Student Gr8_Unit1_Governance of Societies PDF

Governance of Societies Understanding how societies are governed Rachna Dhingra Session 1 Activity: "Build Your Own Country" You will be divided into Small Groups: Split the students into small groups of 4-5 members. Introduce the Activity: Each group will create their own fictiona...

Governance of Societies Understanding how societies are governed Rachna Dhingra Session 1 Activity: "Build Your Own Country" You will be divided into Small Groups: Split the students into small groups of 4-5 members. Introduce the Activity: Each group will create their own fictional country. They will need to decide on the country's name, form of government, key laws, and societal structures. Brainstorming Session: Each group will get 10-15 minutes to brainstorm and discuss the following aspects of their country: ○ Country Name: Come up with a creative name. ○ Type of Government: Decide whether it will be a democracy, monarchy, dictatorship, republic, etc. ○ Leadership Structure: Determine the leaders and their roles (e.g., president, king, parliament). ○ Key Laws and Policies: Create at least three key laws or policies that will govern their country. ○ Citizen Rights and Responsibilities: Define the rights and responsibilities of citizens. Design the Country: ON large sheets of paper visually represent your country. You can draw a map, design a flag, and illustrate your government structure and laws. Be creative and use colors and symbols. Presentations: Each group will present their country to the class. You should explain your government type, leadership structure, key laws, and citizen rights and responsibilities. Each presentation should be 3-5 minutes. Session 2 Class Discussion: What similarities Which type of and differences government did did you notice you find most between the interesting or different effective? Why? countries? How important are How do the laws citizen rights and and policies reflect responsibilities in the values of each the governance of fictional country? a country? Debrief: Highlight the diversity of governance systems and the importance of each component in creating a functional society. Emphasize how this exercise mirrors the real-world complexities of governance and the role of citizens in shaping their governments. Session 3 Why do we need governments? Think Pair Share  Group debate What kind of government do we need? https://www.okhist ory.org/learn/gover nment1 https://education.n ationalgeographic. org/resource/form s-government-201 8/ https://www.histor y.com/news/totalit arianism-authorita rianism-difference Session 4 A government is a system of order for a nation, state, or another political unit. A government is responsible for creating and enforcing the rules of a society, defense, foreign affairs, the economy, and public services. While the responsibilities of all governments are similar, those duties are executed in different ways depending on the form of government. Some of the different types of government include a direct democracy, a representative democracy, socialism, communism, a monarchy, an oligarchy, and an autocracy. THINK-PAIR-SHARE Discuss the following in pairs: In what ways does governance influence societies? Session 5 In what way does governance influence societies? Maintains Order: Effective governance ensures the establishment and enforcement of laws and regulations, which maintain social order and protect the rights of individuals. Promotes Stability: Good governance provides a stable environment where economic activities can thrive, fostering growth and development. Enhances Accountability: Governance systems hold public officials accountable for their actions, reducing corruption and ensuring that public resources are used effectively. In what way does governance influence societies? Encourages Participation: By involving citizens in decision-making processes, governance promotes democratic values and empowers people to contribute to the development of their communities. Protects Human Rights: Effective governance frameworks safeguard human rights and ensure that all individuals are treated fairly and justly. Facilitates Development: Good governance creates the conditions necessary for sustainable development by promoting transparency, equity, and inclusiveness. Mind Map Discuss the following in pairs: What system of governance do you live under? What do you already about how your home country is run? How does it work? Session 6 Global Context Key Concepts Related Concepts Fairness and Systems Power Development  SOI The effectiveness and fairness of governance systems in societies are influenced by the distribution of power and the pursuit of equitable development within a global context.  Inquiry questions Factual Question Conceptual Question Debatable Question What is a monarchy? What are the features of Is monarchy a fair system of What is the monarchy like in totalitarian states? governance? Japan and the UK? How does democracy work? How have modern democracies developed? Objectives to be achieved… A: Knowing and understanding i. use a range of terminology in context ii. demonstrate knowledge and understanding of subject-specific content and concepts, through descriptions, explanations and examples D: Critical Thinking i. analyse concepts, issues, models, visual representation and theories ii. summarize information to make valid, well supported arguments iii. analyse a range of sources/data in terms of origin and purpose, recognising values and limitations iv. recognise different perspectives and explain their implications. Session 7 Governance and types Politics is a word from Greek origin. It refers to the systems of governance used to run a society. It reflects the ways in which power is distributed in a society and the manner in which people are governed in a particular way and the reason for that particular system of governance. Three broad types of governance: Monarchy Democracy Dictatorship An overlap between these terms may be there, for example, a constitutional monarchy may also be a democracy. Monarchy Monarchy’ refers to a form of government where an individual exercise power over a society because they are from a particular family. Forms of government Understanding Monarchy Session 8 ATL: Communication Skills: Make effective summary notes for studying Write down three different responses to the inquiry question 'What is a monarchy?', using: 10 - 15 words (newspaper headline) 30 - 50 words (instagram post) 75 - 100 words (tweet) Share your responses with others in the class. In this activity you have practised skills that can be assessed in Crt. C: ( i, ii), Crt. A (i, ii) ATL: Critical thinking skills Activity: See - Think - Wonder See the map on the next slide showing the locations of monarchies in the world What do you think about the countries that are governed by a monarchy? What does it make you wonder? How do you think having a monarchy would affect the identity of a country? Where in the world do you see no monarchies? Why might this be the case? In this activity you have practised skills that can be assessed in Crt. C: ( i, ii) Session 9 Monarchy in Japan On May 1, Japan passed on the role of monarch to Emperor Naruhito—formerly Prince Naruhito, the son of Emperor Akihito, who served on the throne as a constitutional monarch since 1989. The Japanese imperial family is thought to be the oldest hereditary royal family in the world, dating back as early as 97 B.C. with Emperor Sujin's reign. The current head of the monarchy is Emperor Naruhito, the 126th emperor who ascended to the Chrysanthemum Throne after his father, Emperor Emeritus Akihito, abdicated in 2019. There are currently only 17 members in the royal family. Akihito — the first Japanese royal to abdicate in 200 years — is credited with modernizing the emperor's role and helping to repair Japan's reputation on the global stage following World War II. The imperial family is deeply steeped in tradition. For generations, the emperors of Japan were seen as direct descendants of the sun goddess Amaterasu, but after Japan surrendered in World War II, Emperor Hirohito renounced his divinity. The monarchy's official roles are ceremonial under the Constitution of Japan: They have no government roles or political power, and they are not allowed to make political statements. The 85-year-old Emperor Akihito abdicated, marking the first time such a transfer of power has happened. https://people.com/royals/japan-royal-family-all-about-imperial-house-japan/ Activity: Study sources Activity: Study sources Refer to Source A & Source B, which show the constitution of Japan at different times in history. Do the OPVL analysis of both the sources and then answer the following questions: What does each tell you about the power of the emperor at different times in history. What are the similarities and differences between two documents. Session 10 Monarchy in the UK The Queen ruled for longer than any other Monarch in British history, becoming a much loved and respected figure across the globe. Monarchy in the UK Monarchy is the oldest form of government in the United Kingdom. In a monarchy, a king or queen is Head of State. The British Monarchy is known as a constitutional monarchy. This means that, while The Sovereign is Head of State, the ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected Parliament. Although The Sovereign no longer has a political or executive role, he or she continues to play an important part in the life of the nation. Monarchy in the UK As Head of State, The Monarch undertakes constitutional and representational duties which have developed over one thousand years of history. In addition to these State duties, The Monarch has a less formal role as 'Head of Nation'. The Sovereign acts as a focus for national identity, unity and pride; gives a sense of stability and continuity; officially recognises success and excellence; and supports the ideal of voluntary service. In all these roles The Sovereign is supported by members of their immediate family. King Charles III, formerly known as The Prince of Wales, became King on the death of his mother Queen Elizabeth II on 8 September 2022. Critical thinking Students list arguments in favour of monarchy and against monarchy Session 11 The Commonwealth From Australia to Antigua, Canada to Cameroon, the Commonwealth is a remarkable international organisation, spanning every geographical region, religion and culture. It exists to foster international co-operation and trade links between people all over the world. His Majesty is also Head of the Commonwealth itself, a voluntary association of 56 independent countries. This is an important symbolic and unifying role. As Head, The King personally reinforces the links by which the Commonwealth joins people together from around the world. Study the sources Is monarchy a fair system of governance? Refer to Source A & Source B on previous slide: What arguments are presented in Source A, B and C against the UK monarchy? What do you think? Write a reflection, which answers the question 'Is monarchy a fair system of governance?' You can refer to the examples of Japan and UK as well as others. In this activity you have practised skills that can be assessed in Criterion A: Knowledge (strands i, ii). Genealogy Genealogy is the study of family histories. Create your own family tree. www.familyecho.com Formative: A film about Monarchy Select a monarchy from the world map (fig 1.3) on pages 6-7 and produce a brief video highlighting how the monarchy system of that country. Provide background information on the monarchy, detailing its powers within the country, and elucidate on how it shapes cultural norms and societal progress. Aim to create a concise 2-3 minute video presentation. Criterion A: Knowledge (i & ii) Criterion C: Communication (i, ii, iii) Session 12 ATL: How does Democracy work? Activity: Think - Pair - Share While having a look at the various quotes of famous personalities What are the different messages that are being communicated about democracy? The class shall discuss in detail about the same. In this activity you have practised skills that can be assessed in Crt. C: ( i, ii), Crt. A (i, ii) Republic vs democracy Democracy A ‘Democracy’ is a type of governance that is run by the people. In a democracy, people should have a voice in how government is run or which laws are passed. What is democracy? Democracy is a system of government in which laws, policies, leadership, and major undertakings are directly or indirectly decided by the “people"—a group generally understood to include all (or nearly all) adult citizens. Democracy The ancient Greeks are credited with inventing democracy as a form of government. Demos kratos literally translates to “people power.” The United States government is based on an idea of a democracy where people have power—but citizens do not actually vote on every issue. Rather, they elect people (representatives) who vote on matters for them. This is different than the direct democracy of Athens. Democracy Where was democracy first practiced? There is evidence to suggest that democracy, broadly speaking, was practiced within certain tribes of hunter-gatherers in prehistoric times. Thousands of years later, in the 6th century BCE, a relatively democratic form of government was introduced in the city-state of Athens. How is democracy better than other forms of government? Compared with autocrats and nondemocratic states, democratic governments guarantee fundamental individual rights and a broader range of personal freedoms, allow for a relatively high level of political equality, foster better quality of life for their citizens, and rarely make war on each other. Why does democracy need education? The hallmark of real democracy is that it permits citizens to participate in making laws and public policies. For such participation to be meaningful and effective, citizens should be educated to better understand their own interests and the relevant facts and to be able to critically evaluate political arguments. Session 13 Types of democracy Participatory democracy is a model of democracy in which citizens have the power to decide directly on policy and politicians are responsible for implementing those policy decisions. Pluralist democracy is a model of democracy in which no one group dominates politics and organized groups compete with each other to influence policy. Elite democracy is a model of democracy in which a small number of people, usually those who are wealthy and well-educated, influence political decision making. Case Study: Democracy in Athens https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/thegreeks_ep2_clip04/thegreeks_e p2_clip04/ In the year 507 B.C., the Athenian leader Cleisthenes introduced a system of political reforms that he called demokratia, or “rule by the people” (from demos, “the people,” and kratos, or “power”). It was the first known democracy in the world. This system was comprised of three separate institutions: the ekklesia, a sovereign governing body that wrote laws and dictated foreign policy; the boule, a council of representatives from the ten Athenian tribes and the dikasteria, the popular courts in which citizens argued cases before a group of lottery-selected jurors. Although this Athenian democracy would survive for only two centuries, its invention by Cleisthenes, “The Father of Democracy,” was one of ancient Greece’s most enduring contributions to the modern world. The Greek system of direct democracy paved the way for representative democracies across the globe. https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-greece/ancient-greece-democracy ATL activity: Imagine you are living in Ancient Greece in the city state of Athens. Write a letter to a friend who is living in a different city state. Describe how your system of governance works, including what you like or dislike about it. Use Sources A and B and aim to write 200-500 words. Criterion C: Communicating (i,ii) Session 14 Major events in history of democracy 1. Ancient Greece (c. 5th century BCE): The birthplace of democracy, where the concept of direct democracy emerged in city-states such as Athens. 2. Magna Carta (1215): The signing of the Magna Carta in England marked an early step towards limiting the power of the monarchy and establishing the rule of law. 3. English Civil War (1642–1651): The conflict between the monarchy and Parliament led to the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. 4. Glorious Revolution (1688): The overthrow of King James II in England and the subsequent establishment of constitutional monarchy, leading to the Bill of Rights in 1689. 5. American Revolution (1775–1783): The revolt of the American colonies against British rule, leading to the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the formation of the United States as a democratic republic. Major events in history of democracy 6. French Revolution (1789–1799): The overthrow of the French monarchy and the establishment of the First French Republic, marking the rise of modern democracy and the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. 7. Women's Suffrage Movement (19th and 20th centuries): The struggle for women's right to vote, culminating in suffrage movements and the extension of voting rights to women in various countries around the world. 8. Universal Suffrage (20th century): The expansion of voting rights to all citizens regardless of race, gender, or property ownership, leading to greater inclusivity and representation in democratic systems. 9. Decolonization (mid-20th century): The independence movements in former colonies, leading to the establishment of new democratic nations across Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. 10. Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989): The collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the reunification of Germany, marking the end of the Cold War and the spread of democracy. ATL Communication skill and Information literacy skill Choose one of the events listed on the preceding slide. Research the event in more detail and then create a 1-2 minute podcast that describes the event and explains its significance in the development of democracy. Exploring democracy in India Objective: This project aims to deepen understanding of democracy in India by exploring its principles, institutions, challenges, and impact on society. Through research, analysis, and creative expression, students will develop a comprehensive understanding of India's democratic system and its significance in shaping the nation's political landscape. Group 1: Conduct research on the historical evolution of democracy in India, including key events, leaders, and movements that have shaped the country's democratic journey. Group 2: Explore the principles and values underlying India's democratic framework, as enshrined in the Constitution, and reflected in its governance structures. Group 3: Investigate the role of citizens, political parties, electoral processes, and democratic institutions in India's democratic governance. Group 4: Comparative Analysis: Compare India's democratic system with other democracies around the world, highlighting similarities, differences, strengths, and weaknesses. Also explore the unique features of India's democracy, such as its diversity, federal structure, and the role of local governance in democratic decision-making. Make an A3 size digital or hand made poster. Session 15  The Rise of Militarism and Dictators https://www.studentsofhistory.com/the-rise-of-dictators  Totalitarianism and Authoritarianism https://www.history.com/news/totalitarianism-authoritarianism-differences-examples Both totalitarianism and authoritarianism are forms of government that demand the submission of a nation’s citizens to a strong central authority. In contrast with democracy, totalitarianism and authoritarianism both strictly limit the political freedoms of citizens, and aim to exert control over a nation’s economic, social and political processes. The degree of that control, and the methods used to achieve it, are among the differences between a totalitarian regime and one that is authoritarian.  Totalitarianism A totalitarian regime is characterized by unlimited state power. The totalitarian government, or state, asserts total control over the public and private lives of its citizens. It enforces that control through mechanisms such as suppression of political opposition, prohibition of certain religious or political groups, press censorship (or total control of the press), and armed law enforcement by the military and/or secret police forces. The origins of the term totalitarianism can be traced to the social, economic and political upheaval that followed the end of World War I in Europe. In 1923, a year after Benito Mussolini became prime minister of Italy, the Italian journalist and politician Giovanni Amendola coined the term totalitario (totalitarian) to describe how the electoral process had unfolded in one Italian town under the control of Mussolini’s Fascist Party. The term caught on, and by the end of the 1920s, fascist supporters like the philosopher Giovanni Gentile had adopted totalitario and its noun form, totalitarismo (totalitarianism), to describe their ideal form of government. Even Mussolini himself adopted the term, famously claiming that totalitarianism meant a regime of “all within the state, none outside the state, none against the Examples of Totalitarianism Despite its origins in Mussolini’s Italy, the concept of totalitarianism was soon appropriated by the critics of the absolute and oppressive single-party governments of Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia. While historians and political philosophers often differ over which governments can be properly classified as totalitarian, the two most generally accepted examples of totalitarian states are Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler (1933–45) and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin (1924–53). Despite Italy’s role in the origin story of the term, scholars including Hannah Arendt have argued that Mussolini’s regime did not achieve its goal of becoming a totalitarian state, as it took control without drastically changing the country’s existing power structure. “While there was mass repression exercised by [Francisco] Franco's Spain and by Mussolini's Italy, I don’t think they rose to the level of the totalitarian regimes,” Isaac agrees. Among other regimes that have been called totalitarian are the People’s Republic of China under Mao Zedong (1949–76), Iraq under Saddam Hussein (1979–2003) and North Korea under the leadership of the Kim dynasty (1948 to the present). Session 16 Like totalitarianism, authoritarianism requires citizens to submit to the authority of the state, whether to a single dictator or to a group. However, authoritarian regimes typically allow citizens a certain degree of individual or corporate freedom that is lacking under a totalitarian regime. Beyond ideological coherence, totalitarian systems have the political mobilization to ensure absolute enforcement of the ruling doctrine—including through the most repressive of means. While authoritarian governments usually allow some diversity in social organization, totalitarian regimes aim to suppress and eliminate all existing political and social institutions and traditional structures with new ones under their complete control. “In a simplistic way,” Isaac professor of political science at Indiana University, Bloomington says, “totalitarianism is an extreme form of authoritarianism that involves an effort to practice total domination.” How Mussolini Seized Power in Italy—And Turned It Into a Fascist State https://www.history.com/news/mussolini-italy-fascism North Korea https://www.history.com/topics/asian-history/north-korea-history https://www.history.com/topics/asian-history/how-the-kim-dynasty-took-over-north-korea-video Session 17 ATL: Critical Thinking Skills. Activity: Life in North Korea: Refer to the sources Session 18 Write a list of words to describe what you think life in North Korea would be like. Are your words all negative? If so, can you think of some positive words as well? Remember to use the sources on Pg 25 - 29. Do you agree with the quote that 'All of North Korea is a jail'? Explain your answer. What psychological effects do you think participation in the Arirang Mass Games might have on people? What do you understand by the term 'cult of personality'? Why is it important to the North Korean State? Is North Korea sustainable? What do you think are some of the challenges facing the country today?