History Exam II Terms PDF

Salons: Developed during the Enlightenment for middle to upper-class women who could not go into coffeehouses. Men joined the circles as well Philosophes: French enlightened thinkers Voltaire: The pen name of a philosopher who used satire to comment on society; the father of modern satire Adam Sm...

Salons: Developed during the Enlightenment for middle to upper-class women who could not go into coffeehouses. Men joined the circles as well Philosophes: French enlightened thinkers Voltaire: The pen name of a philosopher who used satire to comment on society; the father of modern satire Adam Smith: Scotsman; Believed in the law of supply and demand; like the universe operates on natural laws, so does the economy; the father of economic liberalism Wealth of Nations: The book written by Adam Smith argues that the government should provide protection to people who invest in their own ideas (patents). John Locke: Government with the consent of the governed (1632-1704) Tabula Rasa: Blank Slate; the belief that humans are born a blank slate Natural Rights: fundamental rights that every human has Rahel Varnhagen: A famous salon hostess in Berlin who facilitated discussions Jean Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract Immanuel Kant: A German philosopher who wrote \'What is Enlightenment?\' and emphasized living by universal moral principles and thinking independently. P.I.T.R: Popular revolt, instability, terror, reform (The American Revolution inspired the french revolution) Estates General: A French legislative assembly that represented the three estates (clergy, nobility, and commoners), convened by Louis XVI in 1789. Louis XVI: Leader of France at the time of the revolution. The King of France whose inability to manage the financial crisis and failure to reform the government led to his execution during the French Revolution. Marie Antoinette: The Austrian bitch and wife of Louis XVI Bourgeoisie: The middle class in pre-revolutionary France, many of whom supported revolutionary change to gain political power and economic freedoms. Tennis Court Oath: The third estate was left in the middle of the estates\' general because they did not want taxation without representation. Olympe de Gouges: A playwright and political activist who authored the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, advocating for women\'s equality under a pen name Meritocracy: Earning your way up The Fall of the Bastille: On July 14, 1789, revolutionaries stormed the Bastille prison, marking the start of the French Revolution. Émigrés: Someone of nobility who tries to escape the revolution and reinstate the monarchy from abroad Sans-Culottes: Without short pants (a sign of aristocracy); Radical working-class revolutionaries during the French Revolution rejected aristocratic fashion and supported extreme measures to achieve equality. Robespierre: Head of the Jacobins and led the reign of terror, tried to shoot himself but failed and could not say any last words before he was beheaded Jacobin: Believed that there was too much domestic strife, instituted terror, wanted to root out disloyal people, wore matching hats The Committee for Public Safety: A powerful governing body during the Reign of Terror, responsible for directing the war effort and rooting out enemies of the Revolution. The Directory: Took power after Robespierre; The five-man executive committee that governed France from 1795 until it was overthrown by Napoleon in 1799. Regicide: Killing of a monarch The Guillotine: Terror tool, beheading was seen as humane Thermidorean Reaction: People start to turn on Robespierre The Consulate: Three people, one of which was Napoleon before he took over as First Consul for life Napoleon Bonaparte: A good war leader, a soldier's general Lucien Bonaparte: Napoleon's brother, that played a key role in the 18th of Brumaire, later the leader of the Confederation of the Rhine Eighteenth of Brumaire (Nov. 9. 1799): When Napoleon overthrew the directory and established the Consulate Concordat with the Papacy & The Organic Articles: Napoleon officially recognizes that France is a Catholic country and reconciles with the Church while keeping the Church under state control Nepotism: When you are given a position because of your relationship to someone. Napoleon practiced this across Europe by placing relatives in positions of power The Louisiana Purchase: in 1803, when Napoleon sold the Louisiana territories for 3 cents an acre to Thomas Jefferson, providing funds for his military campaigns Napoleon's Self-Coronation: Napoleon crowned himself in 1804, which gave him absolute power The Napoleonic Code: "All men stand equal before the law", women had no rights, stifled the education of women Toussaint Louverture: The Napoleon of Haitian Independence, the leader of the Haitian Revolution, led to the first Black republic The Haitian Revolution: Took place in 1804; The ideas of the French Revolution led the oppressed Haitian people to rise up against their oppressors. Haiti was wanted by European countries because of its sugar (and somewhat) coffee exports. Free People of Color: Freed black and mixed-race (creole) people seeking equal rights Grans Blancs: Rich white people who opposed the equality of POC Petit Blancs: Poor white people who believed they should be richer than POC because they were white The Peninsular War-1807 (Napoleon vs. Spain): Conflict between France and Spain, led to portuguese monarchs fleeing to brazil, Father Miguel Hidalgo: Wanted to kick Spaniards out of Mexico; Started Mexico's War for Independence from Spain with El Grito de Delores El Grito de Dolores: A speech written by Father Hidalgo in 1810 calling for Mexican Independence Simon Bolivar & Gran Colombia: South American Independence leader and founder of Gran Colombia Jose de San Martin: Argentinian general leading independence movements in South America Battle of Jena (1806): When France crushed Prussian forces in 1806 The Confederation of the Rhine: Coalition of German states organized by Napoleon post-Prussian war victory Waterloo: Napoleon's final defeat in 1815, ending his reign and leading to his final exile and death Klemens Von Metternich: Austrian statesman who promoted conservatism post-Napoleon The Congress of Vienna: 1814-1815 conference to restore European order post-Napoleon The Balance of Power: Principle to prevent any nation from dominating Europe Conservatism: Idealogy emphasizing tradition and resistance to change The Carlsbad Resolutions: 1819 restrictions in universities that prevented students and teachers alike from discussing revolutionary ideas The Industrial Revolution: Period of rapid industrialization across Europe that started in England in the late 18th century James Watt: Engineer that improved the steam engine for factories Luddism: Workers opposing machines that were going to take their jobs; destroyed aforementioned machines to keep their jobs Ned Ludd: A symbolic person that led the Luddites to destroy the machines Socialism: The idea of collective control over means of production Utopian Socialism: A branch of socialism aiming for ideal cooperative societies Robert Owen: Pioneer of Utopian Socialism Louis Blanc: French socialist advocating for Karl Marx: Friedrich Engels: The Communist Manifesto The Proletariat Class Struggle Das Kapital Nationalism: The Reform Act of 1832 Lord Earl Grey The Zollverein (1834) The Repeal of the Corn Laws: 1846