Spanish Conquest of the Philippines PDF

SPANISH EXPEDITIONS TO THE PHILIPPINES  In the 15th century, Philippines was invaded by Spain and reigned over the Philippines for 333 years, from 1565 to 1898. Their coming changed our history because of...

SPANISH EXPEDITIONS TO THE PHILIPPINES  In the 15th century, Philippines was invaded by Spain and reigned over the Philippines for 333 years, from 1565 to 1898. Their coming changed our history because of THREE REASONS: 1. Through Spain, we became CATHOLIC. 2. We got new and more advanced culture from Europe and Mexico. 3. But for the first time, WE LOST OUR FREEDOM or INDEPENDENCE.  THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese in the service of the Spanish crown, was looking for a westward route to the to the Spice Islands of Indonesia.  THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION  On March 16, 1521, Magellan's expedition landed on Homonhon island in the Philippines. He was the first European to reach the islands. 4  THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION  Rajah Humabon of Cebu was friendly with Magellan and embraced Christianity, but their enemy, Lapu- Lapu was not. Humabon wanted Magellan to kill Lapu- Lapu while Magellan wanted to convert Lapu-Lapu into Christianity. 5  THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION  On April 27, 1521, Magellan sailed to Mactan and ensuing battle killed Magellan by the natives lead by Lapu- Lapu.  THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION  Out of the five ships and more than 300 men who left on the Magellan expedition in 1519, only one ship (the Victoria) and 18 men returned to Seville, Spain on September 6, 1522.  THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION  Nevertheless, the said expedition was considered historic because it marked the first circumnavigation of the globe and proved that the world was round.  THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION  Juan Sebastian de Elcano, the master of ship "Concepcion" took over the command of the expedition after the death of Magellan and captained the ship "Victoria" back to Spain.  THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION  He and his men earned the distinction of being the first to circumnavigate the world in one full journey. After Magellan's death in Cebu, it took 16 more months for Elcano to return to Spain. SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION  Afterthe Spain had celebrated Elcano’s return, King Charles I decided that Spain should conquer the Philippines. Five subsequent expeditions were then sent to the Islands. SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION Garcia Jofre Loaisa (1525) SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION Sebastian Cabot (1526) SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION Alvarode Saavedra (1527) SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (1542) SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1564) Only the last two actually reached the Philippines; and only Legazpi succeeded in colonizing the Islands. The Villalobos Expedition THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION  Ruy Lopez de Villalobos set sail for the Philippines from Navidad, Mexico on November 1, 1542. THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION  He followed the route taken by Magellan and reached Mindanao on February 2, 1543. He established a colony in Sarangani but could not stay long because of insufficient food supply. THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION  Hisfleet left the island and landed on Tidore in the Moluccas, where they were captured by the Portuguese. THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION  Villalobosis remembered for naming our country “Islas Filipinas,” in honor of King Charles’ son, Prince Philip, who later became king of Spain. The Legazpi Expedition THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION  Since none of the expedition after Magellan from Loaisa to Villalobos had succeeded in taking over the Philippines, King Charles I stopped sending colonizers to the Islands. THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION  However, when Philip II succeeded his father to the throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco, the viceroy of Mexico, to prepare a new expedition – to be headed by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who would be accompanied by Andres de Urdaneta, a priest who had survived the Loaisa mission. THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION  On February 13, 1565, Legazpi's expedition landed in Cebu island. After a short struggle with the natives, he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol. There Legaspi made a blood compact with the chieftain, Datu Sikatuna as a sign of friendship. THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION  Legazpi was able to obtain spices and gold in Bohol due to his friendship with Sikatuna. On April 27, 1565, Legazpi returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of Raja Tupas and establish a settlement. THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION  On orders of the King Philip II, 2,100 men arrived from Mexico. They built the port of Fuerza de San Pedro which became the Spanish trading outpost and stronghold for the region. THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION  Hearing of the riches of Manila, an expedition of 300 men headed by Martin de Goiti left Cebu for Manila. They found the islands of Panay and Mindoro. Goiti arrived in Manila on May 8, 1570. THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION  Atfirst they were welcomed by the natives and formed an alliance with Rajah Suliman, their Muslim king but as the locals sensed the true objectives of the Spaniards, a battle between the troops of Suliman and the Spaniards erupted. THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION  Because the Spaniards are more heavily armed, the Spaniards were able to conquer Manila. Soon after Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived to join Goiti in Manila.  THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION  Legaspi built alliances and made peace with Rajahs Suliman, Lakandula and Matanda. In 1571, Legaspi ordered the construction of the walled city of Intramuros and proclaimed it as the seat of government of the colony and the capital of the islands. THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION  In1572, Legaspi died and was buried at the San Agustin Church in Intramuros. In 1574, Manila was bestowed the title "Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de España" (Distinguished and ever loyal city of Spain) by King Philip II of Spain.  Why the Philippines was easily conquered?  WHY THE PHILIPPINES WAS EASILY CONQUERED  The barangays were scattered and were not united by a integrative political or religious system (only Mindanao and Sulu because of religious reasons were not conquered)  WHY THE PHILIPPINES WAS EASILY CONQUERED Diversity of language which resulted to lack of communication among ethics areas;  WHY THE PHILIPPINES WAS EASILY CONQUERED  Willingnessto cooperate with the Spaniards (as manifested by numerous blood compacts and treaties of friendship between Filipinos and Spaniards)  WHY THE PHILIPPINES WAS EASILY CONQUERED  Superiority of Spanish arms and in art of warfare. System of Government “PHILIPPINES  Centralized form of UNDER IMPERIAL government.  Frailocracia SPAIN” Religion  Christianity's Introduction Social Structures Principalia  Ilustrados Educational System  Educational Decree 1863  focused on the Christian Doctrines System of Writing  Latin alphabet  Economy The Spaniards implemented economic programs which are mainly about land ownership and taxes. The programs are encomienda, hacienda, imposition of different kinds of taxes, galleon trade, monopoly and polo y servicios. Encomienda The encomienda is a land ownership system with the use of titulo as proof of ownership. These are the lands given by the King of Spain to its soldiers who joined the military expeditions. The landlords are called encomendero. They are the ones who collect the taxes or rent from the residents of their land. It is his obligation to protect the residents from any danger or threat like bandits and invaders. But as depicted in the 41 picture, the contrary was happening.  Taxation To support the colony, several forms of taxes and monopolies were imposed. Direct: The tithe is the payment of the 10% of an individual’s annual income to the government. The sanctorum is the tax being paid as support to the church. The tribute(buwis) is the tax or rent given to the landlord a resident is under. It may be in cash or in kind (tobacco,chickens, produce, gold, blankets, cotton, rice, etc., depending on the region of the country), fixed at 8 reales and later increased to 15 reales. 42  Tribute = 10 reales Diezmos prediales (tithes or 1/10) = 1 real Treasury = 1 real Sanctorum tax (church tax) = 3 reales All in all, an average Filipino will pay 15 reales. Indirect Also collected was the bandalâ, an annual enforced sale and requisitioning of goods such as rice. Custom duties and income tax were also collected. By 1884, the tribute was replaced by the Cedula personal, wherein colonists were required to pay for personal identification. Everyone over the age of 18 was obliged to pay. The local gobernadorcillos had been responsible for collection of the tribute. Under the cedula system, however, taxpayers were individually responsible to Spanish authorities for payment of the tax, and were subject to summary arrest for failure to show a cedula 43receipt.  Forced Labor Polo y servicio is the (Polo y servicio) forced labor for 40 days of men ranging from 16 to 60 years of age who were obligated to give personal services to community projects. One could be exempted from polo by paying the falla, a daily fine of one and a half real. In 1884, labor was reduced to 15 days. The polo system was patterned after the Mexican repartimento, selection for forced labor 44  Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade was the main source of income for the colony during its early years. Service was inaugurated in 1565 and continued into the early 19th century. The Galleon trade brought silver from New Spain and silk from China by way of Manila. This way, the Philippines earned its income through buy and sell - that is, they bought silk from China for resale to New Spain and then bought American silver for resale to China. 45  The trade was very prosperous. But It neglected the development of the colony's local industries which affected the Indios since agriculture was their main source of income. In addition, the building and operation of galleons put too much burden on the colonists' annual polo y servicio, resulted in cultural and commercial exchanges between Asia and the Americas that led to the introduction of new crops and animals to the Philippines notably tobacco that gave the colony its first real income which benefit extended to the common Indio. The trade lasted for over two hundred years, and ceased in 1821 with the secession of American colonies from Spain. 46  Royal Company of the Philippines March 10, 1785, Charles III created the Royal Philippine Company with a 25 year charter. It was granted exclusive monopoly of bringing to Manila, Philippines; Chinese and Indian goods and shipping them directly to Spain via the Cape of Good Hope. It was stiffly objected by the Dutch and English who saw it as a direct attack on their trade of Asian goods. It was also vehemently opposed by the traders of the Galleon trade who saw it as competition. This gradually resulted into the death of both institutions: The Royal Philippine Company in 1814 and the Galleon trade47 in 1815.  Philippine Economy under Spain The country under Spain was economically under developed. The Philippines was an economic burden to Spain that caused an annual deficit to the Spanish coffers. The founding of the Economic Society of Friends of the Country helped in the agricultural advancement of the country. The Tobacco Monopoly made the Philippines the greatest tobacco-growing country in the Orient. All farmers had a quota of tobacco to raise annually and all were sold to the Government. Spanish policies imposed here were not that helpful for the Filipinos and most government officials were of Spanish by blood and Filipinos were the ones made to work tedious jobs. 48  There were many changes in the Filipino society during the Spanish colonization. Spanish authorities did not show any sign of fairness towards the Filipinos especially in the division of responsibilities in polo y servicio. Because of this irresponsibility, Filipinos still work apart from their allotted time for work. Filipinos who were working in the Galleon Trade experienced misfortune because of the heavy loads Spanish authorities were asking of them. As a result, many workers died and later on separated families because of poverty being experienced. 49 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT UNDER SPAIN Spain established ONE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT in the Philippines. Many independent barangays of our ancestors disappeared. One government alone ruled most of the country. Thus, for the first time in history, we became united as one nation called “FILIPINAS”. The rest of the world came to know our country by that name. 50 Since Spain was far from the country, the Spanish king ruled the Islands through the viceroy of Mexico, which was then another Spanish colony. KING OF SPAIN VICEROY OF MEXICO PHILIPPINES When Mexico regained its freedom in 1821, the Spanish king ruled the Philippines through a Governor General. KING OF SPAIN GOVERNOR GENERAL PHILIPPINES  KING OF SPAIN THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH THE JUDICIAL BRANCH (Governor General) (Royal Audencia, Residencia, Lower Courts, Governor-General) PROVINCIAL PROVINCIAL CITY GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT AYUNTAMIENTO ALCALDIA CORRIGIMIENTO (Cabildo) (Alcalde Mayor) (Corregidor) PUEBLOS OR TOWNS CABILDO (Gobernadorcillos) City Council ALCALDE REGIDORES BARRIOS AGUACIL MAYOR (Cabeza de Barangay) ESCRIBANDO BARRIOS (Cabeza de Barangay) THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE Spain established a centralized colonial government in the Philippines that was composed of a NATIONAL GOVERNMENT and the LOCAL GOVERNMENTS that administered provinces, cities, towns and municipalities. NATIONAL GOVERNMENT: maintained peace and order collected taxes built schools and other public works  THE GOVERNOR GENERAL The King's representative and the highest- ranking official in the Philippines. He had GREAT POWERS. He had the power to appoint and dismiss public officials, except those personally chosen by the King. He was the commander in chief of the colonial armed forces. He was also the president of the Royal Audencia. (Like the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court today)  There were 115 Spanish Governor-Generals in our country The first one was Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1565-1572) and the last was Diego de los Rios (1898) Diego de los Rios Miguel Lopez de Legazpi The Governor General and other government officials had so much power that it was commonly abused. To investigate the abuses, there were bodies created: THE RESIDENCIA THE VISITA THE ROYAL AUDENCIA  THE RESIDENCIA This was a special judicial court that investigates the performance of a Governor General who was about to be replaced. The Residencia, of which the incoming Governor General was usually a member, submitted a report of its findings to the King.  THE VISITA The Council of the Indies in Spain sent a government official called the VISITADOR GENERAL to observe conditions in the colony. The Visitador General reported his findings directly to the king.  Served as an advisory body to the Governor General. Had the power to check and report on his abuses. The Audiencia also audited the expenditures of the colonial government. Sent a yearly report to Spain. The Archbishop and other government officials could also report the abuses of the colonial government. The highest court in the land during the Spanish times. THE ROYAL AUDENCIA  THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT The Spaniards created Local Government Units (LGU) for the provinces. There were two types of local government units: ALCALDIA CORRIGIMIENTO Alcalde Mayor Corregidor Though they were paid a small salary, they enjoyed privileges such as the INDULTO DE COMERCIO or the right to participate in the GALLEON TRADE.  THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT The ALCADIA, led by the Alcalde Mayor governed the provinces. DUTIES OF THE ALCALDE MAYOR:  They represented the Spanish king and the Governor-General  They managed the day-to-day operations of the provincial government  Implemented laws and supervised the collection of taxes  THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT The CORREGIMIENTO, headed by Corregidor governed the provinces that were not yet entirely under Spanish control.  THE CITY GOVERNMENT Larger towns became cities called AYUNTAMIENTO. It became the center of trade and industry. The ayuntamiento had a city council called the CABILDO CABILDO is composed of: ALCALDE (MAYOR) REGIDORES (COUNCILLORS) ALGUACIL MAYOR (POLICE CHIEF) ESCRIBANDO (SECRETARY)  THE MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT Each province was divided into several towns or pueblos headed by GOBERNADORDCILLOS (Little Governor) MAIN DUTIES: Efficient governance and tax collection. FOUR LIEUTENANTS AIDED THE GOVERNARDORCILLO: the Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant), the Teniente de Policia (police lieutenant), the Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant of the fields) the Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant of the livestock)  CABEZA DE BARANGAY (Barrio Administrator or Barangay Captain)  Responsible for the peace and order of the barrio  Recruited men for public works QUALIFICATIONS:  Cabezas should be literate in Spanish.  Have good moral character and property.  Cabezas who served for 25 years were exempted from forced labor.  THANK YOU FOR READING   