SSP Module 6: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality PDF

**SSP -- MODULE 6 : SEX, GENDER AND SEXUALITY** **SOGIE\ Sexual Orientation** -- kanino nagkakagusto\ **- Opposite Gender** - heterosexual\ **- Same Gender -** homosexual\ **- Both Gender -** bisexual\ **- All Gender --** pansexual\ **Gender Identity --** pagkakakilala sa sarili\ **- Babae\ - Lalak...

**SSP -- MODULE 6 : SEX, GENDER AND SEXUALITY** **SOGIE\ Sexual Orientation** -- kanino nagkakagusto\ **- Opposite Gender** - heterosexual\ **- Same Gender -** homosexual\ **- Both Gender -** bisexual\ **- All Gender --** pansexual\ **Gender Identity --** pagkakakilala sa sarili\ **- Babae\ - Lalake\ - Gender Non-Comformist**\ **Expression** -- pananamit, pagkilos, at pagsalita\ **Sex -** biological dimension of your gender and sexuality. **Hermaphroditism --** intersexuality is a conglomerate of male and female organs. It is naturally occurring variation in humans and animals (1 in 1,500 births) according to American Psychological Association (APA) (2006). GENDER -- WHO (2013) says that gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women. Unlike sex which refers to the biological characteristic of humans such as male or female, gender categories are more varied, accommodating identities such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex (LGBTQI), among others.\ **SEVERAL TYPES OF GENDER BASED ON PERSON'S ORIENTATION:\ Heterosexual --** inclined to be sexually attracted to a person of the opposite sex.\ **Homosexual --** sexually attracted to a person of the same sex.\ **Bisexua**l -- who is attracted to both sexes\ **Asexual --** totally incapable of being attracted to any sex\ **Polysexual --** attracted to multiple types of gender identity\ **Pansexual --** accommodates all types of gender. **MODULE 7 - GENDER AND SEXUALITY ACROSS TIME\ REPUBLIC ACT 9262 : Anti Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004\ **Historical accounts show that across time, human's conception of gender and sexuality have also changed. Archaeological artifacts reveal that in the distant past, during the dawn of civilization, human societies had high regard for women. The concept of the divine feminine (the sacredness of the woman due to her ability to conceive children) has prevailed and thus women are treated equally with men. This make society egalitarian (men and women have equitable power and role). In ancient Egyptian times, women were seen and honored as higher and holier than a man. The woman is the mother of all, giving life and teaching. The ancients believed that when a man achieve a great deal of knowledge, spirituality and power, he would be allowed to wear a long hair wig to symbolize that he had reached a certain level equal to a woman.\ **HISTORICAL VIEWS ON GENDER**\ **Greeks -** Aristotle, Plato and other Greek philosophers viewed women as the inferior sex and are properties of men whose only job was to obey their husbands, bear children and take care of the household. They were forbidden to learn philosophy, politics and science.\ **Egypt -** women enjoyed higher social status than Greek women because they can inherit property and engage in trade and politics.\ **China -** Gendered biases in ancient patriarchal societies were very strict, heavily enforced and often violent **SUBTLE FORMS OF OPPRESSION THAT OFTEN GO UNNOTICED IN WOMEN:** - **Sexism --** prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination on sex - **Gender pay gap --** men earn more than women - Underrepresentation in politics, military, executive positions, etc. - **Rape** on women - Women do more housework and childcare - Men are trained to be leaders while women were trained to do house chores. **WOMEN EMPOWERMENT -** Women's liberation movement or feminism is a continuing series of social movements that aim to challenge the patriarchal society that creates these oppressive political structures, beliefs, and practices against women.**\ **During the 19th and 20th century, first wave of feminism spread across the western countries as women demanded for their right to vote or participate in elections and to be able to legally own property. **SALIENT POINTS OF FEMINISM** **Women Suffrage --** women not allowed to vote before because they viewed as irrational and temperamental. But in World War 1 (1914-1918), women uprooted from household. They took on jobs and made significant contributions to their country.\ **Equality in Politics and society --** Representation is very important to women so that their genuine concerns are heard in politics and in society.\ **Reproductive rights** - mean the woman is in control of her body and she can decide for herself on what she sees is best for her. Contraception, abortion, and other reproductive options should be available to women because it's their body.\ **Domestic Violence --** such as marital rape and physical abuse are often dismissed by society as part of a "marriage". RA 9262 simply says the Anti-Violence Against Women and Children.\ **Sexual Harassment\ Divorce Violence -** such as marital rape and physical abuse is often dismissed by society as part of a "marriage". RA 9262 simply says the Anti-Violence Against Women and Children. Module **Gender-based violence -** is one of the most widespread and human rights abuses\ - any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person's will and that is based on socially ascribed (gender) differences between males and females. 4 types of Gender-Based Violence\ Physical Violence\ Sexual Violence\ Emotional & Psychological Violence\ Socioeconomic Violence marital rape, sexual violence, dowry-related violence, female infanticide, sexual abuse of female children in the household, honor crimes, early marriage, forced marriage, female genital cutting and other traditional practices harmful to women, sexual harassment in the workplace and educational institutions, commercial sexual exploitation, trafficking of girls and women and violence perpetrated against domestic workers. **CONSEQUENCES OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE** **Health Consequences** Unwanted pregnancies\ Complications from unsafe abortion\ Sexually transmitted infections including HIV injuries\ Mental, health and psychosocial effects (depression, post traumatic stress, suicide and death)\ Children survival, development and school participation **Social Consequences** Extension to families and communities\ Families can also be stigmatized as a consequence of gender-based violence. When children are born following a rape, or if a family member choose to stand by a survivor, fellow members of their community may avoid them. **Economic Consequences** Cost of public health and social welfare systems\ Reduced ability of many survivors to participate in social and economic life Survivor -- person who has lived through an incident of gender-based violence.\ Perpetrator - person who commits an act of gender-based violence. Characteristics of a perpetrators includes: Persons with real or perceived power\ Persons in decision-making positions\ Persons in authority HUMAN RIGHTS -are universal, inalienable, indivisible, interconnected and interdependent. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedom without distinction of any kind such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. The right to life, liberty and property of persons\ The right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health\ The right to freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment\ The right to freedom of opinion and expression and to education. TLWR MIDTERMS The family is the basic and oldest social institution and it is very important in shaping the character of the child. The Mercado-Rizal family is considered as one of the biggest families that consists of 13 members.  Rizal's chief aim was to reform Philippine society, first by uncovering its ills. Second, by awakening the Filipino youth.  His enemies were the oppressive colonial government, but especially the corrupt elements among the friars, members of the religious orders that exerted the greatest influence over the government and thereby held complete sway over the lives of the Filipinos. Rizal knew the best way to awaken the youth and lead them toward right action was through education, but especially foreign education.  For local education, being controlled by the friars then kept the Filipinos in the dark, ignorant of their rights and heritage- and meek in the face of oppression.  He waged his campaign among progressive members of the Cortes and Spanish intellectuals; he wrote letters and articles for La Solidaridad, the Propaganda mouthpiece, as well as other publications, producing some of his best work during this period such as "The Indolence of the Filipinos"; "Message to the Women of Malolos", or "The Philippines a Century Hence". Period for Preparation and Expedition At Barcelona he met many who had been his schoolmates in Ateneo and others to whom he was known by name. It was the custom of the Filipino students there to hold reunions every other Sunday at the cafe, for their limited resources did not permit the daily visits which were the Spanish custom. He wrote home for a newly established Tagalog newspaper of Manila, his views of & Love of Country an article not so optimistic as most of his later writings. The printer of Noli Me Tangere lived in a neighboring street, and, like most printers in Germany, worked for a very moderate compensation, so that the volume of over four hundred pages cost less than a fourth of what it would have done in England, or one half of what it would cost in economical Spain. Yet even at such a modest price, Rizal was delayed in the publication until one fortunate morning he received a visit from a countryman, Doctor Maximo Viola, who invited him to take a pedestrian trip. Doctor Viola was very interested and offered to use the money he had put aside for the trip to help pay the publisher. Song for Maria Clara By Jose P. Rizal Sweet the hours in the native country, where friendly shines the sun above!\ Life is the breeze that sweeps the meadows; tranquil is death; most tender, love.\ Warm kisses on the lips are playing as we awake to mother's face the arms are seeking to embrace her,\ The eyes are smiling as they gaze.\ How sweet it is to die for the native country, where friendly shines the sun above!\ Death is the breeze for him who has no country, no mother, and no love! It was in Madrid that he began writing Noli Me Tangere and published his novel Noli Me Tangere in 1887. It was also in that year that Rizal's first novel was published in Berlin. First of all, it must be established that Rizal did not agree with all that Roman Catholicism stood for.  All religions may have their flaws, but through his books and throughout all of his writings, Rizal has made clear that there are certain beliefs in the Roman Catholic church that are simply not acceptable and true. 1\. The tradition of rubbing hands or handkerchiefs against religious statues is not at all healthy, both for the body and for the soul.  For one thing, it could lead to the transmission of a number of communicable diseases, and more importantly, it makes people eventually forget that the God they are worshipping is a Spirit, and not something that is made of wood or stone or marble. 2\. Dipping the hands in holy water which is placed in a marble stand at a certain part of the church is unclean as well.  Water that people consider to be blessed is not an implication that it is free of bacteria and other pathogenic microorganisms.  Especially when that water has been allowed to stagnate for some time, it becomes all the more dangerous. 3\. Paying for indulgences to remove sin has been a growing business among the friars.  It has created a way for the church to run a free business enterprise at the expense of threatening the souls of the congregation. 4\. The Roman Catholic church, although it preaches goodness and kindness to mankind, does not necessarily practice those things for which it stands. Nostalgia is a sentimentality for the past, typically for a period or place with happy personal associations. The word nostalgia is a learned formation of a Greek compound, consisting of nostos meaning home coming a Homeric word, and (álgos), meaning pain or ache Writings of Rizal in the newspaper La Solidaridad a\. Filipinas Dentro De Cien Anos (The Philippines a Century Hence, 1890) b\. Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinas (The Inndolence of the Filipinos) -- longest essay Rizal's Masterpiece: El Filibusterismo was written in dedication to the three martyred priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, whose deaths left an indelible mark in his mind. Like Noli Me Tangere, El Fili aims at enlightening the society, at bringing the Filipinos closer to the truth. Crisostomo Ibarra has a liberal mind. Outspoken and idealistic Patient and serious man He becomes very violent and impulsive when provoked. Ibarra as Rizal&\#39;s reflection of himself. He symbolizes the idealism of the privileged youth. Maria Clara died before he became a fugitive and eventually died as well at the end of book two. It is said that Jose Rizal based Maria Clara on his real-life girlfriend and cousin, Leonor Rivera. Leonor was seriously affected by Rizal's departure. She fell ill because sadness brought her sleepless nights. The novel El Fili was published in 1891 in Ghent, Belgium. It was shipped to the Philippines via Hong Kong and many of the copies were confiscated before reaching the Philippine shore. 'El Filibusterismo' was thereafter serialized in El Nuevo Regimen in Madrid and translated into Filipino, other Philippine dialects, English, German, Japanese and French. Rizal was deported to Dapitan because of the confiscated reading materials. He published books and articles in other countries criticizing the mother Spain. Dr. Jose P. Rizal was arrested on July 17, 1892 he was deported and arrived in Dapitan without the benefit of a trial. From that day until the 31st of July in 1896, Dapitan became the living witness to one of the most productive moments of our National hero's life. It was the period when Rizal aside from carrying out his passion in the arts and literature. He devoted his time to community services, civil works, medical practices , educational advocacy and development in Dapitan which is now dubbed as the Shrine City of the Philippines. Father Francisco De Paula Sanchez is Rizal&\#39;s favorite teacher at the Ateneo de Manila - He was the only Spanish priest to defend Rizal's Noli Me Tangere in public. - They argued theologically in a friendly manner but all the efforts of Sanchez were in vain. - Fr. Sanchez enjoyed the latter\'s company and he even assisted Rizal in beautifying the town plaza - Manuscript entitled "Estudios Sobre La Lengua Tagala" (Studies on the Tagalog Language). The spy with the assumed name of Pablo Mercado" and posing as a relative - confidential courier of Rizal's letter and writings for the patriots in Manila - real name of Pablo Mercado was Florencio Namanan - forwarded the transcripts of the investigation to Governor General Blanco -- Rizal letter to his brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo written in Dapitan, December 20, 1893. Rizal had 21 students. Rizal taught his boys reading, writing, languages (Spanish and English), geography, history, mathematics (arithmetic and geometry), industrial work, nature study, morals and gymnastics. Rizal conducted his school in a Talisay. He wrote, "Himno a Talisay"  In partnership with Ramon Carreon, a Dapitan Merchant "Cooperative Association of Dapitan Farmers" - to improve the farm products, obtain better outlets for them, collect funds for their purchases, and help the producers and workers by establishing a store wherein they can buy prime commodities at moderate prices. During his exile in Dapitan, he invited a machine for making bricks Doña Teodora and a cigarette lighter (sulpukan) sent as a gift to his bestfriend Ferdinand Bluementrit. La Solidaridad (The Solidarity) was an organization created in Spain on December 13, 1888.The La Liga Filipina was a sort of self-help and mutual aide society. It gives out scholarship funds and lends loans. It had no intention of rising up arms against the Spanish government. As harmless as it may seem, the Spanish authorities still thought of the Liga as a threat to the government. La Liga Filipina (The Philippine League) was a secret organization. The organization derived from La Solidaridad and the Propaganda mmovement. The purpose of La Liga Filipina was to build a new group that sought to involve the people directly in the reform movement. Andres Bonifacio; supreme head of the Katipunan, who uttered the first warcry against tyranny, August 24, 1896. The crimes were then punishable by death because on October 25, 1896, Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco issued a decree imposing the death penalty by firing squad, after court martial proceedings, dispensing with all formalities upon all who assist the rebels by: sabotage, giving of information, supplying food or ammunition, or processing the desertion of Filipino soldiers. This decree affected the trial of Rizal. Despite these arguments, the military court judged Rizal guilty of the charges against him and voted for the death penalty. Rizal challenged the Spanish government in the Philippines that he would like to meet the leaders of the Katipunan to ask them to lay down their arms and finally abort the revolution.