CH-340 Essentials of Cognitive Psychology Fall 2024 Study Exam PDF

CH-340 Essentials of Cognitive Psychology Fall 2024 Study Exam This is a Study exam. Some of the questions in it will appear in the final exam exactly as presented here. Some will be modified in cruel and unusual ways to trip you up. Some will be complementary or follow a similar logic. Some will...

CH-340 Essentials of Cognitive Psychology Fall 2024 Study Exam This is a Study exam. Some of the questions in it will appear in the final exam exactly as presented here. Some will be modified in cruel and unusual ways to trip you up. Some will be complementary or follow a similar logic. Some will be totally new. You have until the week after end of teaching to give me feedback about questions which are difficult to understand, ambivalent, senseless, or just plain dumb. Please write me an email to flag bad questions or bring them up in/after class. Do the same to ask for advice or clarification. Neither this study exam nor the final exam contains any questions related to: Methodology, Your lab project, Or Cognitive development. The questions are presented chronologically, following our syllabus, to make studying (and test-writing) easier. This is NOT how they will appear in the exam. Good luck fam D. *The first section of the exam is based on multiple choice questions. Several questions have multiple correct answers. You will receive one point for each correct answer.* *Circle the answer you think is the correct one.* *If you change your mind about your selection, please cross out the unwanted answer and circle the correct one(s). Indicate your final selection by writing the letters corresponding to your answer(s).* *Let's start with a soft-ball question...* 1. What is psychology? a. It is the scientific study of people who have abnormal conditions such as schizophrenia b. It is the scientific study of the unconscious c. It is the scientific study of the brain, mind and behavior d. It is the scientific study of the mind e. It is the scientific study of human behavior 2. Wilhelm Wundt's brand of psychology focused on the study of \_\_\_\_\_, while John Watson's brand of psychology focused on the study of \_\_\_\_\_. f. Consciousness; behavior g. Children; animals h. Psychological disorders; positive potential of human beings i. Brain chemistry; maze learning j. Adaptive behaviors; maladaptive behaviors 3. In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what is the most important influence on our feelings, thoughts, and behaviors? k. Our early sexual experiences l. Traits we inherit from our parents m. Our unconscious n. Our dreams o. Our toilet training 4. B.F.Skinner espoused \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the study of human development and behaviour understood as reactions to positive and negative reinforcement. p. Behaviourism q. Functionalism r. Empiricism s. Nativism t. Thanatology 5. \_\_\_\_\_ is the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning. u. Neuropsychology v. Forensic psychology w. Physiological psychology x. Social psychology y. Cognitive psychology 6. Which of the following is *not* a characteristic of top-down processing? z. Can lead to systematic error a. The whole is anticipated before it is perceived b. Interpretation can interfere with perception c. Parts of the whole are put together and recombined until recognition d. Allows for quick processing of familiar information 7. The TMS differs from the fMRI in the following ways\... e. Unlike the fMRI, it can affect brain functioning f. Unlike the fMRI, it does not generate a magnetic field g. The TMS is a much smaller device than the fMRI h. The TMS can cause pain and discomfort while this is impossible in the fMRI i. The TMS has superior spatial and temporal resolution 8. What is uniformity in the context of cognitive neuropsychology? j. The assumption that no type of brain damage can add function k. The idea that cognition works in dedicated modules, i.e., cognitive and neural domains l. The idea that brain areas perform the same general function for all individuals m. The idea that the arrangement of cognitive modules is similar for all individuals n. A phenomenon in which patients with impaired neural function perform similarly well/badly on similar tasks 9. The core assumption from cognitive neuropsychology that human thinking is separated into cognitive modules is called \_\_\_\_\_\_, o. Uniformity p. Domain-specificity q. Subtractivity r. Dissociation s. Double dissociation 10. Warrington and McCarthy report the case of 5 individuals with similar brain damage. Four of them could retrieve information about living things but not man-made objects, while one could retrieve information about man-made objects, but not about living things. This phenomenon is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, t. Conceptual deficit u. Dissociation v. Double dissociation w. Modal deficit x. Functional fixedness 11. The junction between nerve cells is known as the: y. Soma, z. Dendrite a. Vesicle b. Axon c. Synapse 12. Each neuron has a "thread" which carries electric signals to the next neuron. The name of that thread is... d. Soma e. Dendrite f. Vesicle g. Axon h. Synapse 13. \_\_\_\_\_ refers to the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated. i. Excitatory postsynaptic response j. Degradation k. Osmosis l. Transduction m. Refractory period 14. For a neuron to respond to a particular neurotransmitter, it must possess a(n) \_\_\_\_\_ for that neurochemical. n. receptor o. myelin sheath p. agonist q. terminal button r. Purkinje cell 15. Dilating pupils and a dry mouth are typically associated with the functioning of the... s. Parasympathetic nervous system t. Emotional regulation efforts in the prefrontal cortex u. REM sleep v. Sympathetic nervous system w. Stage III sleep 16. K's grandmother was recently diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. K wanted to do some research so that he could help his grandmother better understand this disease. Through his research, K found that Alzheimer's is characterized by low levels of what neurotransmitter? x. dopamine y. acetylcholine z. serotonin a. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) b. Endorphin 17. Which of the following neurotransmitters is related to aggressive behaviour, sleep regulation, alertness/heightened awareness, mood regulation and arousal, c. Acetylcholine d. Endorphines e. Glutamate f. Dopamine g. Norepinephrine 18. When you calm down after a stressful exam, the decreases in your heart rate and respiration are the result of activity in your \_\_\_\_\_\_\_: h. sympathetic nervous system i. parasympathetic nervous system j. spinal reflexes k. central nervous system l. somatic nervous system 19. The brain is remarkably adaptive, and the functions of areas that are damaged may be taken over by other areas of the brain. What is the term for this phenomenon? m. Plasticity n. refractory period o. heritability p. subcortical pruning q. glial compensation 20. Agonist drugs... r. Block reuptake of norephinephrine and dopamine s. Create a sense of calm and pain-relief t. Create a sense of pleasure and euphoria u. Can cause death by asphyxiation v. Simulate the natural function of glutamate 21. A neuron which has one long axon and one long dendrite is called... w. Purkinje neuron x. Bipolar neuron y. Cerebellum z. Pyramidal neuron a. Tree neuron 22. Which of the following is *not* the function of glia cells, b. Maintaining stability of internal conditions c. Replace damaged neurons d. Destroy pathogens e. Insulate neurons from one another f. Form axons 23. Which of the following is *not* a subcortical structure, g. V1 visual cortex h. Pituitary gland i. Amygdala j. Thalamus k. Brocca's area 24. The famous case study of Phineas Gage helps us to understand the role that the \_\_\_\_\_ lobes play in controlling one's emotions and making decisions. l. frontal m. occipital n. parietal o. temporal p. ventral 25. Which of the following is not a basic property of consciousness? q. Unity r. Subtractivity s. Selectivity t. Transience u. Intentionality 26. Gray, Gray and Wegener (2007) asked participants to describe different entities in terms of their experience and agency. Which of the following statements best describes their insight? v. Value of the entities is unrelated to agency, but positively related to experience w. Participants felt protective of those entities who were assigned high levels of agency x. Participants felt protective of those entities who were assigned high level of experience y. Entities assigned with high levels of agency were also assigned high levels of moral responsibility z. Entities assigned with high levels of experience, but low levels of agency, were valued less than those who were assigned high levels of agency, but low levels of experience 27. L woke up in the middle of the night to see their partner rise from bed and mumble something about having to buy milk. L's partner was not awake for this encounter. L's partner was exhibiting... a. Self-consciousness b. Unconsciousness c. Dissociation d. Altered states of consciousness e. Minimal consciousness 28. Attempting to supress certain thoughts backfires to cause greater preoccupation and slower decay of the thought from conscious awareness. This phenomenon is called, f. Refraction g. Mental control h. Endogenous reaction i. Rebound effect j. Encoding 29. Which stage of sleep is characterised by sawtooth waves, indicating high levels of brain activity, on the EEG readings? k. Stage 1 sleep l. Stage 2 sleep m. Stage 3 sleep n. Stage 4 sleep o. REM sleep 30. The "Invisible Gorilla" demonstrates a phenomenon called... p. Focused auditory attention q. Inattentional blindness r. Divided visual attention s. Change blindness t. Focused visual attention 31. The method whereby participants have to repeat an auditory message back out loud while a second auditory message is played to the other ear is called: u. Monitoring v. Shadowing w. Tagging x. Breakthrough y. Following 32. Model of visual attention which allows attention to be directed at a specific spot, where attention and ability to perceive novel stimuli decreases as the distance from the centre of attention increases is called, z. Spotlight model of attention a. Gradient model of attention b. Multiple spotlight model of attention c. Distance-Attention model d. Window model of attention 33. Which of the following is a characteristics of the exogenous attention network? e. Goal-directed f. Stimulus-driven g. Shifts attention automatically h. Controlled intentionally by top-down processes, like intention and expectation, i. Involved when stimuli are subtle and unclear 34. Core insight from the Threaded Cognition Model of attention is that... j. To the extent two tasks require the same cognitive functions, performance will be negatively affected k. To the extent that objects are more distant from the centre of attention, changes to those objects will be more difficult to perceive l. Given some individual ability to multitask, performance in the tasks will be positively affected by switching from task to task rapidly m. Ignoring individual differences in attention, humans will tend to perform better in multitasking given serial processing of information n. Given overlap in required cognitive processing, performance of multiple tasks simultaneously will improve performance by relying on parallel processing 35. Posner (1980) suggested that the attentional spotlight can shift to a different visual location in the absence of eye movements. The model of attention which suggests this is: o. Divided model of attention p. Gradient model of attention q. Overt model of attention r. Spotlight model of attention s. Exogenous model of attention 36. Which of the following senses are *not* present in humans? t. Electroception u. Proprioception v. Nociception w. Vestibular sense x. Magnetoreception 37. A representation of the human body where body parts are enlarged to represent their presence in the somatosensory cortex is called, y. Motor homunculus z. The ugly little man a. Sensory homunculus b. Homunculus dilemma c. Sensory-motor homunculus 38. Process of transforming physical signals from the environment into neural signals which are processing by the central nervous system is called\_\_\_\_\_\_, d. Sensation e. Transduction f. Transition g. Synergy h. Perception, in the narrow sense 39. The process in which a sensory receptor is stimulated is referred to as: i. cognition j. perception k. transduction l. adaptation m. sensation 40. S goes to get her hearing checked. She is supposed to signal when he hears a sound in her right ear. S's doctor is testing her \_\_\_\_\_ for hearing. n. difference threshold o. just noticeable threshold p. absolute threshold q. sensation r. sensory adaptation 41. The fact that the change in stimulation necessary to register as different increases as the size of the original stimulus increases is known as: s. signal detection theory t. Weber's law u. Planck's constant v. a just noticeable difference w. Fechner's law 42. The amplitude of light waves allows us to perceive what characteristic of light? x. hue or color y. saturation or richness of color z. brightness a. shadows b. motion 43. Which of these sequences correctly describes the path that light takes as it enters the eye? c. pupil, lens, cornea, retina d. lens, cornea, retina, pupil e. cornea, pupil, lens, retina f. cornea, pupil, retina, lens g. pupil, cornea, lens, retina 44. In the transmission of visual information, the ventral stream is known as the \_\_\_\_\_ pathway, while the dorsal stream is known as the \_\_\_\_\_ pathway. h. when; where i. why; what j. where; why k. what; where l. when; who 45. The height of a sound wave corresponds to our perception of: m. pitch n. timbre o. brightness p. loudness q. complexity 46. Sound waves are transduced in the: r. cochlea s. ossicles t. eardrum u. pinna v. semicircular canals 47. What effects does damage to the ventral visual stream have on patients? w. Inability to recognize objects x. Inability to recognize faces y. Inability to recognize facial features z. Inability to recognize foods a. Inability to accurately aim, reach or grasp 48. You are able to recognize your roommate regardless of whether she is facing you or has her back to you. This occurs because of: b. perceptual grouping c. perceptual constancy d. continuity e. monocular depth cues f. binocular disparity 49. Which of the following is *not* a feature of monocular depth perception? g. Linear perspective h. Interposition i. Texture/detail gradient j. Visual field overlap k. Size referent 50. The sense organ for balance is located: l. in the inner ear m. in the temporal lobe n. in the middle ear o. in the occipital lobe p. behind the olfactory bulb 51. In stereophonic hearing, the direction of the sound source can be determined from \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_. q. Timing; volume r. Timing; amplitude s. Wave length; volume t. Wave length; timing u. Loudness; vibration 52. Lips, tongue, genitals, soles of the feet and the palms of your hand are... v. Especially sensitive to pain w. Especially sensitive to cold x. Especially sensitive to touch y. Especially sensitive to heat z. Especially sensitive to wetness 53. \_\_\_\_\_ react to sharp, immediate pain, while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ react to dull, persistent pain. a. C-stream; X-stream b. What-stream; Where(on the body)-stream c. Haptic sense; nociception d. A-delta fibres; C-fibres e. C-fibres; X-fibres 54. Which of these is NOT one of the five main types of taste receptors? f. salty g. sour h. bitter i. umami j. spicy 55. Semantic encoding, visual imagery encoding, and organizational encoding each activate different lobes of the cerebral cortex. Choose the correct pairings of the type of encoding and lobe. k. semantic -- occipital; visual imagery -- frontal; organizational -- parietal l. semantic -- parietal; visual imagery -- occipital; organizational -- frontal m. semantic -- frontal/temporal; visual imagery -- occipital; organizational -- frontal n. semantic -- frontal; visual imagery -- parietal; organizational -- occipital o. semantic -- temporal; visual imagery -- frontal; organizational -- occipital 56. In the study by Naime, Thomson and Pandeirada (2007), participants were given a list of words and instructed to think about them in different terms. Which type of instructions have led to the highest level of recall in research participants? p. If they rated the list of items according to how relevant they may be to your survival q. If they had to explain the list to a friend r. If they rated the list of items according to how useful the item would be in helping you to set up a new home s. If they had to read the list aloud t. If they rated the list of items according to how expensive each item on the list is 57. The iconic memory task is mean to test which type of memory? u. Short-term v. Working w. Sensory x. Long-term y. Visual 58. Which of the following are *not* associated to long term memory? z. Explicit a. Conditioned b. Semantic c. Episodic d. Implicit 59. Reminiscence bump is... e. Enhanced memory of more recent events f. Loss of recollection of biographical events from ages 0 to 8 g. Intrusive recollection of traumatic events we wish we could forget h. Enhanced recall of events from one's late teens and 20s i. Tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections (lost in the mall technique) 60. People with \_\_\_\_\_ amnesia cannot form new long-term memories. j. anterograde k. retrograde l. infantile m. retroactive n. implicit 61. What plays an important role in aiding memory consolidation? o. a nutritious diet p. aerobic exercise q. sleep r. alcohol s. caffeine 62. We know that even previously stored memories can be distorted after they have been recalled when those memories are stored again in long-term memory, a process known as: t. restorage u. upending v. potentiation w. reconsolidation x. reintegration 63. Remembering what you did over spring break is an example of \_\_\_\_\_ memory, and remembering how to swim is an example of \_\_\_\_\_ memory. y. implicit; explicit z. explicit; implicit a. short-term; long-term b. long-term; short-term c. semantic; episodic 64. Being able to ignore trains going by after living near the train tracks for a while is an example of \_\_\_\_\_, d. Habituation e. Associative learning f. Learned helplessness g. Emotional down-regulation h. Sensitization 65. The main difference between associative and non-associative learning is that the former \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while the latter \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. i. Creates connections between stimuli, responses and consequences; does not j. Creates involuntary reaction; creates voluntary reaction k. Relies on emotional processing; does not l. Relies on deliberate effort to learn; relies on positive and negative reinforcement m. Relies on intrinsic motivation; relies on extrinsic motivation 66. The phenomenon where a previous conditioning effect can recover from extinction after a rest period is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. n. Spontaneous remission o. Second-order conditioning p. Spontaneous recovery q. Generalization r. Discrimination 67. Thorndike's and Skinner's boxes test learning based on \_\_\_\_\_\_. s. Classical conditioning t. Generalization u. Discrimination v. Semantics w. Operant conditioning 68. Rewarding a child for, first, watching you put away their toys, then, helping you put some toys away, and finally, for autonomously putting away their toys, is called \_\_\_\_\_ x. Pruning y. Shaping z. Modelling a. Stimulus control b. Reinforcement 69. Rat experiments by Tolman and Honzik (1930) demonstrate that rats unmotivated by food, who spent time wondering around a maze, will suddenly perform as well as trained rats once food is introduced as a motive for finding the way out of the maze. This demonstrates... c. Episodic memory d. Modelling e. Stimulus control f. Latent learning g. Shaping 70. Patients with damage to the \_\_\_\_\_ are unable to remember emotionally salient events any better than non-emotional ones. h. pons i. thalamus j. amygdala k. hippocampus l. hypothalamus 71. Mirror neurons are key to: m. Latent learning n. Observational learning o. Semantic learning p. Operant conditioning q. Implicit learning 72. \_\_\_\_\_ rules determine how words are combined to form phrases and sentences. r. Phonological s. Morphological t. Syntactic u. Linguistic 73. Chomsky suggested that language learning capacities are built into the brain. What theory of language supports this view? v. cognitive theory w. nativist theory x. social learning theory y. information processing theory z. interactionist theory 74. Broca's area is involved in \_\_\_\_\_, while Wernicke's area is involved in \_\_\_\_\_. a. language structure; language syntax b. language syntax; language structure c. telegraphic speech; fast mapping d. language production; language comprehension e. language comprehension; language production 75. Which of the following is *not* an early warning sign of autism spectrum disorder in toddlers? f. Lack of eye-contact g. Lack of gaze-following h. Lack of response to pointing i. Lack of response to their name j. Lack of response to disturbing or painful stimuli 76. Which of the following is not true of acquiring the mother tongue? k. Language comprehension precedes language production in childhood l. New words are learned from context m. Grammar is learned through trial and error n. Sound production only happens after comprehension o. Lack of linguistic stimulation in the critical period of a toddler's life will result in the inability to acquire any language whatsoever 77. \_\_\_\_\_ is a theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories of some ideal concept of that category. p. Exemplar theory q. Prototype theory r. Rational choice theory s. The conjunction fallacy t. The sunk-cost fallacy 78. People are more likely to buy ground beef that is marked 90% lean than they are to buy ground beef that is marked 10% fat. What concept does this illustrate? u. framing v. representativeness heuristic w. conjunction fallacy x. sunk-cost effect y. algorithm 79. Deciding whether some animal is a dog by comparing it to a number of other objects stored in long-term memory as dogs and comparing them for shared features is an example of... z. Exemplar theory a. Prototype theory b. Rational choice theory c. The conjunction fallacy d. The sunk-cost fallacy 80. Exemplar based learning involves \_\_\_\_\_\_\_activation, whereas prototype formation relies primarily on the activation of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. e. Basal ganglia; anterior insula f. Prefrontal cortex; visual cortex g. Visual cortex; prefrontal cortex h. Dorso-medial prefrontal cortex; ventro-medial prefrontal cortex i. Occipital lobe; temporal lobe 81. Because of Adam's case, who experienced brain damage on the day of birth, and had a life-long inability to recognize food and animals (but could recognize inanimate objects), we know that... j. Human cognition is modular k. Cognitive modality is innate l. Food and animals are categorized together, while humans and man-made objects represent a different category m. Cognitive biases emerge from specific neurological features of the brain n. Categorization is a matter of social learning 82. M has put his money into Bitcoin. At first, the venture was going well. However, after a while, Bitcoin began suffering and M was losing money. After three months of money loss, M decides to put in one more big investment. This effect is called... o. Representativeness bias p. Confirmation bias q. Self-serving bias r. Sunk-cost fallacy s. Anchoring bias 83. Put very simply, prospect theory teaches us that... t. Memory can be affected by wishful thinking u. Memory can be altered while recalling it v. Loss hurts more than gain feels good w. Emotional engagement with the decision will corrupt the decision x. Rather than seek the best possible outcome, it is best to avoid the worst possible outcome 84. Alfred Binet created the first formalized IQ test in order to... y. Test aptitude of governmental workers z. Screen for geniuses a. Test a soldier's ability to follow orders b. Test a soldier's ability to creatively problem-solve c. Screen for children who did not have sufficient aptitude for learning 85. Which of the following is *not* included on the WAIS-IV intelligence test as a standard dimension? d. Emotional intelligence e. Verbal comprehension f. Perceptual reasoning g. Working memory h. Associative memory 86. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is considered an overall ability to solve problems and learn from experience, while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is considered a domain-specific ability. i. G-factor; S-factor j. Fluid intelligence; crystalized intelligence k. Reasoning; domain-degree l. General intelligence; confirmatory analytical intelligence m. Genius; savant 87. What was considered average intelligence in the generation of your grandparents and great-grandparents is considered below average now. This effect is called\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, n. Scar-Rowe effect o. Flynn effect p. Reverse Flynn effect q. Wilson effect r. Thatcher effect 88. Which of the following is *not* considered a universal emotion? s. Surprise t. Anger u. Joy v. Contempt w. Boredom 89. Which of the following is a major criticism of the James-Lange Model of emotional appraisal? x. Some emotions have extremely similar neurological activation y. Some emotions have extremely similar physiological activation z. The connection between the physiological arousal and emotional feeling is ignored a. Emotions can be misattributed to the wrong stimuli b. Different emotions can have entirely different physiological activation 90. The difference between the fast (X-pathway) and the slow (C-system) of emotional processing is in... c. The degree of involvement of the amygdala d. The ability to rely on intuitions and cognitive biases e. The ability to confidently assign some emotion to the correct stimulus f. The degree of involvement of the prefrontal cortex g. The degree of cues needed to begin the emotional processing 91. "Face in the crowd" effect describes... h. Tendency to see faces in every-day objects (pareidolia) i. Tendency to notice people watching you j. Tendency to stand out by maintaining eye-contact with people in public spaces k. Tendency to notice threatening faces before non-threatening ones l. Tendency to assign more negative emotions to members of ethnic groups other than your own. *\ * *The second section of the exam is based on essay questions. You will receive one point for each correct, relevant, substantive statement and/or complete list.* *Write your answer on the following pages. Remember to indicate the number of the question you are answering. Write as clearly as you can. I need to be able to read this stuff...* *You got this!* 1. Use the example of intelligence to explain the nature v. nurture (nativism v. empiricism) debate. 2. Explain Abraham Maslow's pyramid of human needs. 3. Explain what the Gestalt school of psychology discovered about human cognition. 4. Discuss the three main models of attention and highlight their differences. 5. Explain the what Skinner discovered about reinforcement schedules and the intermittent reinforcement effect. 6. List the different levels of consciousness and explain differences between them. 7. Explain the ironic rebound effect and discuss the implications of this finding for mental health. 8. Describe the process of transduction in the case of hearing: from sound waves hitting the ear to a cognitive representation of the features of the environment. 9. Describe and discuss different types of pain. 10. Discuss the differences between System 1 and System 2 thinking. 11. Discuss the difference between the information about the visual features of the environment as sensed by our eyes, and the vision of the world we hold cognitively. 12. What does the language constructed by deaf children in Nicaragua teach us about human cognition? 13. Describe the application of analogical problem-solving. 14. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of IQ testing using standardized tests like the WAIS-IV. 15. Discuss the differences between affect, emotion (in the narrow sense), mood, and temperament. Give examples which highlight these differences. 16. Contrast the main theories of how the three core components of emotion relate to one another chronologically. Discuss the drawbacks of each theory. (HINT: James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter & Singer Two-Factor).