STM 009 (Research in STEM) PDF

STM 009 (RESEARCH IN STEM) SAS 1 : INTRODUCTION TO CAPSTONE PROJECT, aspect of life where improved learning and SELECTING A SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM clearer thinking will enhance human A research or cap...

STM 009 (RESEARCH IN STEM) SAS 1 : INTRODUCTION TO CAPSTONE PROJECT, aspect of life where improved learning and SELECTING A SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM clearer thinking will enhance human A research or capstone project performance. -​ is an integrating and culminating experience 7 STEPS OF MAKING A MINDMAP for students. Here, you will apply all that you 1.​ Start at the center have learned from the beginning so that you 2.​ Use an image or picture for your central idea can to either answer a research question, or 3.​ Use colors throughout develop a product, or to solve a problem in 4.​ Connect main branches to main idea the community. It is more like the 5.​ Be sure to use curve lines investigatory project you have performed in 6.​ Use one key word per line high school. 7.​ Use images all throughout RESEARCH/CAPSTONE PROJECT SIGNPOSTING -​ ALL LEARNINGS Have you ever seen a signpost? In the street, -​ Research Question signposts direct travelers to a certain direction and -​ Product Development prevent them from getting lost. IN WRITING, signposts -​ Solve Problem for Community tell the reader where the exposition is heading so they don't feel lost. It is important to realize though, that HOW TO DEVELOP A PAPER FOR A RESEARCH OR signposts guide both the writer as well as the reader. CAPSTONE PROJECT? 1.​ Select and define a problem Writers who don't put signposts in their writing, 2.​ Review the scientific literature generally, don't themselves have a clear idea of 3.​ Formulate hypotheses where they are trying to take the reader, what their 4.​ Design methodology purpose is for a section of writing, and so tend to get 5.​ Collect data both their readers and themselves lost and write 6.​ Analyze data descriptively rather than analytically. 7.​ Conclusion and recommendations 8.​ Panel defense IT IS USEFUL TO DIVIDE SIGNPOSTING LANGUAGE INTO SAS 3 : SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE REVIEWS TWO BROAD CATEGORIES: 1.​ Major signposts that signal key aspects of MIND MAP the work, such as purpose, structure, author's Mind mapping isn't new, but it is one of the best tools stance, main points, direction of the you will find for generating ideas. All you need in order argument, conclusions. to begin is a pen and paper, but once you have 2.​ Linking words and phrases that show learned how to do mind maps, you can get fancy. connections between sentences and -​ a Mind Map is a visual thinking tool that paragraphs. helps structure information, helping you to SAS 4 : APA FORMATTING better analyze, comprehend, synthesize, recall and generate new ideas. As an American Psychological Association writing style effective graphical way to represent (APA) concepts, it gives you the freedom to -​ writing style and format for academic navigate the full range of your brain documents such as journal articles and capacities as it controls and makes use of books. It is described in the style guide of the your cortical skills (word, image, number, American Psychological Association (APA), logic, rhythm, color and spatial awareness), which is titled the Publication Manual of the in a single, uniquely powerful manner, Best of American Psychological Association. The all, the Mind Map can be applied to every guidelines were developed to aid reading comprehension in the social and behavioral  sciences, for clarity of communication, and 2.​ Use the outline to create your theoretical for "word choice that best reduces blas in framework and Review Related Literature language". and Studies. of Now that you know what note taking and APA mean, 3.​ You may repeat the whole process to have a you can start the note taking process and avoid more comprehensive review of related plagiarism along the way. The Note taking process is literature. usually done on three stages. HERE IS HOW YOU CITE USING APA FORMAT APA requires that information be cited in 2 different Stage 1: Before Note Taking ways-within the text and in a reference list at the end BEFORE BEGINNING TO TAKE NOTES, YOU SHOULD of the paper. 1.​ Read generally on your identified research POINTERS FOR APA FORMAT topic/problem so you can limit it (for example, the subject "team cohesion" may Within the Text be limited to "How do team social 1.​ APA uses the author-date method of cohesion/integration impact team citation. The last name of the author and the performance?") date of publication are inserted in the text in 2.​ Compile a list of books and articles you the appropriate place. intend to use. The bibliographical 2.​ When referencing or summarizing a source, information about these texts should be provide the author and year. When quoting recorded on separate file (Use attached or summarizing a particular passage, Note Taking Sheet) include the specific page or paragraph 3.​ Make a tentative outline of the paper with number, as well. your major and minor topics indicated so 3.​ When quoting in your paper, if a direct quote that you will know exactly which notes you is less than 40 words, incorporate it into your should take. text and use quotation marks. If a direct Stage 2: Actual Note Taking quote is more than 40 words, make the IN NOTE TAKING, REMEMBER... quotation a free-standing indented block of 1.​ Be brief. Note important ideas, statistics, text and DO NOT use quotation marks. proper names, definitions, and only enough Reference list at the end of the paper. other information. -​ The reference list should be on a new page, 2.​ Do not merely transfer information from the double spaced, and use the hanging indent text to your notes. Write notes in your own method (all lines after the first one are words except for a few passages you intend indented). to quote exactly. -​ In general, references should contain the 3.​ Follow the major topics of your outline. Take author name, publication date, title, and only notes that come under one of your publication information. Include the issue major topics. You may decide that you need number if the journal is paginated by issue. to add one or two topics to your list, but don't SAS 5 : FORMULATING THEORETICAL AND let your list get too long (Use attached note CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK taking sheet) What is a Theoretical Framework? Stage 3: After Note Taking As you start reading the literature, you will soon AFTER NOTE TAKING, YOU SHOULD... discover that the problem you wish to investigate has 1.​ Check your outline; you may need to make its roots from a number of theories that have been certain revisions in it now that you have developed from different perspectives. The completed the research. information obtained from different books and journals now (a) needs to be sorted under the main themes and theories, (b) highlighting agreements and disagreements among the authors and sources Construct the Paradigm Using the Variables and (c) identifying the unanswered questions or -​ Basically it is just transferring the variables gaps. you pointed out to a schematic diagram There are two types, the INDEPENDENT VARIABLES You will also realize that the literature deals with a INDEPENDENT (IV) and the DEPENDENT VARIABLES (DV). number of aspects that have a direct or indirect Dependent variable bearing on your research topic. Use these aspects as -​ The DV will determine the outcome of your a basis for developing your THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK. study and the IV will be the factors that you will measure that affects the DV. The DV is THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK the variable the researcher is interested in. -​ will serve as your guide on what will you only The changes to the dependent variable are read from the sources you have gathered. It what the researcher is trying to measure. will narrow down your search to only the Independent variable most important concepts and theories -​ The IV is a variable believed to affect the DV. developed by other people on your sources. This is the variable that you, the researcher, will manipulate to see if it makes the g DV HOW TO DEVELOP A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK? change Review SAS 6 : HYPOTHESIS TESTING -​ IMPORTANT. SIGNIFICANT and RELEVANT What is Hypothesis Testing? literature on your subjects of interest -​ Once you have generated the hypotheses, Outline the process of hypothesis testing becomes -​ of topics and theories explaining the important. More accurately, you should have relationship two hypotheses, the alternative and the null. Relate -​ For testing, you will be analyzing and -​ the theories in a way that it conveys the comparing your results against the null structures and boundaries of the study. hypothesis, so your research must be Conceptual Framework designed with this in mind. It is very -​ the basis of your research problem. It stems important that the research you will design from the theoretical framework and usually produces results that will be analyzable focuses on the section/s which becomes the using statistical tests. basis of your study. Whereas the theoretical -​ Most people are very afraid of statistics, due framework consists of the theories or issues to the mathematical symbols, and worry in which your study is embedded, the about not understanding the processes or conceptual framework describes the messing up the experiments. There really is aspects you selected from the theoretical no need to fear, so do not be afraid. Most framework to become the basis of your scientists understand only the basic inquiry. principles of statistics. Designing your HOW TO MAKE A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK research only needs a basic understanding of the best practices for selecting samples, Choose a theory for the study isolating testable variables and randomizing -​ The theory will allow you to Identify groups. important variables of the study that you can measure or manipulate STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING Identify the Variables 1.​ Specify the Hypothesis -​ variables are anything that varies or 2.​ Determine the sample size for the Test changes its value, which means it is 3.​ Choose the Significance Level something that can be measured 4.​ Collect the data  5.​ Compare the p-value from the test to the SAS 21-26 : MAKING OF SCIENTIFIC REPORT PAPER, significance level. PROOFREADING, FINALIZATION OF PAPER, EDITING 6.​ Decide whether to reject or fail to reject the PAPER, CAPSTONE/RESEARCH ORAL DEFENSE null hypothesis. PRESENTATION A common statistical method is to compare a population to the mean (or average). Using an appropriate statistical test, the researcher compares the two means, taking into account the increase, the number of data samples and the relative randomization of the groups. A result showing that the researcher can have confidence in the results allows rejection of the null hypothesis. Remember, not rejecting the null is not the same as "accepting" it. The null hypothesis is supported if the p value is greater than 0.05. SAS 7 : RESEARCH DESIGN SAS 9 : MEASUREMENT AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES SAS 10 : DATA COLLECTION SAS 11 : TYPES OF DATA ANALYSIS SAS 12 : FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND SKEWNESS SAS 13 : MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND DISPERSION SAS 15 : T-TEST FOR PAIRED AND INDEPENDENT SAMPLES SAS 16 : ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) SAS 17 : LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATION COEFFICIENT SAS 18 : WRITING CONCLUSIONS SAS 19 : WRITING RECOMMENDATIONS