Fall 2024 MCDB1150 Cellular and Molecular Biology Study Guide PDF

**Intro to Cellular and Molecular Biology-Study Guide-Exam \#2** Fall 2024 MCDB1150 ***Disclaimer:** This document is intended as an aide in studying for the exam. Not everything on this sheet will be on the exam, and conversely there may be questions on the exam not covered on the study guide.*...

**Intro to Cellular and Molecular Biology-Study Guide-Exam \#2** Fall 2024 MCDB1150 ***Disclaimer:** This document is intended as an aide in studying for the exam. Not everything on this sheet will be on the exam, and conversely there may be questions on the exam not covered on the study guide.* **Vocabulary** Lipid Carbohydrate Protein Nucleic acid Nucleotide Phosphodiester bond Amino acid Peptide bond Glycosidic bond Polysaccharide Monosaccharide Monomer Peptidoglycan Glycan Sucrose Lactose Maltose Glucose Fructose Galactose Cellulose Starch Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Plasma membrane Selectively permeable Membrane proteins Channel protein Carrier protein Phospholipid Membrane permeability Membrane fluidity Cholesterol Enzyme Endergonic reaction Exergonic reaction Activation energy Active site Substrate **General concepts** What is Activation Energy? What is the function of an enzyme? Are they a carbohydrate, protein, lipid, or nucleotide? What is the active site of an enzyme? What is an enzyme's substrate? Do enzymes have a high specificity? How do pH and temperature affect enzyme function? A macromolecule is a large biological molecule made by joining together monomers to form polymers. What is the definition of a monomer? A polymer? Draw a diagram demonstrating how polymers are formed. What is the name of this reaction? Draw a diagram demonstrating how polymers are broken. What is the name of this reaction? Compare and contrast starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Can humans digest cellulose? Why or why not? Draw alpha-glucose and beta-glucose. How are they similar? How do they differ? What is the name of the bond that forms when monosaccharides combine to form a polysaccharide? The following are used to describe the linking of monosaccharides, explain what alpha or beta refers to and what each number refers to. - Maltose: alpha (1 4) - Sucrose: alpha (1 2) - Lactose: beta (1 4) - Amylose Starch: alpha (1 4) - Cellulose: beta (1 4) Draw or describe how fatty acids are linked to a glycerol molecule to form a triglyceride. Which of the following fatty acids are saturated? Which are unsaturated? How do you know? A close up of a piece of paper Description automatically generated Which of the fatty acids above would be solid at biological temperatures? Why? Which of the fatty acids above would be liquid at biological temperatures? Why? Draw the general structure of a DNA nucleotide. Observe the DNA strand. Label the 3' and 5' ends of the strand. Label the deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. Label the hydrogen bonds and the covalent bonds. Identify a purine nitrogenous base and a pyrimidine nitrogenous base.. There are two major types of bonds that are involved in the formation of a DNA molecule. Describe where they are located in the molecule and how they form the DNA double helix. Describe the fundamental differences between DNA and RNA. Complete the table below for each class of macromolecule: **Example of Macromolecule** **Class of Macromolecule** **Monomer for this Class of Macromolecule** **Function** **Additional Important Info** ------------------------------ ---------------------------- --------------------------------------------- -------------- ------------------------------- Glucose Lactose Chitin Polypeptide DNA Fructose Cellulose Triglyceride Phospholipid Starch Glycogen Maltose Sucrose Draw a cell membrane and label integral and peripheral proteins, carbohydrate components, and lipid components. Predict how differences in phospholipid composition and cholesterol content will affect their relative fluidity and permeability, and explain your reasoning. Identify how the following molecules will move through a plasma membrane. Include what direction they will move (down a concentration gradient or against the gradient). Be as specific as possible (don't just say active or passive transport). - Small molecules, O~2~ and CO~2~, from the extracellular fluid to the cytoplasm - Ca^2+^ from a concentration of 1.5% in the cytoplasm to a concentration of 0.5% in the extracellular fluid - Na^+^ from a concentration of 0.25% in the extracellular fluid to a concentration of 5% in the cytoplasm - K^+^ from the cytoplasm to the extracellular fluid. The concentration of K^+^ is 10x greater in the cytoplasm than it is in the extracellular fluid. - Sodium ions from the cytoplasm into a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid.