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Questions and Answers
What type of bond connects monosaccharides to form a polysaccharide?
What type of bond connects monosaccharides to form a polysaccharide?
Which of the following statements about enzymes is true?
Which of the following statements about enzymes is true?
How do temperature changes generally affect enzyme function?
How do temperature changes generally affect enzyme function?
Which carbohydrate can humans digest effectively?
Which carbohydrate can humans digest effectively?
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In which polymer is beta (1 4) linkage primarily found?
In which polymer is beta (1 4) linkage primarily found?
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Which of the following fatty acids is most likely to be solid at biological temperatures?
Which of the following fatty acids is most likely to be solid at biological temperatures?
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What defines a macromolecule?
What defines a macromolecule?
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What is the role of cholesterol in cellular membranes?
What is the role of cholesterol in cellular membranes?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of purine nitrogenous bases?
Which of the following is a characteristic of purine nitrogenous bases?
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What is the role of covalent bonds in the DNA double helix?
What is the role of covalent bonds in the DNA double helix?
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Which statement correctly describes the difference between DNA and RNA?
Which statement correctly describes the difference between DNA and RNA?
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What is the function of integral proteins in a cell membrane?
What is the function of integral proteins in a cell membrane?
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Which of these macromolecules serves as a source of quick energy?
Which of these macromolecules serves as a source of quick energy?
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Which component of DNA is responsible for its helical structure?
Which component of DNA is responsible for its helical structure?
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Which of the following macromolecules is a polysaccharide?
Which of the following macromolecules is a polysaccharide?
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What type of bond forms between the nitrogenous bases of DNA?
What type of bond forms between the nitrogenous bases of DNA?
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What best describes the term 'fluid mosaic' in relation to cell membranes?
What best describes the term 'fluid mosaic' in relation to cell membranes?
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Which of the following accurately differentiates between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions?
Which of the following accurately differentiates between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions?
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What type of transport mechanisms require ATP?
What type of transport mechanisms require ATP?
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Which structure is essential for the transport of substances across the cell membrane?
Which structure is essential for the transport of substances across the cell membrane?
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How does the surface area of a cell relate to its size?
How does the surface area of a cell relate to its size?
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What is one main function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
What is one main function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
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What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
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What occurs during exocytosis?
What occurs during exocytosis?
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Study Notes
Vocabulary
- Lipid: A fatty substance
- Nucleic acid: A biological molecule
- Amino acid: A building block of proteins
- Polysaccharide: A complex carbohydrate
- Peptidoglycan: A polymer
- Lactose: A disaccharide
- Fructose: A monosaccharide
- Starch: A polysaccharide
- Plasma membrane: The outer boundary of a cell
- Channel protein: A protein that allows passage of materials
- Membrane permeability: How easily things pass through a membrane
- Enzyme: A protein catalyst
- Activation energy: The energy needed to start a reaction
- Carbohydrate: A class of organic compounds (sugars, starches)
- Protein: A chain of amino acids
- Nucleotide: A monomer of nucleic acid
- Phosphodiester bond: A bond in nucleic acids
- Peptide bond: A bond in proteins
- Monosaccharide: A simple sugar
- Glycosidic bond: A bond between simple sugars
- Monomer: A single unit
- Glycan: A carbohydrate chain
- Maltose: A disaccharide
- Galactose: A monosaccharide
- Hydrophobic: Repels water
- Selectively permeable: Only allows certain substances through
- Carrier protein: Translocates materials across membranes
- Membrane fluidity: The ability of the cell membrane to change shape
- Endergonic reaction: A reaction that absorbs energy
- Active site: The region on an enzyme where reaction occurs
- Substrate: Reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
- Sucrose: A disaccharide
- Glucose: A monosaccharide
- Cellulose: A polysaccharide
- Hydrophilic: Attracts water
- Membrane proteins: Proteins within cell membranes
- Phospholipid: A major component of cell membranes
- Cholesterol: A lipid component of cell membranes
- Exergonic reaction: A reaction that releases energy
General Concepts
- Activation Energy: The energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.
- Enzyme Function: Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed. They are not carbohydrates, lipids, or nucleotides.
- Active Site: The region of an enzyme where the substrate binds.
- Substrate Specificity: Enzymes have high specificity, meaning they bind to very specific substrates.
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Enzyme Function Effects:
- Temperature: Affects the rate of enzyme activity. Too high or low can denature the enzyme.
- pH: Affects the rate of enzyme activity. Optimal pH is necessary for activity.
Polymers
- Monomer: A single unit that forms a larger molecule
- Polymer: A large molecule made of repeating monomers
- Polymer Formation: Monomers are joined together via dehydration synthesis reaction.
- Polymer Breakdown: Polymers are broken down into monomers via hydrolysis.
- Examples: Starch, glycogen, cellulose are polymers of glucose.
- Starch and Glycogen: Energy storage carbohydrates that differ in the bonding and branching of glucose units
- Cellulose: A structural polysaccharide in plants, humans cannot digest cellulose due to not having the needed enzymes to break them down
Carbohydrates - Glucose Isomers
- Alpha-glucose and beta-glucose: Glucose molecules that differ in the orientation of their hydroxyl groups around the 1-carbon atom. These differences dictate how the molecules assemble into larger structures.
- Alpha and Beta Nomenclature: Refers to the spatial orientation of the hydroxyl group on the first carbon of the sugar unit. This difference affects the formation of polysaccharide linkages and the resultant structure.
- (1→4) linkages: Numbers in parentheses give the carbon atoms participating in the bonds that connect two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide or polysaccharide.
Lipids
- Triglycerides: Formed by linking three fatty acids to a glycerol molecule.
- Saturated Fatty Acids: Contain only single bonds between carbon atoms; typically solid at room temperature.
- Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Contain one or more double bonds; typically liquid at room temperature. These changes impact the overall shape and the packing ability of these molecules.
- Fatty Acid Linkage to Glycerol: The fatty acids are attached to the glycerol molecule through ester linkages.
DNA
- DNA Nucleotide: Composed of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- DNA Structure: Double helix formed by two strands of nucleotides held together via hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases
- Hydrogen Bonds & Covalent Bonds: Hydrogen bonds connect the nitrogenous bases, and covalent bonds link the sugar and phosphates to form the backbone of each strand. These connections are key to maintaining the stability and structure of the DNA molecule.
- Types of Bases: Purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine and thymine).
- Major DNA Types: Double Helix
Other
- Macromolecules: Polysaccharides, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
- Table: (The requested table, with its contents, needs a better specification) A table listing each macromolecule type and its subunit should be provided here. A complete table for all macromolecules types is likely needed.
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Description
Test your knowledge of essential biology vocabulary! This quiz covers important terms related to biomolecules, including lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Perfect for students looking to strengthen their understanding of biological concepts.
