Child Psychology Study Guide PDF

Revised Terms & Concepts for Child Psychology Test 1 For all these concepts I will ask questions of application or examples, so study to understand the meaning as actualized in one's life Science- Dialectic - a conflict of ideas meaning of myth of Psyche & Eros- Freud's basic concept of psychoa...

Revised Terms & Concepts for Child Psychology Test 1 For all these concepts I will ask questions of application or examples, so study to understand the meaning as actualized in one's life Science- Dialectic - a conflict of ideas meaning of myth of Psyche & Eros- Freud's basic concept of psychoanalysis- psychosexual, interpolation of dreams, conscious, pleasure principal (Humans always want to feel good.) Psychosexual Stages : Oral 0-1 ½ ( pacifier, thumb, oral fixation;dependency or oral habits). \- Anal 1 ½-3 (holding on and letting go, control, Fixation: anal retentive (orderly) or anal expulsive (messy)) - Phallic 3-6(Oedipal and Electra; rival same sex, desire opposite), -- Latency 6-puberty (represses sexual interest,) - Genital puberty onward (sexual awakening outside of familial) Erikson's Eight PsychoSocial Stages ( 1st 5), as Dialectics- **Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)** -- Learning to trust caregivers. 1. 2. 3. 4. Piaget Stages : 1. 1. 2. 3. Assimilation & Accommodation- through assimilation, we fit new experiences into our existing schemas. When new experiences don\'t fit, we adjust our schemas or create new ones through accommodation. Learning in stages incl. - - - - - - - - 6 Substages of Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage - - - - - - - - - - - Cross-Sectional - different groups Longitudinal Studies- long period of time same group - - BANDURA'S SOCIAL COGNITIVE Theory (MODELING)-social modeling, also termed social learning, is a theory developed by Albert Bandura that states we can learn behavior by observing the actions of others. In order to truly learn the behavior we watch, there are four requirements or factors that need to be at work: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT Maped first set f genomes for the first time & 1,000 GENOME PROJECT- sequencing the genomes of at least 1,000 volunteers from multiple populations worldwide in order to improve our understanding of the genetic contribution to human health and disease. 2008-2015 Monozygotic- identical; & Dizygotic twins- fraternal PHENOTYPE- gene expressed - - EMBRYONIC Stage's 3 Germ Layers : **Endoderm** -- Internal organs **Mesoderm** -- Muscles & bones. **Ectoderm** -- Skin & nervous system CEPHALOCAUDAL Development- Within two months, infants can control their head and face movements. a few months later, they can lift themselves up using their arms. By 6 to 12 months, they may be able to crawl, stand, or walk. Less PRENATAL CARE is negatively correlated with low-birth weight & infant mortality Effect of TERATOGENS(substances or agents that can cause structural or functional birth defects in a developing fetus) such as Alcohol : FASD Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Caesareans WHO rec less than 10% LAMAZE- preparing for birth LEBOYER-water birth KANGAROO CARE- encouragement of skin to skin MIDWIVES & DOULAS in Birthing and prenatal care- midwife trained healthcare professional in irthing and preparation. Doulacaregiver wh provides mental, physcil and educational support for birth. Pre abd post labor. - - - - - - - - Postpartum depression - - - - - myelination involving the insulation of nerve fibers to speed up signal transmission, synaptogenesis referring to the creation of new synaptic connections between neurons, and pruning being the selective elimination of unused synapses, essentially \"cleaning up\" the neural network to optimize efficiency - Synaptogenesis occurs rapidly early in development, followed by a period of pruning, while myelination begins early and continues throughout adolescence and into adulthood. **Experience-dependent plasticity:\ **The process of pruning is heavily influenced by environmental factors and experiences, meaning that frequently used neural pathways are more likely to be preserved. Correlations to SIDS : A major correlation to SIDS, besides placing a baby to sleep on their back (which is considered protective), is maternal smoking during pregnancy;research consistently shows that babies born to mothers who smoke during pregnancy have a significantly increased risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) BREAST FEEDING Benefits : WHO (WORLD HEALTH ORG.) recommends exclusively breast feeding 1st 6 months Margaret Mahler stages of Separation/Individuation (Rapprochement)- **Differentiation (hatching):\ **This is the initial phase where the infant starts to visually and perceptually recognize they are separate from their mother, often showing an increased interest in the outside world while still relying heavily on the mother\'s presence. - **Practicing:\ **With improved motor skills like crawling and walking, the child actively explores their environment, becoming more independent and seemingly less reliant on the mother, sometimes exhibiting a sense of omnipotence. **Rapprochement:\ **The child becomes aware of their separateness and may experience anxiety about being too far from the mother, seeking reassurance and closeness while still exploring. Chomsky on L.A.D Language Acquisition Device- The LAD concept is a purported instinctive mental capacity which enables an infant to acquire and produce language. Transformational Grammar-transformational grammar is basically a theory to understand the processing of grammatical knowledge in the human brain. Infinite Generativity- the way that sentences are put together and words are arranged which differ from language to language. generative grammar and the concept of a universal grammar Support of elders, in conversation, greatly facilitates language more than all else (vs screen time). Joint visual attention at 10 months linked to vocabulary growth at 14, 18 & 24 months. LIkewise the importance of reading with infants and children, & paying attention to them, the give&take, as well as a rich verbal environment. Studies in TEMPERAMENT findings- twins and adoption studies that heriidatry has moderate influence on differences in temperament withi a group of people.