SPVV112 CHAPTER 05&06.pptx

Chapter 5 & 6 Self, Identity and Personality in Culture  Learning Objectives By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Describe how culture influences self-concepts. 2. Explain the independent vs. interdependent self theory. 3. Summari...

Chapter 5 & 6 Self, Identity and Personality in Culture  Learning Objectives By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Describe how culture influences self-concepts. 2. Explain the independent vs. interdependent self theory. 3. Summarize contemporary views about self-concepts across cultures. 4. Describe how culture can influence self-esteem. 5. Describe how people around the world may bolster their self-esteem. 6. Define cultural identity(ies) and their role in psychological functioning. 7. Describe the three major perspectives concerning culture and personality. 8. Describe the main cross-cultural evidence for the five-factor model (FFM).  Revision Questions 1. What factors influence the Creation of Cultures? 2. How parents and family members Influence values and norms of 3. children in their culture? 4. What are the different elements/institutions of human cultures?  Introduction to Self-concept We use labels such as optimistic or pessimistic, extroverted or introverted to characterize ourselves. These descriptions imply that 1. We have this attribute within us - attitudes, perceived rights, or interests; 2. Our past actions, feelings, or thoughts have close connections to these labels 3. Our future actions, plans, feelings, or thoughts will be guided by these attributes Self concept guides beliefs about actions, thoughts, feelings, motives, and plans. Self-concept: Self-concepts are cognitive representations of who one is—ideas or images that one has about oneself, especially in relation to others, and how and why one behaves. Self - Psychological construct that people create to understand themselves and their world better Sense of self is at the core of every human being, unconsciously and automatically influencing our thoughts, actions, and feelings Self-concepts are functional: Aid in addressing needs for affiliation and uniqueness, and explain the importance of understanding values as guiding principles within a specific culture If a human was a glass, the “SELF” will be the contents of the glass https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jx- 1EthJeIg&t=38s The “SELF” is the core and essence of “YOU” Actions are a window into the “Self”  Reflections Think about how you view yourself. – How do you describe yourself? What parts of your identity stand out to you?  Independent vs Interdependent Self-Construal Theory Concept of self varies in different cultures – The theory suggested that, given that self-concepts are rooted in cultural worldviews and that cultural worldviews differ across cultures, self-concepts must also differ across cultures. – Different cultures have different rules of living and exist within different environments – Individuals integrate, synthesize, and coordinate their worlds to produce differences in self- concepts Independent self-construal: A sense of self that views the self as a bounded entity, clearly separated from relevant others. Interdependent self-construal: A sense of self that views the self as unbounded, flexible, and contingent on context. This sense of self is based on a principle of the fundamental connectedness among people.  Figure 5.1 - (a) Independent Construal of Self (b) Interdependent Construal of Self The theory argued that in individualistic cultures there is a strong belief in the separateness of individuals and members are encouraged to be unique and expressive, to realize and actualize the inner, and to promote personal goals. In the collectivistic, the primary normative task is to fit in and maintain interdependence among individuals. Individuals in these cultures are socialized to adjust themselves to relationships or groups to which they belong How would someone of an Independent Construal and Interdependent Construal of Self be in workplace or in relationships https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-J0VIdzzCs “Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UojwMiRpNM  Different Aspects of the Self Different Contexts of the Self Different Domains of the Self Physical, Moral At home with family Personal, Family At a restaurant with friends Social, Work and Academic In public with strangers  Assessments of the Independent versus Interdependent Self-Construal Theory Although research suggests an idea that American culture is individualistic and that Asian and African cultures are collectivistic, many studies challenge this Degree to which previous findings were limited by the research methodologies used to test the differences should be considered “If you want to go fast, go alone, if you want to go far, go together”. African Proverb Which culture form do you identify with? Individualistic or collectivistic? Why?  Pros and Cons Collectivism Cons Lack of personal pursuits and goals No personal ideologies Everyone faces the same troubles Fear of new changes “Idleness” is left unchallenged Individualism Cons Little to no social support networks Issues with emotional compliance/resilience Lower option to seek advice or help from other sources or people Weak or poor mental health No sacrificing or group work supported Meaningless life Time misused or wasted Too much freedom Selfishness/self-centredness  Honor killing and corrective rape are these influenced by culture? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqNFyZeo_LM David Matsumoto | Linda Juang | Hyisung C. Hwang, Culture and Psychology, 7th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, co  Figure 5.3 - Percentage of Individualists and Collectivists among Japanese University Students Findings of meta-analysis on 83 studies European Americans were more individualistic and less collectivistic than Chinese, Taiwanese, Indians, and Asian Americans. European Americans were not more individualistic than African Americans or Latinos, and not less collectivistic than Japanese or Koreans.. The pens were identical except for their color East Asian individuals do not have such an internalized preference.  The Nature and Function of Self-Esteem Cognitive and affective evaluations one makes about oneself Self-enhancement: Collection of psychological processes by which one bolsters their self- esteem Influence of four bases of self-esteem: controlling one’s life, doing one’s duty, benefitting others, achieving social status – Derived positive self-regard from all four bases but mostly from those that were consistent with the value priorities of other people in the same cultural context – Self-esteem related to cultural values but not consistently with personal values Self-esteem is often not correlated with objective standards of competence or performance  Self-Enhancement: Universal or Culture-Specific? Early studies showed that members of individualistic cultures have higher self-esteem than members of collectivistic cultures Collectivistic individuals had the tendency to self-efface and criticize themselves Self-effacement: Tendency to downplay one’s virtues May be caused by the better than average effect Early cross-cultural research on self-esteem reported that members of individualistic cultures, such as Americans and Canadians, had higher self- esteem scores than members of collectivistic cultures, such as Asians Collectivistic Asians did not self-enhance and instead engaged in self- effacement, which refers to the tendency to downplay one’s virtues. Some researchers also suggested that Asians also are more critical about themselves and are more attuned to negative than positive self-evaluations, in both private and public settings  Self-Enhancement: Universal or Culture-Specific? Recent findings support the notion that: – Self-esteem may have many facets – Different cultural environments support or challenge the development of the facets Tactical self-enhancement – People of different cultures all self-enhance, but they choose to do it in different ways – Mutual self-enhancement: Achieved through the giving and receiving of compliments between partners in close relationships  Activity: Discussion of Self-Esteem Do you find that you engage more often in self-effacement or self- enhancement? Can you describe the most recent situations in which you engaged in either self-effacement or self-enhancement?  Personality Personality: Aspects of an individual’s unique characteristics Enduring behavioral and cognitive characteristics, traits, or predispositions Cross-cultural studies report findings on the notion of “NATIONAL CHARACTER,” which refers to the idea that each culture has a modal personality type, and that most persons in that culture share aspects of it. This approach views personality as culturally specific, formed by the unique forces each culture deals with in its milieu, but somewhat monolithic within each culture. Five-factor model (FFM) A conceptual model built around five distinct and basic personality traits, which are neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Cross-cultural research has demonstrated the universality of these five traits in all cultures studied to date. Contemporary studies have provided support for the cross-cultural validity of the FFM, spanning different countries and cultures in Europe, East and South Asia, North America, Africa, and Australia.  Five-Factor Model Model based on five distinct and basic personality dimensions that appear to be universal for all humans – Neuroticism – Extraversion – Openness to experience – Agreeableness – Conscientiousness  Activity: Discussion of FFM Which traits associated with the FFM resonate with you? Which of those traits do you think are a result of your cultural background?  Indigenous Personalities Each culture has a different way of understanding their world – Africa – Personality of Ubuntu – humility and interdependence – Japanese - Amae, passive child-like dependence of one person on another – Korean - Cheong, human affection – Indian - Hishkama karma, detachment – Chinese - Ren qing, relationship orientation – Mexican – Simpatia, harmony, avoidance of conflict – Filipino - Pagkikipagkapwa, pakikiramdam, and pakikisama (1) Shared identity, (2) sensitivity, empathy, and (3) going along with others, respectively  Reflections List some personality traits that you feel would describe your unique characteristics. How many of those personalities or traits do you feel are unique to your culture? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acg6HivAu5E https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IB1FVbo8TSs  Five-Factor Theory (FFT) The FFT suggests that universal personality traits representing basic tendencies are expressed in characteristic ways that are largely influenced by cultures;  Dominance Does it exist in your culture? Is it helpful to have Dominance  Dominance and Locus of Control Dominance – Based on the data collected in Denmark and Netherlands Found a sixth personality dimension and labeled it authoritarianism Research on social dominance theory has highlighted the potential importance of social dominance as a stable personality trait across cultures This theory concerns the maintenance and stability of social hierarchies and suggests that cultural ideologies, values, attitudes, and worldviews provide the justification for intergroup behaviors Locus of control: Differences in how much control one believes to have over one’s own behavior and relationship with environment and others – Internal - Behavior and relationships are dependent on one’s own behavior – External - Behavior and relationships contingent on forces beyond one’s control  Conclusion Self, self-esteem, and identity are important in helping people understand who they are and the world around them Different cultures create different senses of self, personality and identity Individuals with clearer cultural identities have clearer self-concepts, higher self-esteem, and higher well-being  Summary Now that the lesson has ended, you should have learned how to: 1. Describe how culture influences self-concepts. 2. Explain the independent vs. interdependent self theory. 3. Summarize contemporary views about self-concepts across cultures. 4. Describe how culture can influence self-esteem. 5. Describe how people around the world may bolster their self-esteem. 6. Define cultural identity(ies) and their role in psychological functioning. 7. Describe the three major perspectives concerning culture and personality. 8. Describe the main cross-cultural evidence for the five-factor model (FFM).  Activity: Self-Assessment What were some of the limitations to the independent vs. interdependent self-construal theory? How do contemporary studies describe views of self across cultures? What does contemporary research say about culture, self-esteem, and self- enhancement? What are some of the ways in which people in collectivistic cultures enhance their sense of self? What is the role and function of cultural identities? That is, why are they important?