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"If you don't know history, then you don't know anything" - Michael Crichton Historians - Individuals who write about history - They seek to understand the present by understanding what happened before - They undertake arduous historical research to come up with a meaningful and...

"If you don't know history, then you don't know anything" - Michael Crichton Historians - Individuals who write about history - They seek to understand the present by understanding what happened before - They undertake arduous historical research to come up with a meaningful and organized rebuilding of the past - Study the records or evidences that survived the time - Deals with the *dynamic* or *genetic* as well as the *static* and aims at being *interpretative* as well as *descriptive* Historical data - Sourced from artifacts that have been left by the past What is history? - Greek word "historia" which means "learning enquiry" - Referred usually for accounts of phenomena, especially human affairs in chronological order - Study of past events - Aristotle looked upon history as the systematic accounting of a set of formula Philippine history - Early filipinos had their own system of writing but they did not record much of past events Written Philippine history - Written by colonizers - Written by educated and rich filipinos Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas (ayon kay Zeus Salazar) pantayog pananaw Root word: saysay - Salaysay o kuwento - Kahulugan, katotohanan, kabuluhan, kahalagahan May saysay para kanino? - Para sa tao, sa sinasalaysayang grupo ng tao - "kasaysayan as salaysay na may saysay para sa sinasalaysayang grupo ng tao" - Kasaysayan -- not limited to written records Historical method - The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survival of the past Positivism - Western historical method - A system that relies on collected date system that confines itself to the data of experience Historiography - The practice of historical writing - The synthesis of the "particulars" - the imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived by the process - Traditional method -- focus on gathering documents from different libraries and archives to form a pool of evidence needed in making a descriptive or analytical narrative - Modern historical writing -- does not only include examination of documents but also use a research method from related areas of study Historical analysis - An important element of the historical method 1. Select the subject to investigate 2. collect probable sources of information on the subject 3. examine the source's genuiness, in part or in whole 4. extract credible particulars from the sources (part of the source) Theories in history - Factual history - presents readers the plain and basic information - What, when, who - Speculative history - It tries to spectaculate on the cause and effect of the events (cantal, cardinal, espino, and galinda 2014) - goes beyond facts because it is concerned about the reasons for which events happened - Why and how Why study history? - Learn about the past and understand the present - To broaden our knowledge on information concerning why study history and happenings exist - To enhance our critical thinking Limitations of studying history - Various things that happened in the past was not put into records - It is not possible to go back to the past to verify if what were written are true - Historians aim is *verisimilitude* (truth, authenticity, plausibility) Source - Materials where historians construct meaning - Artifacts -- can either be relics or remains. Can be found where relics of human happening can be found - Relics or remains -- an object which survived from the past. Existence offers researchers a clue about the past - Testimonies of witnesses -- can be oral or written Types of aims - Descriptive -- describes what happened (who, what, when, and where) - Interpretative -- explains where, why, and how Written sources - Narrative or literary -- chronicles or tracts presented in narrative forms like scientific tract, newspaper article, ego document or personal narrative, novel, autobiography, and biography - Diplomatic source -- document an existing legal situations or create a new one where historians treated as the purest, the "best" source. deed of sale, charter - Social document -- information pertaining to economic, social, political, or judicial significance. Records kept by bureaucracies for public use like government reports such as municipal accounts, research findings and documents, civil registry records Non written source - Material evidence -- also known as archeological events. Ex: relics - letter, artifacts -- manmade with historical or cultural - Oral evidence -- oldest type of historical evidence. Ex: tales or sagas, folksongs or popular rituals, interview Primary source - produced by people who are directly involved - original, first-hand account - ex: diaries, journals, census, marriage, photographs, maps Secondary source - testimony of someone who is not an eye witness - materials made by people long after the events being described had taken place - interpretation of second-hand account of a historical event - ex: biographies, histories, literary criticism Historical criticism - examines the origins of the earliest text to appreciate underlying circumstances upon which the text came to be - 2 important goals: 1. To discover the original meaning of the text in its primitive or historical context and its literal sense or *sensus literal historicus.* 2. To establish a reconstruction of the historical situation of the author and recipients of the text - Source criticism - Which studies and analyzes and studies the sources used by biblical authors - Form criticism - Which seeks to determine a unit's original form and historical context of the literary tradition - Redaction criticism - Which regards the author of the text as editor of the source materials - Tradition criticism - Which attempts to trace the developmental stages of the oral tradition from its historical emergence to its literary presentation - Canonical criticism - Which focuses its interpretation of the bible on the text of biblical canon - 2 parts of historical criticism: 1. Determine the authenticity of the material called the provenance of a source. 2. To weigh the testimony of the truth. 2 types of historical criticism - External criticism - Determines the authenticity of the source by palaeographical (the deciphering and dating of historical manuscripts) and diplomatic criticism (critical analysis of historical documents) - physical characteristics of text or things is criticized. - Include who the author is. - Examines the authenticity and genuiness of evidences - Internal criticism - refers to the meaning and truthfulness of the document - determines the historicity of the facts contained in the document anachronistic isographies -- dictionaries of biography giving examples of handwriting paleography and diplomatics seals -- subject of special study by sigillographers anachronistic styles -- idiom, orthography, or punctuation. Refers to events or the dating of a document at a time when the alleged writer could not possibly have been at the designated uncovers fraud Content and contextual analysis of selective primary sources - Content analysis -- analyzes the content of the text - Context analysis -- understand the background of the text **First voyage around the world** - The Philippine Island in 1521 has been rediscovered by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese navigator - The narrative of the voyage was translated by Lord Stanley of Alderley - It was the period of discovery and expansicism - Spain occupied the Philippines trough subjugation (war) - Treaty of Tordesillas -- agreement between Spain and Portugal to settle their conflict. Spain will take west route, Portugal will take the east. This proves that the world is round Ferdinand Magellan - Born in 1480 - Well-knowned sailor in Portugal and was a part of an expedition to south-east Asian, particularly spain - 1513 -- requested to the king of Portugal a permission to go in spice island - 1518 -- left Portugal and went to Spain - 1519 -- went to Spain and talked to king Charles I. he gave 5 ships and 251 men Antonio Pigafetta (ca. 1490-ca. 1534) - Known by the name of Antonio Lombardo or Francisco Antonio Pigafetta - famous Italian traveler/chronicler - born in Vincenza around 1940 - died in the same city in 1534 - studied astronomy, geography and cartography (creation of maps) and during his younger years, he worked in the ships owned by the knights of Rhodes - joined the Magallanes-Elcano famous expedition to the Moluccas begun in August 1519 and finished September 1522 - had a hand -- written account of the expedition entitled "the first voyage around the world" Juan Sebastian Elcano - captain who continued the expedition and replaced Magellan historical context - the first voyage around the world was written in one of the five ships of the Magallanes-Elcano expedition - King Charles V provided the Spanish fleet named **Armada de Molucca** which was led by Magellan - These 5 ships were the first one to circumnavigate around the world that was led by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer, and when he died in the Battle of Mactan, Juan Sebastian Elcano took over **The 5 ships** Santiago - Under the command of Juan Serrano - Smallest of the 5 ships - Called as a 'caravel' - First ship that has been lost and has been destroyed in South Africa San Antonio - Under the command of Juan De Cartagena - Soon led by Alvaro De Mesquita - Largest in the Fleet - U turned because they had rebellion - Second ship that has been lost Conception - Under the command of Gaspar de Quesada - Captain was executed because of mutiny - Burned - Third ship that has been lost Trinidad - Under the command of Ferdinand Magellan - The flagship - Was attacked by Portuguese ship - Left shipwrecked - Fourth ship that has been lost Victoria - Under the command of Luiz Mendoza; soon replaced by Juan Sebastian Elcano - Antonio Pigafetta on board - First ship circumnavigated the world - Only ship to complete the voyage Out of the 5 ships only 3 ships reached the Philippines. After the Battle of Mactan, their man is enough to man two ships: Trinidad and Victoria. Until they returned to Spain, only one ship survived which is Victoria, one of the survivors was Antonio Pigafetta which kept the journal about their expedition. Upon the advice of Pigafetta's associates, he presented his account to Pope Clement VII, Philippine de Villiers I'Isle-Adam. And to Louis of Savoy to finance its publication. But he was unable to find a financier. The original journal of Pigafetta did not survive through out the history. What was handed to us was just the manuscript that never came out of the press during his lifetime. **Timeline 1519 -- 1522** September 20,1519 - Set sail at St. Lucar going south-west named Labeiche September 26,1519 - Arrived at an island Teneriphe - Stayed 3 days and a half March 16,1521 -- arrival in Samar - Arrived in Zamal (now Samar), the island was called Humunu (now Homonhon) or the watering place of good signs -- first sign of gold - Many circumjacent island where the Spanish named them the archipelago of St. Lazarus - Locals welcomed them by giving their native products such as fish, figs, coconuts, palm wine (Uraca) - The island where they dwelt is called Zuluam March 25,1521 - Antonio Pigafetta slipped in the ship and fell into the sea March 28,1521 - Small boat called Boloto - Traprobana -- translator of Magellan March 31,1521 -- first mass in the Philippines - Sunday morning - Held at Mazaua (Limasawa) - Attended by local islanders, Spanish voyagers, two Rajas, and Magellan April 7,1521 -- arrival in Zubu - Arrived at the port of Zzubu (Cebu), the largest and the most trade island - Pigafetta described the inhabitants' houses that were made of logs - Fired mortars as a "sign of peace and friendship" - Tension between the king of Zzubu and the voyagers and Magellan threatened them to rage war April 14,1521 -- image of child Jesus - Held mass with Rajah Humabon and baptized 800 souls - Pigafetta showed the image of Child Jesus and a cross to the queen and asked to keep in place of her idols - The Child Jesus is known as Santo Nino, which is celebrated every January in Cebu - Animism -- first religion of the filipinos April 27,1521 -- Battle of Mactan - Datu Zula, Chief of the island Matan (Mactan) welcomed them but Cilapulapu, the other chief refused to obey to the king of Spain - Datu Zula requested the captain to defeat Cilapulapu, which started the battle - Natives outsmarted them, used 'patibongs' to defeat them. The voyagers were losing in this battle April 28,1521 -- death of Magellan - Captain told them to give up this losing battle, but his men insist - Magellan was shot in the leg with a poisoned arrow. He died, their 'mirror', and 'comfort', and 'true guide' as what Pigafetta described - They retreated leaving their captain dead May 1,1521 - 21 Spaniards were massacred by Cebuanos November 8,1521 - Juan Sebastian Elcano and the Spaniards left September 6,1522 - Victoria, the only ship survived, finally arrived at Seville. Thus, ending the Magallanes-Elcano expedition **Contribution and Relevance** - The account contributed to the field of geography, navigation, and history - It proved that the earth is not flat, and one can go to the east by sailing west - Discovery that there is a big body of easier side of American continent which they called Pacific Ocean - Make us know the different native products during the pre-colonial period such as palm wine, figs, coconuts, palmito, and such. - It proved that the Philippines was rich in natural resources even before the colonial period - Described the barter trade during the colonial period - Make us know the physical appearance of our ancestors: wearing gold earrings, gold armlets on their arms, kerchiefs on their heads - Described the economic and political status during the pre-colonial era - Described the faith or religion during the pre-colonial period: worshipping the nature - This account is in evidence that these voyagers first introduced to us Christianity. They thought our ancestors worship idols - Let us know some rare animals present during that era - Let us know the way of life of our ancestors such as their houses and livelihood - An evidence that most of the filipinos are hospitable even before - Let us know the funeral practices and beliefs during the pre-colonial period - Showed the 'nationalism' of lapulapu before, it also showed how wise and prepared they fought agaimst the voyagers Claveria -- governor-general who ordered all filipinos to have Spanish surnames 5 most important people of 1521 - Rajah Humabon - Rajah Kolambu - Ferdinand Magellan - Rajah Siawi - Datu Zula How did Pigafetta described our ancestors Based on their appearance - They wear gold earrings and have tattoos - Chlefs wore otton clothes In terms of economic system - Barter system - Gold were the currency - Weighing scale already exists In terms of religion - Animism was the main practice - Bathala (highest god) - Babaylan (priesters who perform ritual offerings) - They are fond of rituals In terms of politics - Datu -- head of the community or village. He receives taxes in return he protects the kingdom and he is not elected. Has the authority to punish the people and create law. In terms of geography - Abundance of natural resources In terms of customs and traditions - Thanksgiving or gratitude (through raising hands towards the sky) - Friendship or casi-casi (kind and hospitable - Sansuguan -- rituals done by friend to show loyalty to each other - Marriage - Festivities - Music and dance - Ethnic music was the first music - Foods - Animals - Dwellings (kubo made of food and anahaw) -- people with no permanent place before **Customs of the Tagalog** (Las costumbres de los indios Tagalos de Filipinas) - Discovery of the archipelago by the Magellan Expedition - Naming of Las Islas Pilipinas by the Villalobos Expedition - The establishment of the first permanent settlement in the country by the Legaspi expedition - Spain sent Spanish missionaries to the Philippines - Fr. Francisco Alcina was assigned in the Visayas, and Fr. Juan de Plasencia was set in Tagalog Region+ - Juan de Plasencia was tasked by the King of Spain to document the customs and traditions of the colonized (natives) through a letter - Customs of the tagalog was written in the Philippines on 1589 - Huge amount of biases, inaccurate judgements, and pretensions from the author - Issues that were possible problems of colonial writing in the Philippines - Plasencia used his worked to inform about the Filipinos about the continuous progress of the Native culture in the Philippines - 5 order 1. Augustinian 2. Franciscan 3. Dominican 4. Jesuit 5. recolletan **Juan de Plasencia** - born in the early 16th century as Juan Portocarrero in Plasencia, in the region of Extremadura, Spain. - Real name - Fray Joan de Puerto Carrero, del convento de Villanueva de la Serena - Spanish Friar of the Franciscan order - First batch of Franciscan missionaries - He was one of the seven children of Pedro Portocarrero, a captain of a Spanish schooner. - Grew up during the period known as the Siglo de Oro, a Golden Age when arts and literature flourished in many parts of Spain - Died in Liliw, Laguna in 1690 Life in the Philippines - arrived at a port in Cavite on July 2, 1578. - Preached in Laguna de Bay and Quezon areas, also preached in Bulacan of the friars - Elected as Custos of Friars in May 23,1854-1588 - Took the leading role in fostering the spread of primary education - Converted natives, taught catechisms, and organized towns and barangays - Promoted both of the Spanish language among the natives, and the local languages among the missionaries - Initiated the Reduction policy - Biggest challenge was how to make the articles of faith comprehensible to people who had never heard of Christ or the catholic church - Did not limit himself to the task of administering the sacraments and baptizing new converts - His works aimed to put an end to some injustices being committed by certain public officials Works - Arte de la Lengua - Vocabulario - Coleccion de frases tagala (collection of tagalog phrases) - Catecismo de la Doctrina Cristiana (1581) \- Translated the Christian Doctrines in Tagalog - Diccionario tagalog (Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espanda y Tagalog \[1580\]) -- 1^st^ book ever printed in the Philippines in 1593 - La Santina (1585) -- opus on prayer and meditation - Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos (1589) - First Civil Code of the Philippines - Customs of the Tagalogs (Juan de Plasencia G**OVERNING SYSTEM** Barangay - came from the people that were in the balanghays or the boats. - Few people consisting of only 30-100 people, lead by datu, and is usually consists of family, parents, children, and slaves - Each barangay was not related to each other, except if there was a pact or agreement that built relationships among the barangays. Datu - The chief who is respected and obeyed by their people - The ones leading the barangays Social classes Chieftain(Datu) Nobles (Maharlika) Commoners (Aliping Namamahay) Slaves (Aliping Saguiguilid) Nobles or Maharlika - were born free and do not pay taxes - They cannot move to another village without complying with the following: - Fine and gold - Banquet - Children will be divided if married to someone from other barangay - Sentences are passed by the Datu - They condemn a man at low caste who disrespect his daughter or wife of Datu - The children of the accomplices are turned to slave Commoners (Aliping namamahay) - Live in their own houses or lords whom they owe their property and gold Slaves (Aliping saguiguilid) - Are serving a master and help cultivates their land; are treated like a property that can be sold \- Houses are made of wood, nipa palm, and bamboo, usually handmade, and the materials are gathered in the forest by the slaves to build the house. \- built to suit the tropical climate called bahay; it was built on stilts and can be entered through ladders that can be drawn up \- some Filipinos, such as the Kalingas, Mandayas and Bagobos built their houses on treetops \- others, such as the Bagjaos, built their houses on boats Mode of dressing Male - Headgear -- putong (symbolizes the number of persons the wearer had killed) - Upper clothing -- kanggan (jacket with short sleeves - Lower clothing -- bahag Female - Upper clothing -- baro or camisa - Lower clothing -- saya or patadyong - Some women wore a piece of red or white cloth on top of their skirt called tapis \- men and women wore ornaments to look attractive \- both wear kalumbiga, pendants, bracelets, and leglets, these ornaments were made of gold \- some wore gold fillings between the teeth \- tattoos were also fashionable for some pre-colonial Filipinos; they also exhibit a man's war record \- Islas del Pintados -- a term coined by the Spaniards for the Visayans Administration of Justice - The chieftains' executive function includes implementing laws, ensuring order giving protection to his subject - Condemned to death a man of low-birth who insulted the daughter or wife of a chief - The punishment for the witches is death. All other offenses were punished by fines in gold - This was done in the following ways: 1. Half the cultivated lands and all their produce belonged to the master 2. The father paid the fine charged for the crime 3. If the relative or friend of the culprit paid the debt - Disputes between individuals were settles by a court made up of the chieftain and council of elders Inheritance - The first son of the barangay chieftain inherits his father's position; if the first son dies, the second son succeeds their father; in the absence of male heirs, it is the eldest daughter that becomes the chieftain Slaves - A person becomes a slave by: - Captivity in war - Reason of debt - Inheritance - Purchase - Committing a crime - Can become emancipated through: - forgiveness - Paying debt - Condonation - Bravery (where a slave can possibly become a Datu) or through marriage Marriage customs - Courtship begins with paninilbihan - Men were in general, monogamous; their wives are called Asawa - Marriage between couples belonging to different social classes was not common \- social class inherited by the children - If two persons marries as maharlicas, the family remains maharlica - If the maharlica had children among their slaves, the children and their mother become free - If one of them has a children by the slave of the other, she is obliged to give half of a gold tael to her master because of her risk of death and for the inability to labor during the pregnancy - If a free woman had children by a slave, they were all free even if they're not married \- marriage of different class - If two persons marry as nobles, children stays nobles - If two persons marry of whom one was a maharlica and the other a slave the children were divided: - Odd birth order -- belong to the father - Even birth order -- belong to the mother - Only child -- half free, half slave - Prior to marriage, the man requires to give dowry - Bigay-kaya (a piece of land or gold) - Panghihimuyat (a gift for the bride's parents) - Bigay-suso (for bride's wet nurse - Several grounds of divorce are: - Adultery - Abandonment on the part of the husband - Cruelty - Insanity **Worship of the Tagalogs** - No temples - Simbahan -- place of adoration - Pandot or worship -- a festival celebrated in a large house of the chief - Sibi - roof - Sorhile -- small lamp - Nagaanitos -- the barangay or family unite to worship Idols - Batahala -- all powerful or maker of all things - Sun -- for its beauty - Moon -- when it sets to be new - Tala -- morning stars - Lic-ha -- sculpted idols by the people that comes in many forms - Seven little goats (the Pleiades) - Mapulon (change of seasons) - Balatic (great bear \[Ursa Major\]) \- Patrons - Dian Masalanta (patron of lovers and of the generation) - Lacapati and Indianale (patron of cultivation of lands and of husbandry) \- Animals - Buaya -- water lizard that causes fear and harm to the people - Tigmamanuguin - a bird which sings from the tree (good or bad omen) Cultural practices - Their manner of offering sacrifices - recovery of sick person - prosperous voyage - propitious result in war - good harvest - successful deliver of childbirth - happy outcome in married life - Their manner of determining the days - Summer -- sun time - Winter -- water time - They offer to devil what they had to eat - Done in front of the idol Cotolonan - officiating priest - devil sometimes liable to enter the body of the Catolonan - objects of the sacrifices were goat, fowls and swine Priests of the Devil - Catolonan -- honorable one among the natives - Manganguay -- witches who deceived by pretending to heal the sick - Manyisalat -- had the power of applying remedies to lovers that they would abandon and despise their own wife - Mancocolam -- emit fire from himself at night - Hoclobon -- by simply saluting or raising the hand, they killed whom they chose - Silagan -- if they saw anyone in white, they'll tear its liver and eat it - Magtatangal -- dhow at night without his hear or entrails - Osuang - sorcerer - Mangagayoma -- made charms for lovers which would infuse the heart with love - Sonat - preacher - Pangatahojan - babaylan - Bayoguin -- "cotquean" a man whose nature inclined toward that of a woman Superstitions - Pre-colonial Filipinos believed in the immortality of the soul and in life after death - Maca -- or Paradise for who just, valiant, morally upright, and virtuous - Casanaan -- or place of punishment, grief, and affliction. A place of anguish - Sitan -- the demon that lives in hell - They also believed in the existence of a number of gods whom they worship and made offerings to according to rank - Diseases were thought to be caused by the temper of the environmental spirits - Filipinos also venerated the dead by keeping their memory alive by carving idols of stone, gold, or ivory called likha or larawan Divinations and Magic Charms - Ancient Filipinos are quite superstitious and put much stock into auguries and magic charms - They interpreted signs in nature like the flight of birds, the barking of dogs, the singing of lizards, and the like, as good or bad omens depending on the circumstances - They also consulted with the pangatauhan, soothsayers, to tell their fortunes - There was also belief in the exixtence of aswang, mangkukulam, manggagaway, tiyanak, and the tikbalang - amulets and charms were also used by the ancients like the anting-anting, gayuma, odom, or tagabulag, wiga, or sagabe, and tagahupa Religious Beliefs - they worship many gods and goddesses: - Bathala -- supreme being - Idayanale -- god of agriculture - Sidarapa -- god of death - Balangaw -- god of rainbow - Mandarangan -- god of war - Agui -- god of fire - Lalahon -- goddess of harvest - Siginarugan -- god of hell - Diyan Masalanta -- goddess of love - They also believe in sacred animals and trees - Adored idols called anitos or diwatas to whom they made offerings - Some anitos were considered bad; however, they made offerings to them, too, in order to appease or placate their anger - Priestesses such as the babaylan/baylana or katalona acted as mediums to communicate with these spirits - Ghost - Vibit -- ghost - Tigbalaang -- phantoms - Patianac -- vampire in toddler form - Burial - The dead were placed in a wooden coffin and buried under the house complete with cloth, gold, and other valuable things - Upon the death pf the person, fires were made under the house and armed men acted as sentinels to guard the corpse against sorcerers - Professional mourners were hired to accentuate the depth of mourning - The ancients distinguished mourning for a woman from that of a man - Morotal (woman) - Maglahi (men) - Mourning for a dead chief is called laraw where he was placed beneath a little house of porch which they constructed for his purpose. They mourned him for 4 days and afterwards placed him in a boat which served as a coffin or brier - If the deceased is a warrior, a living slave was tied beneath his body until it is wretched away - The Aetas or Negrillos (Negritos) they dug a deep, perpendicular hole, and placed the deceased within it leaving him upright with head or crown unburried on top of which they put half a coconut which was to serve him as a shield - Some ancients fasted and limited their nutrition to vegetables, this is called sipa - Relatives of the dead who was murdered would not end their mourning until they have exacted vengeance or balata - The celebration held on the ninth after the death of the person is called pasiyan, in which a play called tibaw is stage to honor the dead Economic life - Agriculture in the plane islands: - Planting rice, corn, coconut, banana, sugar canes, and other kinds of fruits and vegetables - Hunting in high lands - Fishing in river banks and seas - Ship building, lumbering, weaving, and mining - Domestic trade of different barangays by boat - Foreign trade with countries like Borneo, Japan, Cambodia, China, Java, and Thailand Language and System of Writing - Major languages - Tagalog - Ilocano - Pangasinan - Pangpangan - Sugbuhanon - Hiligaynon - Maguindanao - Samarnon o Samar-Leyta - These languages were originated from Polynesian language - The alphabet, baybayin, consisted of 3 vowels and 14 consonants - They used tap of trees as ink and pointed stick as pencil - They wrote on large plant leaves, barks, or bamboo tubes Entertainment - Literature - Oral and written literature - Drama - Music and dance - Art **Significance to Philippine History** - The work of Juan de Placencia, specifically "Relacion de las costumbres de los tagalogs, is regarded as a key part of Philippine history as it provides detailed information in the political and socio-cultural aspects of the Tagalog region - Plays a significant role in the cast Spanish narrative as a civilizer and a savior of our condemned souls from endless hellfire - Common source of references to the pre-conquest indigenous "Always look back because it is who we are it is before colonialism; we shouldn't set aside our own culture that we had before the Spaniards came" **The political caricatures** Political caricatures - Type of drawing that is used to present a comment, opinion, or criticism on a particular event, person, and situation - Also known as editorial cartoon found in a newspaper Caricature - Comes from the Italian words "carico" and "caricare", means 'to load' or to 'exaggerate' - A picture, description, or imitation of a person in which certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque - Can be insulting or complimentary and can serve a political purpose or be drawn solely for entertainment Alfred W. McCoy - 72 years old - Birthday -- June 8, 1945 - Birthplace -- Massachusetts, U.S.A. - Occupation -- educator (Harrington Professor of History) University of Wisconsin -- Madison - Citizenship -- American - Known for: Political Caricatures of the American Era Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era (1900-1941)