Physics Notes PDF

**W O R K , E N E R G Y A N D P O W E R** **W O R K-** Defined as the transfer of energy that occurs when a force acts on an object to move it over a distance. **E N E R G Y-** The capacity to do work. It exists in various forms, such as kinetic energy, potential energy, thermal energy, chemical e...

**W O R K , E N E R G Y A N D P O W E R** **W O R K-** Defined as the transfer of energy that occurs when a force acts on an object to move it over a distance. **E N E R G Y-** The capacity to do work. It exists in various forms, such as kinetic energy, potential energy, thermal energy, chemical energy, and more. **P O W E R-** The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred over time. **Computational Efficiency-** Optimized code and processes reduce the energy and resources required for data processing. This can be useful for creating machines or programs that aren't power-hungry. **Energy Consumption-** A factor regarding the amount of energy used by hardware and software. **Battery Life-** The duration for which a device can operate on a full charge, relevant to mobile and portable technology **Kinematics-** The study of motion, which helps in designing a robot\'s movement paths **Dynamics-** The study of forces, which helps in understanding how energy is converted into motion **Conservative Forces-** Forces, ***like gravity***, where work done does not depend on the path taken, only on initial and final positions **Non-Conservative Forces-** Forces, ***like friction***, that cause energy dissipation from a system (often as heat), altering total mechanical energy. **Efficiency**- The ratio of useful work output to the total energy input, often expressed as a percentage **Energy Transfer**- The movement of energy from one object or system to another, especially relevant in power calculations **L A W S O F T H E R M O D Y N A M I C S** I. Energy [cannot be created or destroyed], only transferred or converted from one form to another. II. The total entropy (disorder) of an isolated system will either increase or remain constant; [it never decreases. ] III. A perfect crystal at zero Kelvin has zero entropy. **Electromagnetic Waves** **Heinrich Hertz** \[1857-1894\] - A **German physicist** who made important scientific contributions to the study of electromagnetism. - The term "**hertz**" was established by the **International Electrotechnical Commission** in **1935** to honor his name. **Electromagnetic waves** only transfer energy from one point to another; the human senses may interpret them as information. - **[Radio waves]** - radio and television. - **[Microwaves]** - satellite communications and heating food. - **[Infrared]** - Electrical heaters and infrared cameras - **[Visible light]** - Fibre optic communications. - **[Ultraviolet]** - Energy efficient lamps, sun tanning - **[X-rays]** - Medical imaging and treatments. - **[Gamma rays]** -- Experiments for nuclear technology. **Light, Electricity and Magnetism** Minor details regarding sound and light: - Speed of Sound = 343 m/s - Sound requires a medium to travel. It cannot travel through a vacuum. - Speed of Light = 300,000 km/s - Light can travel in a vacuum. It travels the fastest in a vacuum. ***S𝒏𝒆𝒍𝒍′𝒔 𝑳𝒂𝒘***-named after the Dutch mathematician Willebrord Snellius. His work was not widely published during his lifetime.