STUDY GUIDE PDF

Waves in Water Movement of Waves in Water: Water waves are typically surface waves that involve the movement of water particles in a circular motion. As a wave passes, particles move up and forward, then down and back, creating a wave-like effect. Reflection of Waves Understand Reflection of Waves:...

Waves in Water Movement of Waves in Water: Water waves are typically surface waves that involve the movement of water particles in a circular motion. As a wave passes, particles move up and forward, then down and back, creating a wave-like effect. Reflection of Waves Understand Reflection of Waves: When a wave encounters a barrier, it can bounce back. The angle at which the wave hits the barrier (incident angle) equals the angle at which it reflects (reflected angle), following the law of reflection. Superposition of Waves Understand the Superposition of Waves: This principle states that when two or more waves overlap, they combine to form a new wave. The resulting wave's displacement is the sum of the individual displacements, leading to constructive (amplifying) or destructive (diminishing) interference. Light Passing Through Materials Describe How Light Passes Through Different Materials: Light can transmit through materials differently based on their optical properties. Transparent materials allow light to pass through with minimal scattering; translucent materials scatter light, and opaque materials block it. Absorption of Light Understand How Light Can Be Absorbed by Materials: When light hits a material, it can be absorbed, converting light energy into other forms, like heat. The extent of absorption depends on the material's properties and the light's wavelength. Scattering and Reflection Diffuse Scattering vs. Specular Reflection: Specular reflection occurs on smooth surfaces, producing clear reflections (like a mirror). Diffuse scattering occurs on rough surfaces, causing light to scatter in many directions, resulting in no clear image. Ray Model of Light Describe the Ray Model of Light: This model treats light as rays that travel in straight lines. It simplifies the study of light behavior, such as reflection and refraction. Changing Light Direction Explain How the Direction of Light Rays Can Be Changed: Light direction can change through reflection, refraction (bending of light when entering a different medium), or diffraction (spreading out when passing through a narrow opening). Pinhole Camera and Eye Explain How a Pinhole Camera and Eye Work: A pinhole camera lets light in through a small opening, projecting an inverted image on a surface. The human eye functions similarly, where light enters through the pupil and is focused by the lens onto the retina, forming an image. Light as Energy Transfer Describe Light as a Way of Transferring Energy: Light carries energy as electromagnetic radiation. When it interacts with matter, it can transfer energy, causing changes in the material (like heating or driving photosynthesis). Chemical and Electrical Effects of Absorbed Light Give Examples of Chemical and Electrical Effects When Materials Absorb Light: Examples include photosynthesis in plants (light energy converts to chemical energy) and solar panels generating electricity when absorbing sunlight. Changes Upon Absorption Explain Changes That Happen When Materials Absorb Light: Absorption can cause thermal energy increase (heating), induce chemical reactions, or excite electrons, leading to fluorescence or other phenomena. Producing a Spectrum from White Light Describe How a Spectrum Can Be Produced from White Light: When white light passes through a prism, it refracts, separating into its constituent colors (spectrum) due to different wavelengths bending at different angles. Properties of Light Frequencies Compare the Properties of Light of Different Frequencies: Different frequencies correspond to different colors of light. Higher frequencies (blue/violet) have more energy than lower frequencies (red), affecting how they interact with materials. Splitting and Recombining Light Explain How Light of Different Wavelengths Can Be Split and Recombined: Prisms can separate light into a spectrum, and filters can allow certain wavelengths to pass through. Different wavelengths can be recombined using lenses or mirrors. Energy Storage Describe the Ways in Which Energy is Stored: Energy can be stored in various forms, including chemical (batteries, fuels), potential (elevated objects), kinetic (moving objects), and thermal (heat in materials). Energy Transfer Describe the Ways That Energy Can Be Transferred from One Store to Another: Energy transfers can occur through work (mechanical), heat (thermal conduction, convection), and radiation (light). Energy Changes and Transfers Explain That Any Change - Physical or Chemical - Results in a Transfer of Energy: All physical changes (like melting) and chemical reactions (like combustion) involve energy transfer, either absorbed or released. Use of Fuels Describe the Use of Fuels in the Home: Fuels provide energy for heating, cooking, and electricity generation. Common fuels include natural gas, electricity, wood, and oil. Food as Energy Stores Explain That Foods are Energy Stores and That the Amount Stored Can Be Measured: Foods store chemical energy, measured in calories or joules. When consumed, this energy is released during digestion. Energy as a Non-Material Concept Explain That Energy is Not a Material and Can Be Neither Created Nor Destroyed: Energy is a property that describes the ability to do work or produce change. It can change forms but is conserved overall (law of conservation of energy). Rate of Energy Transfer Describe What is Meant by ‘Rate of Energy Transfer’: This refers to how quickly energy is transferred from one store to another, often measured in watts (joules per second). Units for Rate of Energy Transfer Recall and Use the Correct Units for Rate of Energy Transfer: The standard unit is the watt (W), which is equivalent to one joule per second (J/s). Calculating Energy Transfer Calculate Quantities of Energy Transferred When Change Happens: Energy transferred can be calculated using formulas, such as Power = Energy transfer/time Energy transfer = time x power Time = Energy transfer/power Triangle E P T Power (Watts (J/s) Energy = Joules (J) Time = seconds (s) 1000 w = 1kw