Central Council of Ministers PDF

20 Central Council of Ministers As the Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary system of government modelled on the British pattern, the council of ministers headed by the prime minister is the real executive authority is our politico- administrative system. The principles of...

20 Central Council of Ministers As the Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary system of government modelled on the British pattern, the council of ministers headed by the prime minister is the real executive authority is our politico- administrative system. The principles of parliamentary system of government are not detailed in the Constitution, but two Articles (74 and 75) deal with them in a broad, sketchy and general manner. Article 74 deals with the status of the council of ministers while Article 75 deals with the appointment, tenure, responsibility, qualification, oath and salaries and allowances of the ministers.  CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS Article 74—Council of Ministers to aid and advise President 1. There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice. However, the President may require the Council of Ministers to reconsider such advice and the President shall act in accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration. 2. The advice tendered by Ministers to the President shall not be inquired into in any court. Article 75–Other Provisions as to Ministers 1. The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. 2. The total number of ministers, including the Prime Minister, in the Council of Ministers shall not exceed 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha. This provision was added by the 91st Amendment Act of 2003. 3. A member of either house of Parliament belonging to any political party who is disqualified on the ground of defection shall also be disqualified to be appointed as a minister. This provision was also added by the 91st Amendment Act of 2003. 4. The ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the President. 5. The council of ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. 6. The President shall administer the oaths of office and secrecy to a minister. 7. A minister who is not a member of the Parliament (either house) for any period of six consecutive months shall cease to be a minister. 8. The salaries and allowances of ministers shall be determined by the Parliament. Article 77–Conduct of Business of the Government of India 1. All executive action of the Government of India shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the President. 2. Orders and other instruments made and executed in the name of the President shall be authenticated in such manner as may be specified in rules to be made by the President. Further, the validity of an order or instrument which is so authenticated shall not be called in question on the ground that it is not an order or instrument made or executed by the President. 3. The President shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of the Government of India, and for the allocation among Ministers of the said business. Article 78–Duties of Prime Minister It shall be the duty of the Prime Minister 1. To communicate to the President all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation 2. To furnish such information relating to the administration of the affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation as the President may call for 3. If the President so requires, to submit for the consideration of the Council of Ministers any matter on which a decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not been considered by the Council Article 88–Rights of Ministers as Respects the Houses Every minister shall have the right to speak and take part in the proceedings of either House, any joint sitting of the Houses and any Committee of Parliament of which he may be named a member. But he shall not be entitled to vote.  NATURE OF ADVICE BY MINISTERS Article 74 provides for a council of ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President in the exercise of his functions. The 42nd and 44th Constitutional Amendment Acts have made the advice binding on the President.1 Further, the nature of advice tendered by ministers to the President cannot be enquired by any court. This provision emphasises the intimate and the confidential relationship between the President and the ministers. In 1971, the Supreme Court held that ‘even after the dissolution of the Lok Sabha, the council of ministers does not cease to hold office. Article 74 is mandatory and, therefore, the president cannot exercise the executive power without the aid and advise of the council of ministers. Any exercise of executive power without the aid and advice will be unconstitutional as being violative of Article 74’. Again in 1974, the court held that ‘wherever the Constitution requires the satisfaction of the President, the satisfaction is not the personal satisfaction of the President but it is the satisfaction of the council of ministers with whose aid and on whose advice the President exercises his powers and functions’.  APPOINTMENT OF MINISTERS The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, while the other ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. This means that the President can appoint only those persons as ministers who are recommended by the Prime minister. Usually, the members of Parliament, either Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha, are appointed as ministers. A person who is not a member of either House of Parliament can also be appointed as a minister. But, within six months, he must become a member (either by election or by nomination) of either House of Parliament, otherwise, he ceases to be a minister. A minister who is a member of one House of Parliament has the right to speak and to take part in the proceedings of the other House also, but he can vote only in the House of which he is a member.  OATH AND SALARY OF MINISTERS Before a minister enters upon his office, the president administers to him the oaths of office and secrecy. In his oath of office, the minister swears: 1. to bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India, 2. to uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, 3. to faithfully and conscientiously discharge the duties of his office, and 4. to do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, affection or ill will. In his oath of secrecy, the minister swears that he will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person(s) any matter that is brought under his consideration or becomes known to him as a Union minister except as may be required for the due discharge of his duties as such minister. In 1990, the oath by Devi Lal as deputy prime minister was challenged as being unconstitutional as the Constitution provides only for the Prime Minister and ministers. The Supreme Court upheld the oath as valid and stated that describing a person as Deputy Prime Minister is descriptive only and such description does not confer on him any powers of Prime Minister. It ruled that the description of a minister as Deputy Prime Minister or any other type of minister such as minister of state or deputy minister of which there is no mention in the Constitution does not vitiate the oath taken by him so long as the substantive part of the oath is correct. The salaries and allowances of ministers are determined by Parliament from time to time.2 A minister gets the salary and allowances that are payable to a member of Parliament. Additionally, he gets a sumptuary allowance (according to his rank), free accommodation, travelling allowance, medical facilities, etc. In 2001, the sumptuary allowance for the prime minister was raised from ₹1,500 to ₹3,000 per month, for a cabinet minister from ₹1,000 to ₹2,000 per month, for a minister of state from ₹500 to ₹1,000 per month and for a deputy minister from ₹300 to ₹600 per month.  RESPONSIBILITY OF MINISTERS Collective Responsibility The fundamental principle underlying the working of parliamentary system of government is the principle of collective responsibility. Article 75 clearly states that the council of ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. This means that all the ministers own joint responsibility to the Lok Sabha for all their acts of ommission and commission. They work as a team and swim or sink together. When the Lok Sabha passes a no-confidence motion against the council of ministers, all the ministers have to resign including those ministers who are from the Rajya Sabha.3 Alternatively, the council of ministers can advise the president to dissolve the Lok Sabha on the ground that the House does not represent the views of the electorate faithfully and call for fresh elections. The President may not oblige the council of ministers that has lost the confidence of the Lok Sabha. The principle of collective responsibility also means that the Cabinet decisions bind all cabinet ministers (and other ministers) even if they differed in the cabinet meeting. It is the duty of every minister to stand by cabinet decisions and support them both within and outside the Parliament. If any minister disagrees with a cabinet decision and is not prepared to defend it, he must resign. Several ministers have resigned in the past owing to their differences with the cabinet. For example, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar resigned because of his differences with his colleagues on the Hindu Code Bill in 1953. C.D. Deshmukh resigned due to his differences on the policy of reorganisation of states. Arif Mohammed resigned due to his opposition to the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986. Individual Responsibility Article 75 also contains the principle of individual responsibility. It states that the ministers hold office during the pleasure of the president, which means that the President can remove a minister even at a time when the council of ministers enjoys the confidence of the Lok Sabha. However, the President removes a minister only on the advice of the Prime Minister. In case of a difference of opinion or dissatisfaction with the performance of a minister, the Prime Minister can ask him to resign or advice the President to dismiss him. By exercising this power, the Prime Minister can ensure the realisation of the rule of collective responsibility. In this context, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar observed: “Collective responsibility can be achieved only through the instrumentality of the Prime Minister. Therefore, unless and until we create that office and endow that office with statutory authority to nominate and dismiss ministers, there can be no collective responsibility.”4 No Legal Responsibility In Britain, every order of the King for any public act is countersigned by a minister. If the order is in violation of any law, the minister would be held responsible and would be liable in the court. The legally accepted phrase in Britain is, “The king can do no wrong.” Hence, he cannot be sued in any court. In India, on the other hand, there is no provision in the Constitution for the system of legal responsibility of a minister. It is not required that an order of the President for a public act should be countersigned by a minister. Moreover, the courts are barred from enquiring into the nature of advice rendered by the ministers to the president.  COMPOSITION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS The council of ministers consists of three categories of ministers, namely, cabinet ministers, ministers of state,5 and deputy ministers. The difference between them lies in their respective ranks, emoluments, and political importance. At the top of all these ministers stands the Prime Minister–the supreme governing authority of the country. The cabinet ministers head the important ministries of the Central government like home, defence, finance, external affairs and so forth. They are members of the cabinet, attend its meetings and play an important role in deciding policies. Thus, their responsibilities extend over the entire gamut of Central government. The ministers of state can either be given independent charge of ministries/ departments or can be attached to cabinet ministers. In case of attachment, they may either be given the charge of departments of the ministries headed by the cabinet ministers or allotted specific items of work related to the ministries headed by cabinet ministers. In both the cases, they work under the supervision and guidance as well as under the overall charge and responsibility of the cabinet ministers. In case of independent charge, they perform the same functions and exercise the same powers in relation to their ministries/departments as cabinet ministers do. However, they are not members of the cabinet and do not attend the cabinet meetings unless specially invited when something related to their ministries/ departments are considered by the cabinet. Next in rank are the deputy ministers. They are not given independent charge of ministries/departments. They are attached to the cabinet ministers or ministers of state and assist them in their administrative, political, and parliamentary duties. They are not members of the cabinet and do not attend cabinet meetings. It must also be mentioned here that there is one more category of ministers, called parliamentary secretaries. They are the members of the last category of the council of ministers (which is also known as the ‘ministry’). They have no department under their control. They are attached to the senior ministers and assist them in the discharge of their parliamentary duties. However, since 1967, no parliamentary secretaries have been appointed except during the first phase of Rajiv Gandhi Government.  At times, the council of ministers may also include a deputy prime minister. The deputy prime ministers are appointed mostly for political reasons.  COUNCIL OF MINISTERS VS CABINET The words ‘council of ministers’ and ‘cabinet’ are often used interchangeably though there is a definite distinction between them. They differ from each other in respects of composition, functions, and role. These differences are shown in Table 20.1.  ROLE OF CABINET 1. It is the highest decision-making authority in our politico- administrative system. 2. It is the chief policy formulating body of the Central government. 3. It is the supreme executive authority of the Central government. 4. It is chief coordinator of Central administration. 5. It is an advisory body to the president and its advice is binding on him. 6. It is the chief crisis manager and thus deals with all emergency situations. 7. It deals with all major legislative and financial matters. 8. It exercises control over higher appointments like constitutional authorities and senior secretariat administrators. 9. It deals with all foreign policies and foreign affairs. Table 20.1 Distinction Between Council of Ministers and Cabinet Council of ministers Cabinet 1. It is a wider body consisting of 1. It is a smaller body 60 to 70 ministers. consisting of 15 to 20 ministers. 2. It includes all the three 2. It includes the cabinet categories of ministers, that is, ministers only. Thus, it is a cabinet ministers, ministers of part of the council of state, and deputy ministers. ministers. 3. It does not meet, as a body, to 3. It meets, as a body, transact government business. It frequently and usually once has no collective functions. in a week to deliberate and take decisions regarding the transaction of government  business. Thus, it has collective functions. 4. It is vested with all powers but 4. It exercises, in practice, in theory. the powers of the council of ministers and thus, acts for the latter. 5. Its functions are determined by 5. It directs the council of the cabinet. ministers by taking policy decisions which are binding on all ministers. 6. It implements the decisions 6. It supervises the taken by the cabinet. implementation of its decisions by the council of ministers. 7. It is a constitutional body, 7. It was inserted in Article dealt in detail by the Articles 74 352 of the Constitution in and 75 of the Constitution. Its size 1978 by the 44th and classification are, however, Constitutional Amendment not mentioned in the Constitution. Act. Thus, it did not find a Its size is determined by the prime place in the original text of minister according to the the Constitution. Now also, exigencies of the time and Article 352 only defines the requirements of the situation. Its cabinet saying that it is ‘the classification into a three-tier body council consisting of the is based on the conventions of prime minister and other parliamentary government as ministers of cabinet rank developed in Britain. It has, appointed under Article 75’ however, got a legislative and does not describe its sanction. Thus, the Salaries and powers and functions. In Allowances Act of 1952 defines a other words, its role in our ‘minister’ as a ‘member of the politico-administrative council of ministers, by whatever system is based on the name called, and includes a deputy conventions of parliamentary minister’. government as developed in Britain. 8. It is collectively responsible to 8. It enforces the collective the Lower House of the responsibility of the council Parliament. of ministers to the Lower House of Parliament.  ROLE DESCRIPTIONS The various comments made by the eminent political scientists and constitutional experts on the role of cabinet in Britain holds good in the Indian context also. These are mentioned below. Ramsay Muir “The Cabinet is the steering wheel of the ship of the state.” Lowell “The Cabinet is the keystone of the political arch”. Sir John Marriott “The Cabinet is the pivot around which the whole political machinery revolves”. Gladstone “The Cabinet is the solar orb around which the other bodies revolve”. Barker “The Cabinet is the magnet of policy”. Bagehot “The Cabinet is a hyphen that joins, the buckle that binds the executive and legislative departments together”. Sir Ivor Jennings “The Cabinet is the core of the British Constitutional System. It provides unity to the British system of Government”. L.S. Amery “The Cabinet is the central directing instrument of Government”. The position of the Cabinet in the British Government has become so strong that Ramsay Muir referred to it as the ‘Dictatorship of the Cabinet’. In his book ‘How Britain is Governed’, he writes “A body which wields such powers as these may fairly be described as ‘omnipotent’ in theory, however, incapable it may be of using its omnipotence. Its position, whenever it commands a majority, is a dictatorship only qualified by publicity. This dictatorship is far more absolute that it was two generations ago”. The same description holds good in the Indian context too.  KITCHEN CABINET The cabinet, a small body consisting of the prime minister as its head and some 15 to 20 most important ministers, is the highest decision-making body in the formal sense. However, a still smaller body called the ‘Inner Cabinet’ or ‘Kitchen Cabinet’ has become the real centre of power. This informal body consists of the Prime Minister and two to four influential colleagues in whom he has faith and with whom he can discuss every problem. It advises the prime minister on important political and administrative issues and assists him in making crucial decisions. It is composed of not only cabinet ministers but also outsiders like friends and family members of the prime minister. Every prime minister in India has had his ‘Inner Cabinet’–a circle within a circle. During the era of Indira Gandhi, the ‘Inner Cabinet’ which came to be called the ‘Kitchen Cabinet’ was particularly powerful. The prime ministers have resorted to the device of ‘inner cabinet’ (extra- constitutional body) due to its merits, namely: 1. It being a small unit, is much more efficient decision-making body than a large cabinet. 2. It can meet more often and deal with business much more expeditiously than the large cabinet. 3. It helps the Prime Minister in maintaining secrecy in making decisions on important political issues. However, it has many demerits also. Thus,6 1. It reduces the authority and status of the cabinet as the highest decision-making body. 2. It circumvents the legal process by allowing outside persons to play an influential role in the government functioning. The phenomenon of ‘kitchen cabinet’ (where decisions are cooked and placed before the cabinet for formal approval) is not unique to India. It also exists in USA and Britain and is quite powerful in influencing government decisions there. Table 20.2 Articles Related to Central Council of Ministers at a Glance Article Subject Matter No. 74. Council of Ministers to aid and advise President 75. Other provisions as to Ministers 77. Conduct of business of the Government of India 78. Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc. 88. Rights of Ministers as respects the Houses. NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. This Article was amended by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 to the effect that the president shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with the advice rendered by the council of ministers. The 44th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1978 further added a proviso to this article to the effect that the president may require the council of ministers to reconsider such advice and the president shall act in accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration. 2. The Salaries and Allowances of Ministers Act, 1952, has been passed for this purpose. 3. Each minister need not resign separately; the resignation of the prime minister amounts to the resignation of the entire council of ministers. 4. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume VIII, p. 1160 5. In 1952, the minister of state was given the new designation of ‘Minister of Cabinet Rank’. But in 1957, the earlier designation was restored. 6. Avasthi and Avasthi, Indian Administration, Laksmi Narain Agarwal, First Edition, 1993, p. 79.  21 Cabinet Committees FEATURES OF CABINET COMMITTEES The following are the features of Cabinet Committees: 1. They are extra-constitutional in emergence. In other words, they are not mentioned in the Constitution. However, the Rules of Business provide for their establishment. 2. They are of two types–standing and ad hoc. The former are of a permanent nature while the latter are of a temporary nature. The ad hoc committees are constituted from time to time to deal with special problems. They are disbanded after their task is completed.1 3. They are set up by the Prime Minister according to the exigencies of the time and requirements of the situation. Hence, their number, nomenclature, and composition varies from time to time. 4. Their membership varies from three to eight. They usually include only Cabinet Ministers. However, the non-cabinet Ministers are not debarred from their membership. 5. They not only include the Ministers in charge of subjects covered by them but also include other senior Ministers. 6. They are mostly headed by the Prime Minister. Some times other Cabinet Ministers, particularly the Home Minister or the Finance Minister, also acts as their Chairman. But, in case the Prime Minister is a member of a committee, he invariably presides over it. 7. They not only sort out issues and formulate proposals for the consideration of the Cabinet, but also take decisions. However, the Cabinet can review their decisions. 8. They are an organisational device to reduce the enormous workload of the Cabinet. They also facilitate in-depth examination of policy issues and effective coordination. They are based on the principles of division of labour and effective delegation.  LIST OF CABINET COMMITTEES In 1994, there were the following 13 Cabinet Committees: 1. Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs 2. Cabinet Committee on Natural Calamities 3. Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs 4. Appointments Committee of the Cabinet 5. Cabinet Committee on Accommodation 6. Cabinet Committee on Foreign Investment 7. Cabinet Committee on Drug Abuse Control 8. Cabinet Committee on Prices 9. Cabinet Committee on Minority Welfare 10. Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs 11. Cabinet Committee on Trade and Investment 12. Cabinet Committee on Expenditure 13. Cabinet Committee on Infrastructure In 2013, the following 10 Cabinet Committees were in existence: 1. Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs 2. Cabinet Committee on Prices 3. Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs 4. Appointments Committee of the Cabinet 5. Cabinet Committee on Security 6. Cabinet Committee on World Trade Organisation (WTO) Matters 7. Cabinet Committee on Investment 8. Cabinet Committee on Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) related issues 9. Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs 10. Cabinet Committee on Accommodation At present (2019), the following 8 Cabinet Committees are functional: 1. Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs 2. Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs 3. Appointments Committee of the Cabinet 4. Cabinet Committee on Security 5. Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs 6. Cabinet Committee on Accommodation 7. Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth 8. Cabinet Committee on Employment and Skill Development  FUNCTIONS OF CABINET COMMITTEES The following four are the more important cabinet committees: 1. The Political Affairs Committee deals with all policy matters pertaining to domestic and foreign affairs. 2. The Economic Affairs Committee directs and coordinates the governmental activities in the economic sphere. 3. Appointments Committee decides all higher level appointments in the Central Secretariat, Public Enterprises, Banks and Financial Institutions. 4. Parliamentary Affairs Committee looks after the progress of government business in the Parliament. The first three committees are chaired by the Prime Minister and the last one by the Home Minister. Of all the Cabinet Committees, the most powerful is the Political Affairs Committee, often described as a “Super- Cabinet”.  GROUPS OF MINISTERS In addition to cabinet committees, several Groups of Ministers (GoMs) are constituted to look into different issues / subjects. Some of these GoMs are empowered to take decisions on behalf of the Cabinet whereas the others make recommendations to the Cabinet.2 The institution of GoMs has become a viable and effective instrument of coordination among the ministries. These are ad hoc bodies formed to give recommendations to the cabinet on certain emergent issues and critical problem areas. Ministers heading the concerned ministries are inducted into the relevant GoMs and when the advice is crystallised they are disbanded.3 The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2005–2009) made the following observations and recommendations with respect to the working of the GoMs4 : 1. The Commission observed that the constitution of a large number of GoMs has resulted in many GoMs not being able to meet regularly to complete their work thus leading to significant delays on many major issues. 2. The Commission felt that more selective use of the institution of GoMs would perhaps lead to more effective coordination particularly if they are empowered to arrive at a decision on behalf of the Cabinet with time limits that are prescribed for completing the work entrusted to them. 3. The Commission recommended that there is need to ensure that the existing coordination mechanism of GoMs function effectively and helps in early resolution of issues. Selective, but effective use of GoMs with clear mandate and prescribed time limits would be helpful. NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. For example, the Emergency Committee was set-up in 1962 after the Chinese invasion. 2. Second Administrative Reforms Commission, Government of India, Report on Organizational Structure of Government of India, 2009, P.136. This commission was headed by Veerappa Moily, a senior Congress leader and former Karnataka Chief Minister. 3. Ramesh K. Arora and Rajni Goyal, Indian Public Administration, New Age International Publishers, Third Edition, 2013, pp. 238–239. 4. Second Administrative Reforms Commission, Government of India, Report on Organisational Structure of Government of India, 2009, pp. 136–137 and 140.