1880s 1892 U.S. Presidential Election Year Populist Party Candidate Didn’t Win This Election, Democrats WON Populist Party came up with Subtreasury Plan Way to prevent Farmers Debt: Low interest government loans at a rate of 1%, (Store crops, get loans, hope prices go up and get out of debt), Wanted Graduated Income Tax,  Wanted Add Silver to U.S. Currency—>(to inflate currency and better for debtors to pay off their debts), Wanted Industrial Labors so they called for a 8hr vote day & wanted women to vote But, Congress said No. Some people viewed Populists as Radicals 1900 - 1920 Progressive Era Industrial Capitalization Average Rage was about 21Cent an hour , BUT could be paid different amounts depending on race, age, gender…. Wage Labor & Unsafe Conditions in jobs Rise in Social Economic Inequality 1900 Progressive Era (1900-1920) Teddy Roosevelt Now, President in 1900s In Gilded Age TO : THE PROGRESSIVE ERA Whole House A settlement house founded in late 1800s in Chicago by Jane Addams and Ellen Star (Both Women) Where people can go for assistance (medical care, employment assistance, childcare, ect) MORE Women working in the workforce 1890 The National Women’s Sufferage Association Some women had the right to vote (Wyoming in late 1860s Until 1920 the 19th amendment for Women’s rights appear Removal of Native Americans: Removal of Native Americans: Simple Breakdown Who: U.S. Government, led by President Andrew Jackson (and later Martin Van Buren). Native American tribes, particularly the “Five Civilized Tribes”: Cherokee  Creek Choctaw Chickasaw Seminole What: The forced removal of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the Southeastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi River, often called the Trail of Tears. When: Indian Removal Act passed in 1830. Removals happened during the 1830s, peaking between 1831–1838. Where: Native Americans were removed from Southeastern states like Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. They were relocated to Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma). Why: 1. Land for settlers: White settlers wanted Native lands for farming, especially to grow cotton. 2. Manifest Destiny: The belief that the U.S. was destined to expand westward justified the removal. 3. Racial superiority beliefs: Many Americans believed Native Americans were “uncivilized” and couldn’t coexist with settlers. 4. Political goals: Jackson and other leaders gained support from settlers by promising access to Native lands. How:  1. Indian Removal Act (1830): Gave the federal government power to negotiate treaties to relocate tribes. 2. Forced treaties: Many tribes were pressured or tricked into signing treaties, ceding their lands. 3. Military force: Tribes that resisted, like the Cherokee and Seminole, were forcibly removed by U.S. troops. Trail of Tears: The most infamous event was the Cherokee’s forced march in 1838–1839, where thousands died from disease, starvation, and harsh conditions. Impact: Opened millions of acres of land to white settlers. Devastated Native American populations and cultures. Established a legacy of injustice that continues to affect Native American communities today. ——————————— During time: 1812 (War of 1812 Against British, ends in 1815) (Moral/Barter Economy- Face to Face) Ex: Martha Ballard paid in Eggs or Cloth U.S. Patriotism: During War of 1812 Andrew Jackson “The Creeks” were having a war within themselves (civil war) Andrew takes on “The Creek” upon fighting (Creek: Native Americans) The end results during the War of 1812, the defeat of the creek and resulted in sums of obtaining “Creek” lands Creek and Cherokee Strategies to resist encroachment Adopting values of White Americans (enslavers, ect) Embracing Market Values/Transactions Writing Written Constitutions/Laws  Some natives resists this legislation Use the court system- some won(Supreme Court cases), some lost Reasons: Britain & France interfering with U.S. trade The British were encouraging Native Americans to have conflict with the U.S. as reason if go to war, Natives will side with British (Encourages Natives to Unify to go against the Encroachment) Some people thought p Britain never respected the U.S. as an independent nation Some also thought of honor that U.S. should go to war Some as well hoped that U.S. goes to war they can use conflict to get more territory (Upon Florida and Canada) 1819 The Missouri Compromise Andrew Jackson Shows aggression towards the Seminoles (Natives) in Florida (Spanish Territory) 1830 The Indian Removal Act Legislation that Negotiate with Natives to move from their traditional lands and sending them elsewhere out west to “indian territory” Some People aren’t happy about this Some natives resists this legislation 1832 Andrew Jackson Re-elected president Native Americans Policy 1835-1836 Treaty of Newechoda (Cherokee) Moditary payment of $5 Mill in favor to move to indian territory Cherokee says treaty is fraudulent 1838-1839 U.S. Military forces push of treaty of New Echota Cherokee were forced out of their homes/org land to new indian territory This is called The Trail of Tears *( Manifest Destiny James K. Polk was a Firm Believer. Embraced the territorial bounds for expansion from east to west ( Atlantic to Pacific ) Thought God wanted this expansion Believed Anglo american culture/beliefs )* 1860-70s The Indian War Push Native Americans onto Reservation Lands 1880s Native American Children got put into school U.S. Dawes Act (1887 - 1930s) allowed the federal government to break up Native American reservation land and give the land to individual Native Americans Texas: 1821 Florida is U.S. Territory & Texas Mexico gained its independence from Spain (Texas is apart of Mexico) People moving to Eastern part of Texas Mexican Gov encourages people from the U.S. to come to Mexico but reminder that it’s Mexico, not U.S. Mexico have trouble with ranchy rage 1836-1845 Texas is operating as an Independent Republic 1836 Bank of U.S. was “expired” & San Antonio Texas Ailimo(Abandoned Mission) Jackson “shuffled” the funds of the 2nd bank as well and people thought he were overstepping his boundaries more so like a king which is unsettling General Santiano has become the leader of Mexico and exert more power, authority, and control in Mexico Government over Texas but poeple(white u.s. settlers and ppl in Texas) are resisitant … As of this, they have a showdown who are resistant to Santiano & Santiano wins in result of this win they kill the others leaving their wives/children Battle of Sanhasento U.S. Politicians hesitant of involvement 1844 James K. Polk Wins Election & Becomes US President Polk’s Presidency Wants ; Polk wanted to Extend U.S. Claims in Oregon Polk thought Texas should be added to the U.S. (is in 1845) California Apart of Mexico ALSO and In result  U.S. goes to War with Mexico 1845 Texas became apart of the U.S. Mexico not so pleased of this 1846 U.S. and Mexican War Lands along the Rio Grande as of this disputed territory Land along Rio is apart of Texas but Texas was still under Mexico authority (not independent yet) ? Some people opposed this war as of looking at the U.S. as of forceful power and expansion Some people thought if U.S. acquire more territory, it will worsen slavery (abolitionists mainly) Negative thought 1848 The U.S. WON Mexican War Treaty of Lupe’ ENDED this war : Mexico signs of Texas being apart of the U.S. U.S. acquires the land along the Rio Grande RESULTS IN MASSIVE U.S. EXPANSION & TERRITORY Gold Rush Farmers Wanted Access to Cheaper and More Land January into February of 1861 Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Texas, & Louisiana ALSO SUCCEEDED FROM THE U.S. 1898 European Nations in Asia and Africa Exerting their Imperial Beliefs Imperialism (Building Empire) Can in time be a physical takeover in territory (U.S. Has such as Texas & Mexico Territory Issue) Economic Imperialism (Form of persuasion with Money) Cultural Exerting Manifest Destiny: Manifest Destiny: Simple Breakdown Who:  Coined by journalist John L. O’Sullivan in 1845. Supported by many Americans, especially politicians like James K. Polk (11th U.S. President) and settlers moving west. Opposed by Native Americans, Mexicans, and some Americans who feared expansion would spread slavery. What: A belief that the United States was destined by God to expand its territory across the entire North American continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. It justified westward expansion and the acquisition of new lands. When: Popular from the 1820s to the 1860s, but especially prominent in the 1840s during the era of westward expansion. Where: Expansion across North America, including: The Louisiana Purchase (1803) Texas Annexation (1845) Oregon Territory (1846) Mexican Cession (1848, after the Mexican-American War) Why: 1. Belief in Superiority: Americans believed their culture, democracy, and Christianity were superior and should spread. 2. Economic Opportunity: Fertile land and resources in the West attracted settlers and entrepreneurs. 3. Territorial Ambition: Leaders wanted to expand U.S. borders for trade, security, and influence. 4. Population Growth:  Crowded eastern cities made westward expansion appealing. How: 1. Diplomacy: Negotiations like the Oregon Treaty with Britain (1846). 2. War: The Mexican-American War (1846–1848) resulted in significant territorial gains. 3. Settlement: Settlers moved west via trails like the Oregon Trail and claimed land under laws like the Homestead Act (1862). Effects: Positive: Expanded U.S. territory, increased wealth and resources. Negative: Displaced Native Americans, intensified conflicts over slavery, and caused wars (e.g., Mexican-American War). Manifest Destiny shaped U.S. history but left a legacy of both achievement and controversy. Manifest Destiny James K. Polk was a Firm Believer. Embraced the territorial bounds for expansion from east to west ( Atlantic to Pacific ) Thought God wanted this expansion Believed Anglo american culture/beliefs Mexican-American War: Mexican-American War: Simple Breakdown Who: United States (led by President James K. Polk and generals like Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott). Mexico (led by President Antonio López de Santa Anna and other military leaders). What: A war between the U.S. and Mexico over disputed territory and the U.S.’s desire to expand its territory (part of Manifest Destiny). When: 1846–1848 Where: Primarily fought in: Texas (disputed territory along the Rio Grande). Mexico, including major battles in northern Mexico and Mexico City. The California and New Mexico Territories (modern southwestern U.S.). Why: 1. Annexation of Texas (1845): The U.S. annexed Texas, but Mexico still claimed it as part of its territory, leading to a border dispute between the Nueces River (Mexico’s claim) and the Rio Grande (U.S. claim). 2. Manifest Destiny: The U.S. wanted to expand westward, particularly into California and New Mexico, which were part of Mexico. 3. Mexican Instability: Political instability in Mexico made it vulnerable to U.S. expansion. 4. Border Skirmish: In 1846, U.S. troops led by Zachary Taylor were stationed in the disputed territory near the Rio Grande, where Mexican forces attacked, giving President Polk a reason to declare war. How: 1. Declaration of War: The U.S. declared war on Mexico on May 13, 1846, after the skirmish near the Rio Grande. 2. Key Battles:  Battles at Monterrey, Buena Vista, and the capture of Mexico City by U.S. forces in 1847. Fighting also occurred in California (the Bear Flag Revolt) and New Mexico. 3. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848): Mexico surrendered, ceding over 500,000 square miles of territory to the U.S. Result: Territorial Gains for the U.S.: Included California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. Confirmed the Rio Grande as the border of Texas. Cost to Mexico: Lost nearly half of its territory. Consequences: The war intensified tensions over slavery in the newly acquired territories, contributing to the lead-up to the Civil War. (EXTRA>>>>) 1846 U.S.-Mexican War and the Rio Grande Dispute Background: Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836 after the Texas Revolution, forming the Republic of Texas. Mexico, however, did not recognize Texas as an independent nation and still considered it part of its territory. Disputed Territory: The dispute centered around which river formed Texas’s southern border: The Nueces River (claimed by Mexico). The Rio Grande (claimed by Texas and later the U.S.). Key Events Leading to the War: 1. Texas Annexation (1845):  The U.S. annexed Texas, making it a U.S. state. Mexico viewed this as a hostile act, especially since the Rio Grande was now claimed as the border. 2. Disputed Lands: The area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande was claimed by both Mexico and the U.S., leading to heightened tensions. 3. U.S. Troops in the Disputed Territory: In 1846, President James K. Polk sent U.S. troops under General Zachary Taylor into the disputed region near the Rio Grande. A skirmish broke out, and Polk used it to justify a declaration of war, claiming American blood had been shed on American soil. Clarification About Texas: By 1846, Texas was no longer under Mexican authority. It was: 1. An independent republic from 1836 to 1845. 2. Annexed by the U.S. in 1845, becoming a state. However, Mexico still refused to recognize Texas’s independence or annexation, considering the entire area part of Mexico. Outcome: The U.S.-Mexican War (1846–1848) ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848). Mexico officially ceded Texas, the disputed lands, and vast territories (California, Arizona, New Mexico, etc.) to the U.S., confirming the Rio Grande as Texas’s southern border. ——————————- 1846 U.S. and Mexican War Lands along the Rio Grande as of this disputed territory Land along Rio is apart of Texas but Texas was still under Mexico authority (not independent yet) ?  Some people opposed this war as of looking at the U.S. as of forceful power and expansion Some people thought if U.S. acquire more territory, it will worsen slavery (abolitionists mainly) Negative thought 1848 The U.S. WON Mexican War Treaty of Lupe’ ENDED this war : Mexico signs of Texas being apart of the U.S. U.S. acquires the land along the Rio Grande RESULTS IN MASSIVE U.S. EXPANSION & TERRITORY Gold Rush Farmers Wanted Access to Cheaper and More Land