Structure of Modern English PDF

Review Morphemes are the smallest units carrying ________? meaning Loading… How many morphemes? fridge magnets > 3- = Fridge , magnet , S dilapi...

Review Morphemes are the smallest units carrying ________? meaning Loading… How many morphemes? fridge magnets > 3- = Fridge , magnet , S dilapidated > - di-lapidateda pre root = 3 (meaning undoable stone ↳ un , do able , = 3 Suff Pre boot T/F English has become more analytic over time.True English has become more synthetic over time. False Loading…  What 3 categories do we use to describe English morphemes? the , be it Free+ can stand alone and have meaning eg;a. , , bound Stand - cannot alone and still have meaningeg'ed ing , s, derivational-create new words or change meaning or parts of Speech (N VerAdj) eg ; -NESS = , UN- -ER ,  Why is this event unusual? Modern standard English has a few competing forms for a second personal plural pronoun (e.g. you all, you guys, you folks). you' in english is considered both Singular& plural Closed or open class? > - we card Verb - Open Conjunction > - closed Inflectional morpheme-closed Adjective > - Open Pronoun -> closed Determiner > - closed Auxiliary Verb > - closed Adverb >open -  What is an allomorph? a Variant Form of a morpheme that in different contexts , but appears Still carries the same meaning. I I basttense estural Definite played /d/ book ,e The #beforeconstant walked / I hunted - The apple / / Tfrewe  What is the difference between a free and a bound morpheme? I Free morpheme bound murpheme can stand alone with Cannot stand alone , meaning. must attach to free morpheme eg book , cat, run to have meaning eg. s un ed S , , ing  How can you tell if a morpheme is inflectional or derivational? Morphemes can modify a word like in Inflectional or but does not change Loading… case tense , # or person , the of the. word core meaning eg ; s ed , , 's, ing , third person singular(runs. Derivational morphemes can change the meaning of a word eg; ful , ness , ly , , er ize , ment. can create new words With different meaning  8! How many inflections are there in English? (S) 5)zud S 1 plural person singular present (-s) 2 Possessivet's) 6) comparative (-er) 3) Past tense (-ed) 7) Superlative (-est) 4) Present Participle (ing) 8)past participle feden)  What are the three ways affixes can attach? Prefix = before Infix-u middle Suffix-- after  What kind of word formation process is involved in the examples below? 1. “Trig” from “trigonometry” rootword) - ↓ clipping (shortened from 2. calling a carriage a “horse car” - compounding( horseandcarrefering combines words to a type of carriage or Vehica two or more existing word with a to create new specific meaning 3. “Affluenza” from affluence and influenza Blending(two to words together create new word 4. “to friend” on social media Functional Shift (conversion Ifriend used being as a very 5. “gyrocopter” Do from helicopter Blending helicopter 6. “Flump-flumping” (what Bryor calls his baby happily rolling on the bed) reduplication 7. UMSCA Acronym.... , a longer -. TSt 8 Alphabatism T said as. S. H Phrase for an abrivation for Togo Salman Hall  8. FBI What is a lexical category/part of speech? 1 Nouns ↳ of words that. group 2 Verbs. Share Similar grammatical 5. adjectives properties and Serve Similar functions 4 Adverbs. within S pronouns Sentences 6 prepositions 7 , conjunctions 8. Tests: Nouns Plural marker -s, Derivational morphemes: -ion, -ism, -ity, -ship, -dom, -hood, -er/or, -an, -ist, age Determiner __________ Nun Determiner adjective ______________ Noun Adjective ____________ Noum Tests: Adjectives (adj) Comparatives and Superlatives more, most, -er, -est, Derivational morphemes: -al, -able, -like, -ful, -y, -an Ad noun ______ helpful lecture verb ____ is helpful Adj Tests: verbs Inflectional morphology 1. Bare e.g. nap 2. 3rd person singular e.g. nap 3. Past tense e.g. napped 4. Present participle e.g. napping 5. Past participle e.g. napped Verbs: Tests Syntactic Positions 1. Auxiliary _________ can study 2. Alone in imperative STUDY! 3. Subject ______ I left. 4. Subject ______ object. I left the class. Verbs 1. Tens e 2. Aspect 3. Voice 4. Mood Tense When the event/action in the sentence takes place, relative to the time of utterance. Only past and present inflections on verbs in English. E.g. He naps. He napped. Aspect Is the action of the verb completed (perfective aspect) or continuous (progressive aspect) E.g. I have eaten. I am eating. Voice English makes active/passive distinction. Active: I made mistakes, Passive: Mistakes were made. Mood Indicative: “default” mood. Verbs inflect for number and tense. Imperative: commands. The verb is in the bare infinitive form. E.g. Go! Subjunctive: something wished for, commanded, intended, or hypothesized. Bare infinitive for present tense, uses were for “to be” in the past tense E.g. I wish ice cream were healthier. Adverbs Morphology –ly Syntactic positions: beginning/end of clause, before/after main verb, not between adjectives and nouns they modify. Prepositions Assist in indicating time, locations, direction, duration, manner, etc ________ preposition noun phrase Test: try putting “right” before the preposition I won’t start studying right before the exam. Conjunctions Connect words, phrases, and clauses/sentences. I would like onions and bacon. Over the meadow and through the woods I was thinking that you should study more. Pronouns 5 categories of pronouns Personal · SubjectyouShe iwete, them Possessive= my , your , his her,its our, their , Interrogative* who , whom , whose what which : , asking questions Relative who , whom whose, which , , that ; providing more information Demonstrative = this that these, , , those pointing to specific things or people few refer people Indefinite none : or #anyone , anything , everyone nobody somebody , , , all, some , many , , things in a non-specific way Determiners Determiners indicate four things 1. Definiteness 2. Quantity 3. Number Loading… 4. Pragmatic Functions  Determiners demonstrata What is the determiner indicating in the following sentences? 10 1. That professor likes teaching. Indenta & fit - 2. A strange class once taught me that words are really complicated. - Quantifier Determiner 3. Most people hold prescriptive attitudes. definate 4. The third class was hardest. 5. My words are the best words. / possessive Auxiliary verbs Syntactic position: before verbs or before other auxiliaries E.g. “I can go” “I might have gone” Morphology: not like verbs (e.g. no 3rd singular -s, no past participle)  Which “that” is that one? What lexical category is “that” in the following sentences E all folks - Pronoun referring to something 1. That’s , trative 2. The professor that ac has the curly hair that talks so much is funny relative demo - connects pronoun 3. I’m sure that guy understands linguistics O poin4. He was realizing that linguistics was more complicated than he thought. -complementizer S used to introduce a nown clause Morphological trees Morphological trees Morphological trees breakable adjective 1 typically break-able atteches root Suffix to adjectives Morphological trees - Correct (un) O Changes the meaning So its breakbreakablet unbreakable Morphological trees Not X correct - their could because or be an adjectives adverbs inbetween a determiner and noun  main = lexical verbo => - M ↳ describe syina t ↓ verb in sentence - (transitive)  Auxillary would ~  deravational morpheme Tree -orphological practice n I Noun N Noun & Noun & root-steacher-s der mis-communication root pre Suffix N adj - - 1 Love-suffix Nroot 14 der enter-tain-ment Warb root