The French Revolution and Napoleon (1) PDF

Napolean Bonaparte - Overview -​ 1769-1821 -​ Reversed military leader -​ !st Emporer of France Napoleon Bonaparte - Early Life -​ Born in Corsica -​ Recieved military education in France -​ Jacobin sympathizer -​ “Child of Revolution” Napoleon Bonaparte - Rise to Power -​...

Napolean Bonaparte - Overview -​ 1769-1821 -​ Reversed military leader -​ !st Emporer of France Napoleon Bonaparte - Early Life -​ Born in Corsica -​ Recieved military education in France -​ Jacobin sympathizer -​ “Child of Revolution” Napoleon Bonaparte - Rise to Power -​ France engaged in wars on several fronts -​ Military victories increase Napoleon’s popularity -​ The directory fails to address the economic and political situation in France The Siege of Toulon, August 28 - Dec 19, 1793 -​ Toulons occupied by enemy forces -​ Site of strategic military importance -​ Napoleon responsible for reclaiming city -​ Demonstrated Napoleon’s tactical and strategic brilliance 13 Venvermaire - October 5, 1795 -​ Discontent with directory -​ Royalists seek to return to monarchy -​ Napoleon was tasked with stopping monarchy -​ Napoleon tasked with stopping uprising against directory -​ Outnumbered, but successful -​ Demonstrated ability to handle civil unrest Coupe of 18 Brumaire - 9 November 1799 -​ Coup D’etat - The forcible overthrow of a government by the armed force -​ Orchestrated by Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes, Lucien Bonaparte, and Napoleon -​ This leads to a new government (see: Consulate) -​ Napoleon maned 1st console (Head of Government) Consolidation of Power And Public Support 1.​ Napoleonic Code 2.​ Concordat 3.​ Peacekeeping Context: Concordat 1801 -​ De-Christianization of France during the Revolution -​ Destruction of religious iconography, Seizure of church property -​ Removal of Church privileges The Concordat of 1801 -​ Agreement between Pope Pius VII -​ Reconciliation between church and state -​ Attempt to gain support and legitimacy for Napolean government -​ Re-established Catholic Church in France -​ Papacy recognized Napoleon's regime -​ Catholics in France were comfortable supporting Napoleon Treaty of Amiens -​ The peace agreement between France and Great Britain -​ France/Great Britain return conquered territories -​ Resumed diplomatic relations between countries The Napoleonic Code 1804 -​ Codification - compelling rules and laws into an orderly, formal code -​ Unified French Law -​ Simple, clear, and accessible -​ Affirmed Basic civil rights (see: freedom of consciousness and equality) -​ Promoted legal equality Economic Reforms -​ Established Bank of France (1800) to stabilize the economy and manage freedom -​ Introduced a new tax system to ensure consistent revenue -​ Financed infrastructure projects to boost trade Educational Reforms: The Lycee system -​ State-run secondary schools -​ Trained future leaders for government, military,and civil service -​ Introduced merit-based advancement Napoleon becomes 1st Emperor of France, in 1804 The Napoleonic wars - overview -​ 1803-1815 -​ Continuous series of major conflicts -​ Reshaped Europe The Coalitions -​ Coalition - a group of countries working together against a common enemy or to achieve a common goal -​ Coalition Key Players Shared Objective First Coalition Austria, Prussia, Britain To stop the resolution and restore the monarchy Second Coalition Britain, Austria, Prussia To stop France’s expansion under Napoleon The Napoleonic Wars - Rationale 1.​ Defend Revolutionary forces 2.​ Expand the French Empire 3.​ Undermine Britain The Continental System (1806) -​ Continental system - economic system imposed by France that prohibited thread between France's allies and Great Britain -​ Economic policy designed to weaken Europe -​ Encouraged boycott of British imports -​ Sought to establish France as the main trading partner with European nations Failure of the Continental System 1.​ England developed new Markets (see: South Africa) 2.​ System favoured French goods 3.​ Required further territorial gains in Europe 4.​ Angered other European nations (see:Russia) The Spanish Campaign - Peninsular war/Guerra De LA Independencia 1808-1814 -​ Napoleon disposes Spanish king. PLaces brother on throne -​ Spanish resist French rule -​ Resistance supported by England -​ Guerrilla warfare - small groups attacking unexpectedly, avoiding direct battles, and wearing down the enemy over time -​ Use of Guerilla Warfare Tactics -​ Brutal and draining campaign -​ France eventually driven out of Spain (1814) The Russian Campaign (1812) -​ Napoleon invades Russia (June 1812) -​ Aim: Punish Tsar Alexander I for breaking the Continental system -​ Begins with 600,000+ “Grand Army” -​ Russian army doesn’t engage directly. Retreat int interior -​ Adopt of “scorching earth” policy -​ Harsh/early winter + no food/resources = disaster -​ Napoleon reached Moscow in September 1812. Finds city abandoned/burned by Russians -​ Napoleon is forced to retreat -​ Thousands of soldiers froze, starved, or were killed on return -​ Turning point in Napoleonic wars -​ Weakened army/reputation -​ Encouraged other European countries to fight against Napoleon (see: the sixth Coalition 1813-1814) Battle of Leipzig -​ October 16-19, 1813 -​ The 6th Coalition of European power defeats Napoleon’s army -​ Largest battle of the 19th century Exhile to Elba -​ Coalition forces cpature Paris in 1814 -​ Forces Napoleon to abdicate/surrender -​ Exhiled to Elba. Monarchy restored to Louis XVIII instituted as King of France The Congress of Vienna, Nov 1, 1814 - June 8, 1815 -​ Diplomatic conference -​ Attended by reps of European powers -​ Determined “shape of Europe”. Maintain stability -​ Chair: Prince Klemers von Metternich (Austria) Escape form Elba February 16, 1815 -​ Leaves island on ship disguised as a merchant vessel -​ Lands near Cannes -​ Begins march towards Paris. Gains support enroute The 100 Days, March 20,1815 - July 8, 1815 -​ Napoleon arrives in Paris (March 20, 1815), King flees -​ Napoleon reclaims throne -​ Europea powers unite against him (see: the Seventh Coalition) Battle of Waterloo June 18, 1815 -​ 7th Coalition meet Napoleon at Waterloo -​ Napoleon defeated and surrenders -​ Exhiled to St.Helena. Dies The Congress of Vienna - Outcomes 1.​ Restoration of European Monarchies (legitimacy) 2.​ Restoring the balance of Power 3.​ Create a system of Alliance (Concert of Europe) The Congress of Vienna- Outcomes - Legitimacy -​ Promoted the “principle of legitimacy” -​ Legitimate = ruled before Napoleon -​ Restored traditional monarchies (see: Spain, Portugal, Frame, etc) The Congress of Vienna - Outcomes - Restoring Balance of Power -​ Prevent one country form dominating Europe -​ Redrew the map of Europe to ensure power more evenly distributed -​ France contained by new buffer states (see: Kingdom of the Netherlands) The Congress of Vienna - Outcomes - The Concert of Europe -​ Informal alliances of “ Great Powers of Europe” -​ Regular meeting -​ Address conflicts diplomatically instead of through war