Chapter 3 Study Guide (Biology)

**[CHAPTER 3]** 1\. On the Cell model, be able to identify and know the function of the following: **[Mitochondria:]** Membranous sacs with inner partitions *Function:* Releases energy from nutrient molecules and change energy into a usable form **[Rough endoplasmic reticulum:]** Contains ribo...

**[CHAPTER 3]** 1\. On the Cell model, be able to identify and know the function of the following: **[Mitochondria:]** Membranous sacs with inner partitions *Function:* Releases energy from nutrient molecules and change energy into a usable form **[Rough endoplasmic reticulum:]** Contains ribosomes *Functions* in protein synthesis **[Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:]** does not contain ribosomes, *Functions* in lipid synthesis, absorption of fats, and metabolism of drugs **[Golgi apparatus: ]** Stack of flattened, membranous sacs Function: Packages protein molecules for transport and secretion **[Centrosome:]** Non membranous structures composed of two rodlike centrioles *Functions:* Helps distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division **[Centrioles: ]** paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope (Twizzlers cut into pieces) *Functions:* organizing microtubules that serve as the cell\'s skeletal system. **[Ribosomes:]** Particle composed of proteins and RNA molecules Function: Synthesize protein **[Polysomes:]** Groups of ribosomes that translate messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins **[Nucleus:]** It is responsible for storing the cell\'s hereditary material or the DNA. It is responsible for coordinating many of the important cellular activities such as protein synthesis, cell division, growth. **[Nucleolus:]** Dense, nonmembrane that separates the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm *Function:* Site of ribosome synthesis **[Nuclear envelope:]** Double membrane that separates the nuclear content from the cytoplasm *Function:* Maintains the integrity of nucleus and controls passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm **[Nuclear pores:]** Regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. **[Chromatin:]** Fibers composed of protein and DNA *Function:* Contains information for synthesizing proteins  2. On the Cell Cycle Models be able to identify BOTTOM OF PAPER **[Interphase]** **[Cytokinesis ]** **[Each of the stages of Mitosis]** **[Prophase:]** **[Metaphase:]** **[Anaphase:]** **[Telophase:]** Be able to identify the following structures on the models:   Nucleus, nucleolus, chromosomes, spindle fibers, centrosome, metaphase plate, cleavage furrow (Some structures may not be seen on some models.)  3. Be able to define and apply the following terms: **a.    Osmotic pressure:** is the pressure needed to lift a volume of water; the greater the concentration of impermeable solutes in a solution, the greater its osmotic pressure b.    **Isotonic:** the state when two solutions have equal concentration of solutes across a semipermeable membrane: - Blood in a saline solution remains stable c.    **Hypotonic:** a solution that has a lower concentration of solute compared to the cell. - pure water: blood swells d.  **  Hypertonic:** a type of solution that has a higher concentration of solutes on the outside of a cell than on the inside of the cell - Salt water: Blood shrinks 5\. Be able to explain the processes of: **Diffusion:** Molecules move through the phospholipid bilayer from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. - Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs **Osmosis:** Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane, into an area that contains an impermeant solute - Distilled water entering a cell **Filtration:** The process of forcing molecules through membranes due to the exertion of pressure - Blood pressure, due to the action of the heart, is a type of hydrostatic pressure, which is used as the force for filtration Interphase Late Prophase **^Metaphase^** Early Anaphase Late Anaphase cytokinesis begins Telophase cytokinesis is completed Two new daughter cells at the end of Telophase beginning Interphase