Napoleon's Reign Study Guide PDF

Study Guide for Test 3 Napoleon’s Reign 1794 Robespierre beheaded; Reign of Terror officially comes to an end The Directory...

Study Guide for Test 3 Napoleon’s Reign 1794 Robespierre beheaded; Reign of Terror officially comes to an end The Directory The governmental body, mostly remnants from the Commi ee of Public Safety, who are in charge of the revolu onary government Corsica The Italian city where Napoleon was born to parents of noble blood Li le Corporal Nickname given to Napoleon for the stellar leadership he displayed despite his small stature (5’6”) Toulon The site of Napoleon’s first notable military victory as a French commander “Whiff of grapeshot” The way Napoleon described the warning shot he offered a mob of Pris protesters in 1795. It earned him a promo on to Brigadier General Egypt The highlight and low light of Napoleon’s Middle Eastern campaign. He reformed the government, but was also trapped there a er the Bri sh destroyed all of his ships End of feudalism, end of serfdom, expanded civil The reforms Napoleon accomplished in Egypt. He rights returned home to a hero’s welcome. 1799 Napoleon and his cohorts overthrow the Directory and establish a Consul government with Napoleon as First Consul 1802 Napoleon appointed “First Consul for life” 1804 Napoleon crowned Emperor for Life at Notre Dame Cathedral Napoleon’s Republican Reforms (remember he was Equalized the tax burden, gave all adult males the in favor of many revolu onary goals!) right to vote, gave govt jobs to those who were well- qualified rather than to those well-connected. Bourgeoisie Middle class business and landowners who were Napoleon’s biggest supporters since the old tax system unfairly burdened them the most. Cult of Reason France's first established atheis c religion, intended to replace Catholicism, but was banned by Napoleon. Bank of France Napoleon founded the Bank of France in 1800 to help the country's economy recover from the French Revolu on Napoleonic Code The 1804 Napoleonic Code, replaced the laws of pre- revolu onary France, recognizing the principles of civil liberty, equality before the law, and the secular character of the state Allies The name of the interna onal alliance formed by Russia, Austria, and Britain to stand against Napoleon’s increasing power throughout Europe 1815 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo Waterloo The city in Belgium where Napoleon met his final defeat in 1815 St. Helena The Island off the African coast where Napoleon was exiled and spent the rest of his life a er his defeat at Waterloo. 1821 The year of Napoleon Bonaparte’s death European Reac on and Reorganiza on Unifica on The joining together of independent city-states into one na on of peoples who speak the same language. It was a rallying cry in Germany and Italy in the early 19th century. German Confedera on A collec on of 19 mostly German speaking states who were a part of the Austrian Empire. Carlsbad Decrees Laws limi ng free speech in the German territories in response to university students speaking out in favor of unifica on, which Austria opposed. Charles X French king who angered the people by a emp ng to pay off the nobles for land lost during the revolu on. He abdicated and fled. July Revolu on The name of revolt which started under Charles X Louis Blanc French socialist reformer who tried to established what he called France’s Second Republic Second Republic The government formed by socialist reformers to create a more just French society. They were quickly voted out of power by France’s electorate Na onal workshops Blanc’s a empt to create fair wage jobs for poor workers. When the number of jobs was less than the number of job seekers, they raised taxes in order to hand out relief payments to the unemployed. Louis Napoleon Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. Elected Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, by popular vote in 1852. 1848 The year revolu ons erupted throughout the Austrian Empire. Alsace and Lorraine Two coal-rich French provinces which were seized by Prussia when they defeated the French and captured Napoleon III in 1871. Romanovs Dynasty of czars who ruled Russia for more than 300 years Peterhof Palace A grand palace in St. Petersburg built by Czar Peter I, largely influenced by his me in Europe.  Unifica on in Italy and Germany Na onalism The sense of pride in one’s na on and heritage and wan ng to see that na on excel Va can The seat of the Catholic Church Congress of Vienna Mee ngs held in Vienna from 1814–1815. They were a ended by representa ves from European states, provinces, and ci es. The goal was to establish a new poli cal order in Europe a er the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte. Papal States a conglomera on of territories on the Italian peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Catholic Church Young Italy An underground society of Italian men who lobbied and protested in favor of a unified Italy Giuseppi Mazzini The founder of the ac vist group, Young Italy Victor Emmanuel II King of Sardinia who eventually supported Italian unifica on as long as it was under Sardinian rule Red Shirts A pro-unifica on mili a from the southern part of Italy Giuseppi Garibaldi Leader of the Red Shirts 1861 Unified kingdom of Italy was established Religious Divisions A major cause of conflict between German states as the princes were o en divided along protestant and Catholic lines, while Austria, the Empire in charge, was staunchly Catholic Cardinal Richelieu French Catholic cardinal who secretly helped German protestants in order to weaken the Austrian Empire Thirty Years’ War War started by Austria when it a empted to go into the German province of Bohemia to converts its nobles from Lutheranism back to Catholicism Treaty of Westphalia Agreement signed at the end of the Thirty Years’ War It curbed the power of the Hapsburgs to dominate other na on’s sovereignty O o von Bismarck Prussian foreign minister who was a major architect of German unifica on under Prussian rule. Blood and Iron Von Bismarck’s philosophy that his goals would not be accomplished through diplomacy, but only through war Realpoli k A philosophy of poli cs which asserted that the ends jus fy the means, and nothing is off limits. Von Bismarck Seven Weeks’ War A short war in which Prussia crushed Austria, emerging as the last empire standing in the quest to see which would ul mately lead a unified Germany 1871 Year of German unifica on.