Science, Technology, and Society Week 3 Student's Handout PDF

Science, Technology, and Society Student’s Handout Week 3: Paradigm Shifts & Scientific Revolution Paradigm: Set of standards, directions, perspectives or concepts. A paradigm shift that significantly changes t...

Science, Technology, and Society Student’s Handout Week 3: Paradigm Shifts & Scientific Revolution Paradigm: Set of standards, directions, perspectives or concepts. A paradigm shift that significantly changes the way the natural world is perceived results to a scientific revolution. EXAMPLES 1. OLD BELIEF: “Ptolemaic Theory” Geocentric Theory  This stated that a static Earth is at the center of the Universe.  Supported anthropocentrism  Accepted by Catholicism NEW BELIEF: “Copernican Theory” Heliocentric Theory  The Sun is the center of the Solar System.  It challenged the biblical scriptures.  Strengthened by the invention of the telescope.  Led to the Copernican Revolution. 2. OLD BELIEF: “Aristotelian Physics”  Objects will naturally come to rest.  Heavenly bodies move in perfect circles.  Objects need to be pushed or pulled to continue moving. NEW BELIEF: “Newtonian Physics”  Objects have inertia.   Laws of Motion and Universal Law of Gravity apply whether on Earth or in space.  This led to Newtonian Revolution. 3. OLD BELIEF: “Creationism”  God, an omniscient and omnipotent designer, created living things in their current form.  Humans are designed in God’s own image and likeness. NEW BELIEF: “Darwinian Theory”  Organisms evolved to thrive in the environment, in a process called Natural Selection.  Characteristics are inherited from parents.  Humans evolved from a common ancestor shared with primates.  This led to Darwinian Revolution. How do science change through time? 1. NORMAL SCIENCE: Working on an established dominant theory. Example: “Blending Inheritance” 2. MODEL DRIFT: Something doesn’t fit, but “not really a problem” Example: Child gets his mother’s hair! 3. MODEL CRISIS: Unexplainable results build-up Example: Mendel’s Experiment 4. MODEL REVOLUTION: Proposal of New Theory Example: Mendel’s Law of Dominance 5. PARADIGM CHANGE: Acceptance and paradigm shift Example: Mendelian Genetics 6. RETURN TO NORMAL SCIENCE: Refining the new framework Example: Polygenic traits PROCESS OLD PARADIGM NEW PARADIGM Retail Traditional Stores E-commerce Television Cable TV Streaming Sites Payment Cash & Checks E-wallet & Mobile Banking Media Print Media Digital Media Energy Fossil Fuels E-vehicles Work setup Onsite WFH or Flexible Transportation Personal Car Ridesharing apps Fitness Gym and Personal Trainer Wearable Health trackers