Baroque and Classical Music Study Guide PDF

Composers Florentine Camerata - Made up of J. Peri, G. Mei, Galilei - Interested in Greek drama - LED TO THE BIRTH OF OPERA! - Had a different bass line under the tenors and had a different texture than previous choral music - Composed Orfeo (1607) which is the oldest opera stil...

Composers Florentine Camerata - Made up of J. Peri, G. Mei, Galilei - Interested in Greek drama - LED TO THE BIRTH OF OPERA! - Had a different bass line under the tenors and had a different texture than previous choral music - Composed Orfeo (1607) which is the oldest opera still performed today. G. Caccini - Wrote Le Nuove Musiche in 1602 - Used gruppo and trillo Claudio Monteverdi - Was responsible for the Doctrine of Affections which stated “The purpose of music is to move the soul.” - Genius of Baroque because he broke the rules and paved the way for drama. - Wrote 9 books of Madrigals - This happened because of him, Prima Practica which is the rules of music before Palestrina and Prima Seconda which is the new rules after Palestrina. - A. Corelli - Came up with the sonata de Chiesa which had SFSF (SlowFastSlowFast) - Sonata de Camara Henrich Schutz - Most significant GERMAN composer before Bach - Was very crucial in the introduction of new Italian styles into Germanic regions (prima FIRST, then seconda)  - Wrote 500 vocal works that were mostly sacred - Was very good at text placements and underlay - Known for language placement in pieces similar to Purcell. - Christmas Oratorio Intermedium: The Angel Henry Purcell - Was creative and fresh - Harmony and melody - Pieces were written in English! - Had an incredible ability to place the english language to music with the correct accents and syncopation. - Loved dances - Loved the ground bass J.P. Rameau - Important theorist! - Was responsible for inverted chords in pieces because up until this point if a chord was inverted it was a different chord. - Wrote French operas such as Les Indes Gallant J.B. Lully - Established a tragedic lyrique opera - Was responsible for large scale operas with much staging. - ALL started with a french overture - Was also known for being able to switch the meter to fit language in pieces. - 5 part strings with a bassline G. Frescobaldi - Was responsible for Toccatas which were keyboard pieces Kuhnau - Was Bach’s predecessor - Wrote many Biblical sonatas  - David and Goliath F. Neumann - Wrote Ornamentation in Baroque and Post Baroque music. - Talk about performance practice issues Heinrich Bieber - Talk about how he was the best German mid-Baroque composers of sonatas, - Used lots of scordatura in his pieces. - Most famous German violinist of the 17th century Carissimi - Was one of the most famous composers of the early Baroque period - Established the characteristics of the Italian oratorio. - Wrote Jephtha which was off of the bible story and included the lament of Jephtha. Couperin - Wrote Pièces de Clavecin - Wrote ordres which are the large suites of many pieces - Used Agrements Heinichen - Studied with Kuhnau in Leipzig - Wrote two important treatises on basso continuo - Wrote concerti which was colorful, fresh and creative and also wrote the Passion oratorio which premiered the same time as St. Matthew’s passion by bach. Zelenka - Replaced Heinichen’s position as KM - Was a bohemian bass player Handel  - Had so much music and gave all the glory to God - Wrote Italian operas all began with a French overture INCLUDING the Messiah - Wrote Xerses which is another known opera - Also wrote the arrival of the Queen of Sheba which is recognizable. - Wrote his operas in three acts Bach - Had a computer like mind with how notes interact - Used counterpoint - Wrote pieces on a weekly basis and performed them constantly - Bach had so much joy and it showed in his work - Greatly used doctrine of affections in his work giving expression and color to his works. - Wrote the Goldberg Variations which were a collection of pieces Terms Doctrine of Affections- Is like sighing in music and adding specific music gestures. Very similar to phrasing and led to this in music. Ritornello- Was a pause in between measures and was used by many early Baroque composers. Strophic Bass Aria- This was a solo piece that had a simple bass line that was repeated but the melody could vary. Stile Concitato- This was a musical style that was known for its passion and agitation. Stile recitativo- A vocal style used in operas that implemented accents and speech patterns. Utilized in operas. Trillo- Trill Trio Sonata- A type of piece written in three parts usually with two violins and a cello. In other words, two treble instruments and one bass instrument. Utilized basso continuo. Oratorio- Is a sacred Opera. Can also be deemed oratory. This was when opera started to come into church music but the church outlawed costumes and staging but allowed the style of music. Testo- Is an Italian word for small book or small composition. Ode- An ode is a poem that is set to music. Type of lyrical poetry. Ground bass- Basso ostinato. Suite- Was a collection of dances, typically all in the same key. Allemande- Moderate duple time Courante- quick triple meter Sarabande- slow, triple meter Gigue- typically last and in fast 6/8 meter Ordre- Is a suite that consists of character pieces dances Agrements- These are ornaments Obliggato- This is a musical line that absolutely cannot be omitted from a musical piece. Scordatura- This is where an instrument is tuned a different way than standard tuning. Typically for a typical piece with special effects and such. Ritornello form- This is a piece with a recurring melody Dido and Aeneas- Was written in 1689 and was based on Virgil's Aeneid Opened with a French overture Opened with Dido's lament which included a descending chromatic line and ground bass. Passacaglia- Was a repeated harmonic pattern. Chaconne- Think of ground bass or basso continuo This was a short repeated bass line with a melody invention on top. Monody- Was an ode sung by a solo actor in a Greek tragedy. Relate this back to Camerata and how this was a key part that led into opera. Performance practice issues- If I am asked this in the midterm, I will talk about how it is important to understand the composers that have come before you and to understand classical music first before understanding modern music. Beware of over-ornamentation - taste St. Matthew Passion- Was communal, monumental and individual Included 78 sections Coronation anthems- Were devotional. Concerto- Concertatio which was latin and it meant strife Concertare which was Italian and it meant to agree Favored violin Concertino and Ripieno were the two different types of Concerto Grosso Concerto Grosso- Was a Baroque instrumental orchestration that was a small group of musicians rather than a large orchestra. Sonata de Camera- Dance movements Op. 5-12 were violin sonatas Op. 6-12 were Concerti Grossi Sonata de Chiesa- SFSF Ospedale della Pieta- Were teaching techniques Monthly concerts The Musical Offering 1679 - This was the challenging piece that King Fredrick in Berlin told Bach to write and he came up with this. - 13 movements 2 fugues, 10 canons, 1 trio sonata - There has been 24 arrangements made - Crab Canon which was assigned is a good discussion point for the essay question if there is going to be one. Giulio Cesare - Was an opera written by Handel in 1724 for the Royal Music Academy - Was written in three acts like many other Handel operas* Castrato - Because in the Baroque period, women were not allowed to take part in choirs, men had surgery done on their voices so that they could maintain their soprano or alto voices to fill in the four part choirs. Ballad opera - Was an opera with folk melodies interspersed with new texts and spoken dialogue. - The Beggar’s Opera by john gay was the most known ballad opera in the 1700s and it was a satire about the political and social issues at that time in history Bach’s cantatas - It was written for a four part choir and four soloists. Toccata - Was a fast moving piece commonly used in the Baroque period and utilized skill by the performer and showcased speed and dexterity. Partita - Was a collection of musical pieces which were dance movements. Secco vs Accompagnato - Recitativo Secco was a dry deliverance of dialogue accompanied by a continuo instrument such as a harpsichord or a lute. The rhythm was free and dictated by the accents of the words. - Recitativo Accompagnato was a more stylized deliverance of dialogue accompanied by a full orchestra. Would develop into a formal aria. Da Capo aria - This is an aria with an ABA form and the singer repeats the beginning section Canzona - Was a piece that is polyphonic and contains a subject or melody that is imitated between different voices. This was a direct influence of the fugue. Sonata - This was a piece that often had two treble voices and a ground bass. This was a direct influence into the trio sonata which is explained above. Syntagma Musicum - Was a music book written by Praetorius on performance practice and 17th century theory