Science, Technology, and Society Introduction PDF

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY According to Famous American Science Historian:John Heilbron Section 1.1: Introduction to Science, Technology, and "Modern is a discovery of a well as Society...

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY According to Famous American Science Historian:John Heilbron Section 1.1: Introduction to Science, Technology, and "Modern is a discovery of a well as Society an invention." INTRODUCTION He considered science as a discovery of regularity in nature, enough for SECTION 1: Introduction to Science, natural phenomena to be described by Technology, and Society principles and laws. He also explained This section introduces Science, that science required invention to Technology, and Society as a field of devise techniques, abstractions, study. It traces the historical roots of apparatuses, and organizations to Science, Technology, and Society as describe these natural regularities and an academic field. It also enumerates their law-like descriptions. emerging ethical dilemmas that According to American computer reinforce the importance of the study programmer: of Science, Technology, and Society in an age of scientific progress and Mark Zuckerberg, in full Mark Elliot technological development. Zuckerberg, (born May 14, 1984, White Plains, New York, U.S.), Intended Learning Outcomes: American computer programmer who At the end of this section, the students was co-founder and CEO (2004– ) of should be able to: Facebook, a social networking Web 1. Discuss the general concepts site. related to Science and Technology; One of the world’s most powerful 2. Explain the scope of the study business leaders, Facebook CEO Science and Technology; Mark Zuckerberg, gave a revealing 3. Demonstrate preparedness answer about how he thinks about the and readiness in the study of role of technology. During a public Science and Technology. town hall, a Brazilian user asked Zuckerberg how Facebook could make LECTURE CONTENT: users more social in real life.He Definition of Science: answered the eager user in a rather Originated from Old French, from Latin indirect and philosophical way: scientia, from scire ‘know’. A “What defines a technological tool — knowledge about or study of the one historical definition — is natural world based on facts learned something that takes a human’s sense through experiments and observation. or ability and augments it and makes it A particular area of scientific study more powerful. So, for example, I wear (such as biology, physics, or contact lenses or glasses; that is a chemistry). A particular branch of technology that enhances my human science. ability of vision and makes it better.” THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY According to South African-born According to American astronomer: British developmental biologist: Carl Edward Sagan ; November 9, Lewis Wolpert an author, and 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an broadcaster. Wolpert is recognized for American astronomer, planetary his work on the intracellular positional scientist, cosmologist, astrophysicist, information that guides cellular astrobiologist, author, and science development. In addition, he has communicator. especially with his published several popular science public television series Cosmos. Its books. Born: 19 October 1929 (age 90 accompanying book spent seventy years), South Africa. weeks on The New York Times bestseller list. He was an adviser to NASA for the Mariner, Voyager, and Viking unmanned space missions. The Medawar Lecture 1998 Is science dangerous? The idea that science is dangerous is deeply embedded in our culture, particularly in literature, yet science provides the best way of understanding the world. Science is not the same as technology. In contrast to technology, reliable scientific knowledge is value-free and This is succinctly captured in a famous has no moral or ethical value. line of Carl Sagan, quoted in Tom Scientists are not responsible for the Head's (2006) book: "We live in a technological applications of science; society absolutely dependent on the very nature of science is that it is science and technology and yet have not possible to predict what will be cleverly arranged things so that almost discovered or how these discoveries no one understands science and could be applied. The obligation of technology. That’s a clear prescription scientists is to make public both any for disaster." social implications of their work and its technological applications. THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY According to Harvard University’s The John J. Reilly Center for Science, John F. Kennedy School (2018): Technology, and Values at the University of Notre Dame has released Science and Technology Studies its 2018 top 10 list of ethical dilemmas (STS) is a relatively new academic in science and technology The annual field. Its roots lie in the interwar period list is designed to get people thinking and continue into the start of the Cold about the ethics of potentially War, when historians and sociologists controversial technology, but the 2018 of science, and scientists themselves, list shows that many of these issues became interested in the relationship are already here. between scientific knowledge, technological systems, and society. The 2018 list includes: Science and Technology Studies 1. Helix (STS) is a relatively new academic —A digital app store designed field. It build bridges between to help you read your genome. disciplines that do not ordinarily meet each other in the undergraduate 2. The Robot Priest curriculum, such as sociology and —BlessU-2 and Pepper are the science, law and science, first robot priest and monk, anthropology and technology, respectively. environmental science and political 3. Emotion-Sensing Facial theory, or technology and philosophy. Recognition STS explores in rich and compelling —Optimizing retail experiences ways what difference it makes to by assessing your reactions. human societies that we, collectively, 4. Ransomware are producers and users of science and technology. STS research, —Holding data hostage until teaching, and outreach offer citizens of you pay up, whether you're an modern, high-tech societies the individual or a large corporation. resources with which to 5. The Textalyzer evaluate—analytically, esthetically, and —A new tool in the battle ethically—the benefits and the risks, against texting and driving that the perils and the promises, of notable tells police if you were on your advances in science and technology. phone before an accident. According to John J. Reilly Center 6. Social Credit Systems for Science, Technology, and — China will debut theirs in Values: 2020, but do we already live in a world where online reputation is king? 7. Google Clips THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY —This little camera will watch 1. Discuss the historical you all day and capture your antecedents of science and most picturesque moments. technology, 8. Sentencing Software 2. Explain how Philippine scientific and technological —There are already Americans inventions shaped and were being sentenced with the help shaped by various social of a mysterious algorithm. contexts. 9. The Rise of Robot Friendship Ancient Period —Can we create a chat bot out During the growth of the ancient of our loved ones' old texts and civilizations, ancient technology was social media posts the result from advances in engineering in ancient times. These 10. The Citizen App advances in the history of technology —Live crime reporting may lead stimulated societies to adopt new ways to vigilante justice. of living and governance. This section includes the advances in technology and the development of Section 1.2: Historical several engineering sciences in Antecedents of Science and historic times before the Middle Ages, Society which began after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, the This section tackles how social death of Justinian I in the 6th century, contexts shaped and were shaped by the coming of Islam in the 7th century, science and technology, the section or the rise of Charlemagne in the 8th explores the dynamic interactions century. For technologies developed in between societal factors and science medieval societies, see Medieval and technology. Along with the technology and Inventions in medieval discussions of these antecedents Islam. A significant number of during the ancient period, middle ages, inventions were developed in the and modern ages, this section also Islamic world; a geopolitical region that includes a discussion on important has at times extended from al-Andalus inventions and innovations. It and Africa in the west to the Indian emphasizes the various social, subcontinent and Malay Archipelago in cultural, economic, and political the east. Many of these inventions had impacts of scientific and technological direct implications for Fiqh related innovation throughout history. issues. Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of this section, the students should be able to: THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY I. Ancient civilizations A. Africa Technology in Africa has a history Obsidian projectile stretching to the beginning of the point human species, stretching back to the first evidence of tool use by hominid ancestors in the areas of Africa where humans are believed to have evolved. Africa saw the advent of some of the earliest iron working technology in the Aïr Mountains region of what is today Niger and the erection of some of the world's oldest monuments, pyramids A variety of stone tools and towers in Egypt, Nubia, and North 2. Bronze Age Africa. The Bronze Age is a historical period In Nubia and ancient Kush, glazed that was characterized by the use of quartzite and building in brick was bronze, in some areas proto-writing, and other early features of urban developed to a greater extent than in civilization. The Bronze Age is the Egypt. Parts of the East African second principal period of the Swahili Coast saw the creation of the three-age Stone-Bronze-Iron system, as proposed in modern times by world's oldest carbon steel creation Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, for with high-temperature blast furnaces classifying and studying ancient created by the Haya people of societies. Tanzania. Harrapan face of Indus Valley, one of the earliest Bronze Age Civilizations 1. Stone Age The Stone Age is contemporaneous with the evolution of the genus Homo, with the possible exception of the early Stone Age, when species prior to Homo may have manufactured tools. THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY Bronze mirror with a female human Master of Animals in chlorite, Jiroft figure at the base, Eighteenth dynasty culture, c. 2500 BC, Bronze Age I of Egypt (1540–1296 BC) Chalcolithic copper mine in Timna Valley, Negev Desert, Israel Sphinx-lion of Thutmose III 1479–1425 BC A Shang dynasty two-handled bronze gefuding gui (1600–1046 BC) Late 3rd Millennium BC silver cup from Marvdasht, Fars, with linear-Elamite inscription. Bronze artifacts from Daegok-ri, Hwasun, Korea THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY 2nd century BC Yayoi dōtaku Lingling-o earrings from Luzon, bronze bell. Philippines Gold 'Mask of Agamemnon' B. Mesopotamia produced during the Mycenaean civilization, from Mycenae, Greece, They were one of the first Bronze Age 1550 BC people in the world. Early on they used copper, bronze and gold, and later they used iron. Palaces were decorated with hundreds of kilograms of these very expensive metals. Also, copper, bronze, and iron were used for armor as well as for different weapons such as swords, daggers, spears, and maces. 3. Iron Age A large cuneiform inscription The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age division of the prehistory and protohistory of humanity. It was preceded by the Stone Age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic) and the Bronze Age. The concept has been mostly applied to Europe and the Ancient Near East, and, by analogy, also to other parts of Ljubljana Marshes Wheel with axle the Old World. Silla chest and neck armour from National Museum of Korea Three spoked wheels on an antique tricycle THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY A depiction of an onager-drawn cart on the Sumerian "battle standard of Ur" (c. 2500 BC) Papyrus Spoked wheels on the ancient Etruscan Monteleone chariot, 2nd quarter of the 6th century BC Six Simple Machines C. Egypt The Egyptians invented and used many simple machines, such as the ramp to aid construction processes. They were among the first to extract gold by large-scale mining using fire-setting, and the first recognizable map, the Turin papyrus shows the plan Bronze Chariot of one such mine in Nubia. The Great Pyramid of Giza, the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing Stone chariot D. Greece The latter Greeks of the first millennium BC had a (still not very THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY effective) cavalry arm (indeed, it has the Chinese made many been argued that these early first-known discoveries and horseback riding soldiers may have developments. Major given rise to the development of the technological contributions from later, heavily armed foot-soldiers China include early known as hoplite), and the rocky seismological detectors, terrain of the Greek mainland was matches, paper, the unsuited for wheeled vehicles. double-action piston pump, cast Consequently, in historical Greece the iron, the iron plough, the chariot was never used to any extent multi-tube seed drill, the in war. Nevertheless, the chariot suspension bridge, natural gas retained a high status and memories of as fuel, the magnetic compass, its era were handed down in epic the raised-relief map, the poetry. Linear B tablets from propeller, the crossbow, the Mycenaean palaces record large south-pointing chariot, and inventories of chariots, sometimes with gunpowder. Other Chinese specific details as to how many discoveries and inventions from chariots were assembled or not (i.e. the Medieval period, according stored in modular form). Later the to Joseph Needham's research, vehicles were used in games and include: block printing and processions, notably for races at the movable type, phosphorescent Olympic and Panathenaic Games and paint, and the spinning wheel. other public festivals in ancient Greece. Gunpowder E. Ancient China The Four Great Inventions of China: the compass, gunpowder, paper making, and printing were among the most important technological advances, only known in Europe by the end of the Middle Ages. According to the Scottish researcher Joseph Needham, THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY F. Roman Empire Roman technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods, processes, and engineering practices utilized and developed by the civilization of ancient Rome (753 BC – 476 AD).The Roman Empirewas a II. The Middle Ages technologically advanced civilization of The Middle Ages, far from being antiquity. The Romans incorporated miserable and bloody, was a period of great invention and innovation., far technologies from the Greeks, from being miserable and bloody, was Etruscans, and Celts. The technology a period of great invention and developed by a civilization is limited by innovation. the available sources of energy, and 1. The Printing press was the Romans were no different in this revolutionary sense. Accessible sources of energy determine the ways in which power is generated. The main types of power accessed by the ancient Romans were human, animal, and water. Artistic rendition of the Pantheon 2. The Coffee House was ahead of its time 3. The heavy plow led to the Agricultural Revolution 4. Verge escapement/mechanical clocks replaced hourglasses Roman baths THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY 9. Liquor was a Medieval thing 10. The wheelbarrow was invented in the Middle Ages 5. Paper 'money' is older than you think 11. The flying buttress is an iconic Middle Age development 6. The hourglass was a great way of keeping time 12. The spinning wheel was 7. Gunpowder changed the world invented in India 8. The Blast furnace first appeared 13. The Tidal Mill first appeared in in Switzerland and Germany Ireland THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY 14. Pintle-and-gudgeon Stern-Mounted Rudders shrank the world III. MODERN AGES A. Philippines Panabas. is a curved-blade weapon. 15. Eyeglasses made everything clear Balisong 16. Treadmill cranes made building easier A kampilan hilt is sometimes wrapped with rattan to improve the 17. Cannon changed warfare forever grip. The two holes on the crossguard are where the metal "staples" (C- or U-shaped) go, as additional protection for the wielder's hand. 18. The Astrolabe was an early computer THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY Jeepneys around Manila Two lantakas The balangay replica docked at CCP Harbor Manila after its South East Asian expedition The model of a Torogan Chicken adobo A lute or Kutiyapi from Mindanao bearing Ukkil motifs Sinigang A five-key bamboo version regularly used in performances by Kontra-Gapi, a modern ethnic music ensemble from the Philippines a bowl of Halo-halo. THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY Puto wrapped in a banana leaf. of students are drawn again toward the complex interplay of the various social contexts and the development of modern science. The section also engages students in a critical analysis of ongoing intellectual and scientific revolutions, which they may find themselves to be a part of. Intended Learning Outcomes: 1. Identify the intellectual A cup of Taho revolutions that shaped society across time: 2. Explain how intellectual revolutions transformed the views of society about dominant scientific thought; 3. Research on other intellectual revolutions that advance modern science and scientific thinking. Eskrima masters along with students in Cebu City, Philippines Copernican Revolution The Revolution was the paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens, which described the cosmos as having Earth stationary at the center of the universe, to the Section 2: Intellectual heliocentric model with the Sun at the Revolutions and Society center of the Solar System. This section reviews the intellectual revolutions that changed the way people perceive the influence of science on society in general. In focuses on three of the most important intellectual revolutions in history: Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian. By discussing these intellectual revolutions in the context of science, NICOLAUS COPERNICUS was born, technology, and society, the attention the youngest of four children, in Torun, THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY Poland, on February 19, 1473 – 24 with the planets circling the sun rather May 1543. He is also known as than Earth. He is commonly known as Tolosani Nicolaus Copernicus the man who introduced the idea of a (/koʊˈpɜːrnɪkəs, kə-/; Polish: German, heliocentric universe, but is not his was a Renaissance-era mathematician theory itself that was transformational. and astronomer, who formulated a Copernicus' work was ultimately most model of the universe that placed the significant because it changed the way Sun rather than Earth at the center of people used physics and astronomy to the universe, in all. understand the universe. The Copernican Revolution gives us In 1514, Copernicus distributed a an important framework for handwritten book to his friends that set understanding the Universe.... The out his view of the universe. In it, he Universe and everything in it can be proposed that the center of the understood and predicted using a set universe was not Earth, but that the of basic physical laws (“rules”). The sun lay near it.Mar 20, 2018. His entire Universe obeys the same studies caused a pivotal change in physical laws everywhere (and at all how we view ourselves just as times). Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543) and Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642) Since the Copernican revolution of the changed what we know about our 16th century, at which time the Polish earth. Copernicus formulated the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus scientific theory that the earth rotated proposed a Sun-centred model of the on its axis and revolved around the universe (see heliocentric system), sun. enlightened thinkers have regarded Earth as a planet like the others of the Copernicus dedicated the book to Paul solar system. Copernican revolution III (Pope: 1534-49) who was known for The dramatic change, initiated by his astrological predilection: he had Copernicus, that occurred when we promoted an astrologer (Luca Gaurico) learned that Earth is a planet orbiting to a cardinal because he had twice the Sun rather than the center of the forecasted his election to the Papacy. universe. For the longest time we thought the all the objects in the sky Ptolemy believed that the heavenly revolved around us, and that the earth bodies' circular motions were caused was the center of the universe. by their being attached to unseen revolving solid spheres. For example, In 1543, the year of his death, an epicycle would be the “equator” of a Nicolaus Copernicus started his spinning sphere lodged in the space eponymous revolution with the between two spherical shells publication of De revolutionibus orbium surrounding Earth. Italian scientist coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Giordano Bruno was burned at the Celestial Spheres). Copernicus' model stake for teaching, among other for the solar system is heliocentric, heretical ideas, Copernicus' THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY heliocentric view of the Universe. In of scientific and humanist ideas 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus detailed his because he first made people aware of radical theory of the Universe in which their place in the evolutionary process the Earth, along with the other planets, when the most powerful and intelligent rotated around the Sun. form of life discovered how humanity While the sphericity of the Earth was had evolved. widely recognized in Greco-Roman astronomy from at least the 4th Darwin's theory of evolution, also century BC, the Earth's daily rotation called Darwinism, can be further and yearly orbit around the Sun was divided into 5 parts: "evolution as never universally accepted until the such", common descent, gradualism, Copernican Revolution. population speciation, and natural selection. The Darwinian Revolution. The Evolution of Charles Darwin In 1859, there was a groundbreaking revolution in both the scientific and Darwin's five-week visit to these religious realms: the origin of species, remarkable islands catalyzed the authored by Charles Darwin, was scientific revolution that now bears his published. name. Darwin's revolutionary theory was that new species arise naturally, The Freudian Revolution by a process of evolution, rather than having been created—forever Freud's revolution may be viewed as immutable—by God. the discovery of a way of locating in the mind objective entities which can In 1859, there was a groundbreaking be studied like physical things.. revolution in both the scientific and Because of his genius for structural religious realms: the origin of species, thought, Freud was able to respond authored by Charles Darwin, was satisfactorily to a challenge that all the published. The book changed how sciences were facing. The people approach biology forever, and development of psychoanalysis has fundamental impacts on modern represented a great intellectual science, religion, and other aspects of revolution, which overthrew the most the society. cherished concepts of Freud's age. Freud shook the foundations of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution psychology. He did this by shaping states that evolution happens by several schools of thought.... In this natural selection. Individuals in a sense, Freud was a revolutionary in species show variation in physical his way of seeing humans and our characteristics.... Individuals with minds. Freud developed the characteristics best suited to their psychoanalytic theory of personality environment are more likely to survive, development, which argued that finding food, avoiding predators and personality is formed through conflicts resisting disease. Charles Darwin is among three fundamental structures of centrally important in the development THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY the human mind: the id, ego, and profound effects on economic superego. development. Through breakthroughs in health services and education, these technologies have the power to better Freudian psychology is based on the the lives of poor people in developing work of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). countries. Philippine economy to grow Freud is best known for his theories of faster with technology. A research the unconscious mind, dreams, fellow from the Philippine Institute for infantile sexuality, libido, repression, Development Studies (PIDS) posits and transference—all of which that the Philippine economy could continue to influence the field of grow faster by an estimated 10% if emerging technologies, knowledge psychology to varying degree. The and the 4th Industrial Revolution can trouble with Freud is that, while his be utilised to accelerate productivity. ideas appear intriguing and even appeal to our common sense, there's Pre-Colonial Period very little scientific evidence to back them up. Modern psychology has produced very little to support many of his claims in the decades since their initial presentation. Section 3: Science and The Banaue Rice Terraces Even before the colonization by the Technology and Nation Spaniards in the Philippine islands, the Building natives of the archipelago already had practices linked to science and The Department of Science and technology. Filipinos were already Technology (DST) in the Philippines is aware of the medicinal and therapeutic a government agency tasked with properties of plants and the methods overseeing and managing national of extracting medicine from herbs. technology development and They already had an alphabet, number acquisition, undertaking technological system, a weighing and measuring and scientific research and promoting system and a calendar. Filipinos were public consciousness of science and already engaged in farming, technology. Developments in science shipbuilding, mining and weaving. and technology are fundamentally altering the way tasked with Spanish Colonial Period overseeing and managing national technology development and The colonization of the Philippines acquisition, undertaking technological contributed to growth of science and and scientific research and promoting technology in the archipelago. The public consciousness of science and Spanish introduced formal education technology. and founded scientific institution. During the early years of Spanish rule Developments in science and in the Philippines. Parish schools were technology are fundamentally altering established where religion, reading, the way people live, connect, writing, arithmetic and music was communicate and transact, with taught. Sanitation and more advanced THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY methods of agriculture was taught to technology a representation in the the natives. Later the Spanish cabinet. Under the Medium Term established colleges and universities in Philippine Development Plan for the the archipelago including the years 1987-1992, science and University of Santo Tomas. technology's role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted. During Corazon Aquino's American Period and State of the Nation Address in 1990, Post-Commonwealth era she said that science and technology Science during the American period development shall be one of the top was inclined towards agriculture, food three priorities of the government processing, medicine and pharmacy. towards an economic recovery. Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology Here are some Filipino inventions and due to free trade policy with the United 'tatak Pinoy' discoveries that may States which nurtured an economy surprise and even inspire the innovator geared towards agriculture and trade. in you. - The bamboo incubator, widely credited as the brainchild of Dr. Fe del Marcos Era and Martial Law Mundo. This makeshift device is relatively inexpensive and easy to During Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, reproduce, making it ideal for use in the importance given to science grew. rural communities and areas with no In the amended 1973 Philippine electricity. Developing this ingenious Constitution, Article XV, Section 9 (1), take on a life-saving machine, though, he declared that the "advancement of is far from her only accomplishment. In science and technology shall have 1936, Dr. del Mundo became a priority in the national development." Research Fellow in Pediatrics at In his two terms of presidency and Harvard Medical School. during Martial Law, he enacted many laws promoting science and technology. - Dr. Abelardo Aguilar. In 1949, via soil samples he obtained from his Fifth Republic backyard, Dr. Aguilar stumbled upon 𝘚𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘵𝘰𝘮𝘺𝘤𝘦𝘴 𝘦𝘳𝘺𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘢𝘦𝘶𝘴 (now 𝘚𝘢𝘤𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘺𝘴𝘱𝘰𝘳𝘢 𝘦𝘳𝘺𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘢𝘦𝘢), the bacteria that would lead to the discovery of erythromycin. Erythromycin is an antibiotic used in treating infections of the respiratory tract, Legionnaire’s disease, and diphtheria, as well as urinary tract Filipina food technologist Maria Y. infections and sexually transmitted Orosa (1893–1945) is credited with diseases such as syphilis. inventing banana ketchup - Chances are you may have heard of — or perhaps even tried — Challenge In 1986, during Corazon Aquino's 21, a relatively new board game presidency, the National Science and invented by, you guessed it, a Filipino. Technology Authority was replaced The mind behind this remarkable by the Department of Science and Filipino invention is Mr. Leonardo Meija Technology, giving science and THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY Yu, a 68-year-old retired economics professor and Philippine Ports Authority officer. - Ramon Barba, however, believed that smudging was tedious and expensive. Furthermore, the process also emits pollutants into the atmosphere. He proposed an alternative: the use of a chemical spray called Etherel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid). His idea was met with derision and rejected for experiments, until one day, his friends Mr. and Mrs. Jose Quimson allowed him to conduct a trial using 400 mango trees. And the rest, as they say, is history. - Diosdado Banatao, a native from Cagayan Valley, developed the first single-chip 16-bit microprocessor-based calculator in the 1970s. He went on to create the world’s first system logic chip sets in 1981, which allowed the integration of all of a computer’s essential data processing features into a small package. He did not stop there, though. Banatao eventually came up with the first Windows Graphics accelerator chip for personal computers. Thanks to these breakthroughs, he earned himself a permanent place in the history of PC development. THIS IS IYATOT, HAPPY TOTS :)