SS112 Summary - History Summary PDF

## SS 112 Summary ### Lesson 1 - History is derived from the Greek word *historia* which means learning by inquiry or knowledge acquired by investigation. - Aristotle sees history as a systematic accounting of a set of the natural phenomena that is taking into consideration the chronological arran...

## SS 112 Summary ### Lesson 1 - History is derived from the Greek word *historia* which means learning by inquiry or knowledge acquired by investigation. - Aristotle sees history as a systematic accounting of a set of the natural phenomena that is taking into consideration the chronological arrangement of the account. - Historians - scholars who write about history. - **Factual history** - It presents readers the plain and basic information. - **Speculative history** - It goes beyond facts because it is concerned about the reasons. Tries to speculate on the cause and effect of an event. - **Historiography** - traditional method in doing historical research that focuses on gathering of documents from different libraries and archives to form a pool of evidence needed. - Salient feature of historical writing is the facility to give meaning and impact value to a group of people about their past. - **Historical method** - process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past. - **Verisimilitude** - historian's aim (the truth, authenticity, plausibility) - **Historical analysis** - important element of historical method. - In historical analysis, historians: 1. Select subject to investigate. 2. Collect probable sources of information. 3. Examine the sources genuineness. 4. Extract credible "particulars" from the sources. ### Lesson 2 - **Historical data** - sourced from artifacts that have been left by the past. - **Narrative or Literary** - These are chronicles or tracts presented in narrative form, written to impart a message. Examples are newspaper, ego document, novel, and film. - **Diplomatic or Judicial** - document or record and existing legal situation or create a new one. Kind of sources that professional historians once treated as purest, "best" source. - **Social documents** - They are records kept by bureaucracies. - **Material evidence** - archaeological evidence which includes artistic creations such as pottery, jewelry, graves, and others that tells a story about the past. - **Oral evidence** - Much is told by the tales or sagas of ancient people. - **Direct or primary sources** - original, first-hand account of an event or period that: - usually written or made during or close to the event or period. Examples are diaries, journals, newspapers, government records, interviews, novels, stories, and drawings. - Primary sources provide a window into the past-unfiltered access to the record. - **Indirect or secondary sources** - second-hand information or materials made by people long after the events being described had taken place to provide valuable interpretations of historical events. They do not represent firsthand knowledge of a subject or event. Examples are biographies, histories, art and theatre reviews. ### Lesson 3 - **Historical criticism** examines the origins of earliest text to appreciate the underlying circumstances upon which the text came to be. - **Historical criticism** has two (2) parts which are: - a. to determine the authenticity of the material, also called provenance of a source. - b. to weigh the testimony of the truth higher criticism. - **External criticism** - It determines the authenticity of the source; to spot fabricated, forged, faked documents; and distinguish a hoax or misrepresentation. - **Palaeographical**- the deciphering and dating of historical manuscripts. - **Diplomatic**- understands how the document came to be. - **Internal criticism** - It determines the credibility or historicity of the facts and relevant particulars contained in the document. - **Verisimilar** of the document or as close as what really happened from a critical examination of best available sources. - **Sigillographers** - is a historical seal that has been subject of special study of experts. ### Lesson 4 - **Ferdinand Magellan** - "REDISCOVERED" the Philippine islands in 1521. His objectives is to spread Christianity, to acquire wealth and species, he wanted to expand their territory and he want to discover new route and passages. - Magellan's crewmate did not like him because of being Portuguese and they were Spaniards. - **Antonio Pigafetta** - Italian chronicler and explorer from Venice. In his youth he studied astronomy, geography, and cartography. He collected extensive data concerning the geography, climate, flaura, fauna and the native inhabitants. He is the author of the *First Voyage around the world*. - **Treaty of Tordesillas** - decree from Pope Alexander VI that had essentially divided the world in half between Spanish and Portuguese. - The expedition had two-hundred seventy (270) crews from several nations. - five(5) ships which are named as: - **San Antonio** (largest of the five ships) under Juan de Cartagena. - **Concepcion** under Gaspar de Quesada. - **Santiago** (smallest and most agile ship) under Juan Rodriguez Serrano. - **Victoria** under Louis de Mendoza. - **Trinidad** (flagship) under Ferdinand Magellan as the captain general. - **Guam** - Ladrones Island or also known as the "Island of Thieves". - Magellan did discover a three hundred fifty strait which now bares his name, **Magellan Strait**. - Through the far ocean, a sea that so calm he named it **Mar Pacifico**, the peaceful sea or **Pacific Ocean**. - March 17, 1521 - Magellan and his men became the first European to reach the Philippines. - Philippines was first named **Archipelago de San Lazarus** (Archipelago of St. Lazarus) - April 1, 1521, they arrived in Cebu. - He made cordial relations with **Raja Humabon** the local ruler along with his wife, daughter and eight hundred (800) natives who agreed to be baptised to Christian by mass baptism. - April 26, 1521 - Zula, a principal man from the island of Mactan went to see Magellan. - **Silapulapu** (Lapulapu) the chief/dato of Mactan and he protected his people from Magellan. - **Victoria** - the last and smallest Magellan's fleet sailed West for home captain by Juan Sebastián Elcano. - September 8, 1522 - Just 18 of the original crew that made it home. - **Significance of the Magellan Expedition** - He showed it was possible to sail around the world - He proved that the world is round. - Spain became the supreme power in the building of a colonial empire. ### Lesson 5 - **Juan de Plasencia** - the author of *Customs of Tagalogs*. - **Caste system** in which people are ranked according to their social status. - **Datos** - chief of the barangay - **Maharlika** (highest class; nobles)- freeborn - **Aliping namamahay** (commoners) - **Aliping saguiguilir** (slaves) - **Dowry** - payment given by the men to the women's parents. - They condemned no one to slavery, unless he merited the death penalty. - **Pandot** - is the name of the festival they wish to celebrate or worship in the large house of a chief. - **Sibi** - temporary shed - **Badhala/Bathala** - "all powerful", or "maker of all things" - They said that the wicked went to Casanaan - there lived demons, also known as Sitan. - **The distinctions made among the priests of the devil were as follows:** - **Catalonan** - either man or woman; an honorable one among the natives and could be held by people of rank. - **Mangagauay** - also known as witches' deceive or pretends to heal the sick; if wishes to kills someone at once, they could and they could prolong life for a year by binding to the waist a live serpent. - **Manyisalat** - same with mangagauay; had the power of sapplying remedies to lovers that they would abandonw their own wives, and prevent them in having sexual intercourse with the latter; if the woman, constrained by these, were abandoned, it would bring sickness, would discharge blood and matter - **Mancocolam** - duty was to emit fire from himself at night, once or oftener each month; the fire emitted could not be extinguished. - **Hocloban** - another kind of witch but of greater efficacy than the mangagauay; they could kill someone whom they chose either by saluting or raising the hand; they could heal those whom they made ill by using other charms. - **Silagan** - clothed in white who lives in the island of Catanduanes; tears out liver and eats it, thus, causing death. - Debunking Juan de Plasencia's account: 1. The account is clearly serving immediate colonial interests, many portions of the narrative are problematic insofar as they posit the Tagalogs in such a way as to enhance the validity of the colonizer's allegiances. 2. He also made a conclusion that Catholicism was able to expel primitive and evil belief systems of the Tagalogs regarding gods, burials and superstitions. 3. Generalized the the people of Laguna, a small member of Tagalogs, as if they mirror the entire Tagalo race. 4. A large fraction of his accounts were also based on false comparisons, and not coupled with accurate information. 5. Datos were also described as the equivalent of the European "nobles," hence undermining the indigenous political systems. 6. Worse, the ritualistic and superstitious beliefs of the Tagalogs were mocked by de Placencia, by coming up with various categories of devil-ish beliefs. 7. What he failed to realize is that in traditional cultures, these so-called "evil" practices were an integral part of Filipino folk beliefs; and the early Tagalogs, in reality, never considered them as acts of the devil. ### Lesson 4 Kartilya ng Katipunan - **Kataastaasang Kagalang-Kagalang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan**- men assembled came to the agreement that a revolutionary secret society must be founded. - The Katipunan's objectives were political, moral, and civic. - They advocated for freedom from the yoke of Spain, to be achieved through armed struggle. They also saw it as their personal responsibility to help the poor and the oppressed, and to teach them good manners, hygiene, and morality. - Recruits to the secret society underwent a rigorous initiation process. - A neophyte, dressed in black and accompanied by his sponsor, was brought to a small room decorated with patriotic posters (1), in front of a cabinet draped in black. He was then seated at a dimly lit table, on which rested a bolo (2), a revolver (3), and a set of questions which he must answer to the satisfaction of the members assembled. The master of ceremonies would once more try to discourage him by telling him to back down if he does not have enough courage; should he persist, he is led blindfolded into another room for physical test. The final rites involved the neophyte signing the oath of membership in his own blood, usually drawn from a cut made by a scalpel to the left forearm. - **Organizational structure of the Katipunan**. Three ranks of membership, with new members starting out as "katipon," then moving up to "kawal" and eventually to "bayani." - **Three-Tier Member Classes:** - **Katipon (Member)** Outfit - Black hood, with a triangle of white ribbons, inside of which were the letters **Z. LI. B**. Password - **Anak ng Bayan**. Monthly Dues - One Real Fuerte (old money) or 12.5 centimos or 20 cuartos - **Kawal (Soldier)** Outfit - Green hood, with a triangle of white lines. At the three angles were the letters **Z. LI. B**. Suspended from the neck was a green ribbon with a medal, with the letter **K** in the ancient Tagalog Script inscribed in the middle Password **GomBurZa**. Monthly Dues - Twenty Centavos - **Bayani (Patriot)** Outfit - Red Mask, with white triangle, inside of which was the following - **K** - **K** - **K** - **Z** - **LI** - **B** - **Red Sash with green borders** Password - **Rizal**. Monthly Dues - **Two real Fuertes or 25 centimos, or 40 cuartos** - Contrary to popular belief, Andres Bonifacio-though undoubtedly one of the more prominent founders of the Katipunan-was not its first Supremo or the President of the Supreme Council. - On July 15, 1892, the members of the Supreme Council were Deodato Arellano (Supremo), Bonifacio (Comptroller), Ladislao Diwa (Fiscal), Teodoro Plata (Secretary), and Valentin Diaz (Treasurer). - About the Kartilya- Kartilya was written by Emilio Jacinto, the Brain of the Katipunan, as he presented society's teachings. According to Jim Rischardson, "the Kartilya is the best known of all Katipunan texts" and that it is "the only document of any length set in print by the Katipunan prior to August 1896 that is known to be still extant." - The Kartilya was printed as a small pamphlet that was distributed to the members of the Katipunan. The Kartilya also served as the guiding principles of the neophyte Katipuneros. The Kartilya was not just a document for the Katipunan. Its importance today is predicated on the teachings that embodied the moral and nationalistic principles of a nation that fought for independence. - The Kartilya ng Katipunan was written by Emilio Jacinto I 1896 who was only 18 years old when he joined the Katipunan and a law student at the University of Santo Tomas. - Relevance of the Kartilya-The current relevance of the Kartilya lies in the fact that it established not only the rules for the members of the organization but the principles for the citizens of a nation once independence had been achieved. ### Pointers: - Module 1 (Lesson 1-3) - Meaning of History - Sources of History - Historical Criticism - Module 2 (Lesson 1-3) - First Voyage Around the World - Important people during the voyage, places and events on the voyage - Customs of Tagalog - Author of the text, government/social status, marriage practices and inheritance, beliefs and traditions. - Importance and debunking of the customs of Tagalog - Kartilya ng Katipunan - Author of the Kartilya, Hiring process of Katipunan, Organizational structure, Important people of katipunan, Importance of Katipunan and Mga aral ng katipunan.