Readings in Philippine History PDF

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY ASIAN INSTITUTE FOR DISTANCE EDUCATION FOUNDATION, INC. Readings in Philippine History SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE For READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY MODULE 1 - The Land and Its People MODULE 2 - The Spanish Regime in the Philippines MODULE 3 - The American Period in the Philippines MODULE 4 - The Commonwealth Years and the Japanese Regime in the Philippines MODULE 5 - Contemporary Philippine History Page | 2 Readings in Philippine History TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ……………………………………………………………………………. 5 Module 1 – The Land and Its People Lesson 1 - Geography, Climate and Natural Wonders and Scenic Places ………………………………………………. 8 Lesson 2 - Regionalization of the Philippines ………………………… 15 Lesson 3 - Origin of the Philippines Its People and Their Character Traits …………………………………… 20 Lesson 4 - Pre-Colonial Life and Culture ………………………….. 26 Lesson 5 - Asian Influences ………………………………………... 35 Module 2 – The Spanish Regime in the Philippines Lesson 1 - The Spanish Conquest of the Philippines ………………. 44 Lesson 2 - The Legazpi Expedition ………………………………… 52 Lesson 3 - Aims of Spanish Colonization ………………………….. 58 Lesson 4 - The Reform Movement …………………………………. 72 Lesson 5 - The Katipunan and the Philippine Revolution …………. 82 Module 3 – The American Period in the Philippines Lesson 1 - American Intentions on the Philippines …………………. 98 Lesson 2 - The Filipino-American War ……………………………… 103 Lesson 3 - Decade of Suppressed Nationalism and Continuing Resistance …………………………………… 107 Lesson 4 - Filipinization Under America ………………………. 111 Lesson 5 - American Civil Governors …………………………. 115 Module 4 – The Commonwealth Years and the Japanese Regime in the Philippines Lesson 1 - The Independence Missions ………………………. 121 Lesson 2 - The Commonwealth Period …………………………. 125 Lesson 3 - The Japanese Period ………………………………… 129 Lesson 4 - The Liberation …………………………………………. 134 Lesson 5 - The Third Republic ………………………………….. 138 Page | 3 Readings in Philippine History Module 5 – Contemporary Philippine History Lesson 1 - The Martial Law Years ………………………………… 146 Lesson 2 - The Aquino Administration ……………………………. 150 Lesson 3 - The Ramos Administration ………………………... 154 Lesson 4 - The Estrada Administration …………………………… 159 Lesson 5 - The Arroyo Administration …………………………….. 162 READINGS Page | 4 Readings in Philippine History READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Description of the Subject This course is an in-depth study of the Filipino people from the pre- colonial period to the present. It provides the students with fundamental knowledge about the influences of different peoples that who in contact with the Filipinos. Presented in chronological order, it focuses on the major historical events, social movements and leaders in the past and present, and how these affect the recent political, economic and socio-cultural development of the Philippines. Scope of the Subject Module 1. The Land and Its People Module 2. The Spanish Regime in the Philippines Module 3. The American Period in the Philippines Module 4. The Commonwealth Years and the Japanese Regime in the Philippines Module 5. Contemporary Philippine History Page | 5 Readings in Philippine History Module 1 The Land and Its People Page | 6 Readings in Philippine History MODULE 1 - THE LAND AND ITS PEOPLE Scope of the Module The module contains five lessons, as follows: Lesson 1. Geography, Climate and Natural Wonders and Scenic Places Lesson 2. Regionalization of the Philippines Lesson 3. Origin of the Philippines Its People and Their Character Traits Lesson 4. Pre-Colonial Life and Culture Lesson 5. Asian Influences Overview of the Module The first module presents the Philippines through a discussion of the land and its people. The presentation is made easy by describing its geography, climate, natural wonders and scenic places of the Philippines. The module also includes among others, topics about the regionalization of the Philippines, its origin, its people and their character traits, its pre- colonial life and culture, and the influences they got from their Asian neighbors. Objectives of the Module At the end of this Module, the student is expected to be able to: 1. explain the theories about the origin of the Philippines; 2. describe the natural resources of the Philippines; 3. identify the regions that comprise the Philippines; 4. enumerate the character traits of the Filipinos; 5. describe the indigenous culture of the Filipinos; and 6. show awareness for the unique cultural heritage of the pre-colonial Filipinos. Page | 7 Readings in Philippine History LESSON 1: GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, NATURAL WONDERS AND SCENIC PLACES Lesson Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able to: 1. identify the major features of the geography of the Philippines; 2. describe the climate of the Philippines; and 3. appreciate the natural wonders and scenic places of the Philippines. The Philippines is an archipelago composed of more than 7,000 islands and islets. Only 2,733 of these islands, however, have ever been named. As an archipelago, she is bounded on the north by the Bashi Channel, on the west by the South China Sea, on the south by the Celebes or Sulawesi Sea, and on the east by the Pacific Ocean. The Philippines is located in South East Asian region with a total land area of 115,600 square miles, which makes her about two-thirds the size of Spain and larger than Greece, Great Britain, and New Zealand. The biggest island is Luzon, with an area of 40,814 square miles. Manila, the country’s commercial, cultural and political capital, is located in the center of Luzon. Mindanao is the second biggest island, with an area of 36,906 square miles. A few miles off the eastern shores of Mindanao is the Philippine Deep — considered one of the lowest depths in the world. Mindanao’s largest and most important cities are Cagayan de Oro, Davao, and Zamboanga, which are currently experiencing remarkable growth in commerce, education and tourism in recent years. The Visayan island and its islets lie between Luzon and Mindanao. The more important and beautiful of these are Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Negros, Panay, and Samar (the third largest island). The Philippines has numerous mountains and volcanoes. Of some 52 volcanoes, eleven are still active. The most famous of these are Mayon in Albay, Taal in Batangas, Pinatubo in Zambales, Iraya in Batanes, Banahaw in Quezon, Bulusan in Sorsogon, Makaturing in Lanaw, Hibok-Hibok in Camuigin Island, and Apo in Davao. Mt. Apo (9,500 ft.) in Mindanao is the highest peak. The largest mountain ranges are all located in Luzon. Page | 8 Readings in Philippine History The Sierra Madre, also known as the Pacific Coast range, is regarded as the longest continuous mountain range in the country. It begins at Baler, Aurora and crosses the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya. The Western Caraballo mountain ranges, which separate into Northern Cordillera and Central Cordillera, traverse from north to south through the provinces of Luzon that are west of the Cagayan River. The Caraballo de Baler starts from Quezon and ends in San Bernardino. This mountain range includes Mayon Volcano and Mt. Bulosan. There are smaller mountain ranges like the Zambales range, which begins at Cape Bolinao and ends in Bataan; and the Tagaytay Hil,l which traverses the provinces of Batangas and Laguna, including Mt. Makiling. Other small mountain ranges found in the archipelago are Mt. Halcon in Mindoro and Mt. Kanlaon in Negros. Mindanao has four mountain ranges. There is the Central Eastern mountain range which starts at Butuan and stretches out to Agusan. The Central Western Mountain range starts at Mt. Apo, follows the border of Cotabato and ends in Zamboanga. The Western mountain range begins west of Iligan Bay and ends on the coast of Basilan straits. The Eastern range follows the Pacific coast in Surigao. Climate The Philippines has a humid tropical climate. The year is divided into three seasons: rainy, from June to September; cool, from October to February; and dry, from March to May. January is usually the coldest month and May is the hottest. Typhoons from the Pacific Ocean and the China Sea smash the northern portions of Luzon and Visayas, often between July and November, causing heavy flooding and havoc to the crops. The most destructive typhoons that have hit the Philippines, according to PAGASA, are: Dading in 1964; Meding in 1980; Sening, Titang and Yoling in 1970; Didang in 1972; Ruping in 1990; and Loleng in 1998. Rivers, Valleys and Plains The valleys and plains of the Philippines are dotted with several rivers and lakes that make them fertile and arable. The longest rivers are located in Luzon and Mindanao. The Cagayan River is the longest in the country, and drains the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya. Page | 9 Readings in Philippine History Other rivers that irrigate the plains of Luzon are Rio Grande de Pampanga, the Angat, the Abra and the Agno. The Agusan Lanao and Rio Grande de Mindanao drain the basin of Mindanao. The largest single plain area in the Philippines is the Central Plain of Luzon. It lies east of the Zambales range and extends continuously from the Lingayen Gulf to Manila Bay. The second largest plain is the Cagayan Valley, which is situated between the Sierra Madre and the Cordillera Central. The two other important coastal plains in Luzon are the Ilocos and Zambales plains. In Mindanao, the Agusan Valley and the Cotabato valley are the largest island plains. Natural Resources God has endowed the Philippines with fertile land and bountiful natural resources. The arable soil of the country produces a variety of agricultural products like rice, coconuts, corn, abaca, sugar, tobacco, bananas, pineapples, beans, and camote (sweet potatoes). From our forests, we are able to harvest wood products like timber, logs, gums, resins, and medicinal plants. The Philippines is also rich in mineral resources. Some of the metallic minerals that can be found here are gold, copper, silver, nickel, lead, chromium, manganese and zinc, while the non-metallic minerals are asbestos, clay, coal, gravel, limestone, marble and sulphur. The Philippines has sufficient aquatic and marine resources that include fish, shell, corals, sponges, edible seaweeds, and pearls. There are 2,000 species of fish in the country, including the pandaka pygmea, the smallest fish in the world. There are also about 10,000 species of shells in the archipelago including the tridacna gigas, the world’s largest shell. Natural Wonders and Scenic Places Nature has gifted the Philippines with physical beauty and a great wealth of scenic and natural wonders that we Filipinos can be proud of. The Banawe Rice Terraces in northern Luzon, built 2,000 years ago by the sturdy Ifugao farmers, is a world-class tourist attraction. The Mayon Volcano in Albay is also famous — for its majestic beauty and almost perfect cone. Page | 10 Readings in Philippine History Other captivating natural wonders include the Pagsanjan Falls in Laguna, the Chocolate Hills of Bohol, the Hundreds Island in Pangasinan, Taal Volcano in Batangas, Mt. Banahaw in Quezon, Boracay Beach in Aklan, Salinas Salt Springs in Nueva Vizcaya, the Maria Cristina Falls in Lanao and the Cathedral Caves of Collao in Cagayan. (PERFORM PROGRESS CHECK TEST FOR LESSON 1) Page | 11 Readings in Philippine History PROGRESS CHECK TEST 1 Multiple Choice Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank provided. 1. Geographically, the Philippines is located in __________. a. Southeast Asia b. East Asia c. Central Asia d. West Asia 2. The climate of the Philippines is __________. a. tropical b. sub-tropical c. temperate d. arid 3. The Philippines is an __________ country. a. island b. peninsula c. archipelagic d. land-locked 4. The hottest month in the Philippines is __________. a. April b. May c. May d. March 5. The coldest month in the Philippines is __________. a. November b. December c. January d. February 6. The longest river in the Philippines is __________. a. Cagayan River b. Pampanga River c. Agusan Valley d. Central Plain of Luzon 7. The largest single plain area in the Philippines is __________. a. Cagayan Valley b. Zambales Plain c. Agusan Valley d. Central Plain of Luzon Page | 12 Readings in Philippine History 8. The body of water that bounds the Philippines in the east is __________. a. Pacific Ocean b. Atlantic Ocean c. South China Sea d. Celebes Sea 9. The capital of the province of Aklan is __________. a. Kalibo b. Roxas c. San Jose de Buenavista d. Bacolod 10. The second largest island in the Philippines is __________. a. Luzon b. Mindanao c. Cebu d. Samar COMPARE YOUR ANSWERS WITH THE ANSWER KEY TO THE PROGRESS CHECK TEST AND FIND OUT HOW YOU FARED. Page | 13 Readings in Philippine History KEY TO PROGRESS CHECK TEST 1 (10 points) 1. a 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. c 6. a 7. d 8. a 9. a 10. b Rating: No. of Correct Answers = ____ x 10 My rating is __________% Page | 14 Readings in Philippine History LESSON 2: REGIONALIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES Lesson Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able to: 1. explain the reason for the regionalization of the Philippines; 2. assess the regionalization program of the Philippines; and 3. list down the major cities of the Philippines. In line with the government program of decentralization for a more effective and productive administration, the Philippines was divided into 13 regions as provided by Presidential Decree No. 742. At present, there are 16 regions. REGIONAL REGION CENTER PROVINCES Region I San Fernando, Ilocos Norte (Laoag City), Ilocos Region La Union Ilocos Sur (Vigan), La Union (San Fernando), Pangasinan (Lingayen) Region II Tuguegarao Batanes (Basco), Cagayan Valley City Cagayan (Tuguegarao), Isabela (Ilagan), Nueva Vizcaya (Bayombong), Quirino (Cabarroguis) Region III San Fernando, Bataan (Balanga), Central Luzon Pampanga Bulacan (Malolos), Nueva Ecija (Palayan City), Pampanga (San Fernando), Tarlac (Tarlac), Zambales (Iba), Aurora (Baler) Page | 15 Readings in Philippine History REGIONAL REGION CENTER PROVINCES Region IV-A Lucena City Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Calabarzon Quezon Region IV-B Puerto MIMAROPA Princesa, Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Palawan Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, Palawan Region V Legaspi City Albay (Legaspi City), Bicol region Camarines Norte (Daet), Camarines Sur (Naga City), Catanduanes (Virac), Masbate (Masbate), Sorsogon (Sorsogon) Region VI Iloilo City Aklan (Kalibo), Western Visayas Antique (San Jose), Capiz (Roxas City), Guimaras (Jordan), Iloilo (Iloilo City), Negros Occidental (Bacolod City) Region VII Cebu City Bohol (Tagbilaran City), Central Visayas Cebu (Cebu City), Negros Oriental (Dumaguete City), Siquijor Region VIII Tacloban City Leyte (Tacloban City), Eastern Visayas Eastern Samar (Borongan), Northern Samar (Catarman), Western Samar (Catbalogan), Southern Leyte (Maasin), Biliran (Naval) Region IX Zamboanga Basilan (Isabela de Basilan), Western City Zamboanga del Norte (Dipolog Mindanao City), Zamboanga del Sur (Pagadian City) Page | 16 Readings in Philippine History REGIONAL REGION CENTER PROVINCES Region X Cagayan de Agusan del Norte (Butuan City), Northern Oro City Agusan del Sur (Prosperidad), Mindanao Bukidnon (Malaybalay), Camuigin (Mambajao), Misamis Occidental (Oroquieta City), Misamis Oriental (Cagayan de Oro City), Surigao del Norte (Surigao City) Region XI Davao City Davao del Norte (Tagum), Southern Davao Oriental (Mati), Mindanao Davao del Sur (Digos), South Cotabato (Koronadal), Surigao del Sur (Tandag) Region XII Cotabato City Lanao del Norte (Tubod), Central North Cotabato (Kidapawan), Mindanao Sultan Kudarat (Isulan) National Capital Manila Caloocan City, Quezon City, Region Pasay City, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong City, Marikina, Muntinlupa City, Navotas, Parañaque City, Pasig City, Pateros, Las Piñas City, San Juan, Taguig, and Valenzuela CAR (Cordillera Baguio City Ifugao (Lagawe), Administrative Kalinga Apayao (Tabuk), Region Abra (Bangued), Benguet (La Trinidad), Mountain Province (Bontok) ARRM Maguindanao Lanao del Sur (Marawi City), (Autonomous Maguindanao (Magahoy), Region in Muslim Sulu (Jolo), Tawi-Tawi Mindanao) (PERFORM PROGRESS CHECK TEST FOR LESSON 2) Page | 17 Readings in Philippine History PROGRESS CHECK TEST 2 Encircle the letter of the word that does not belong to the group. 1. a. Ilocos Norte b. Ilocos Sur c. Pangasinan d. Isabela 2. a. Batanes b. La Union c. Cagayan d. Isabela 3. a. Lanao del Sur b. Maguindanao c. Benguet d. Sulu 4. a. Ifugao b. Kalinga c. Abra d. Maguindanao 5. a. Negros Oriental b. Aklan c. Iloilo d. Negros Occidental 6. a. Bataan b. Quezon c. Laguna d. Batangas 7. a. Albay b. Sorsogon c. Camarines Norte d. Surigao del Norte 8. a. Bulacan b. Nueva Ecija c. Cavite d. Tarlac 9. a. San Juan b. Manila c. Pasay d. Caloocan 10. a. Agusan del Norte b. Agusan delSur c. Bukidnon d. Zamboanga COMPARE YOUR ANSWERS WITH THE ANSWER KEY TO THE PROGRESS CHECK TEST AND FIND OUT HOW YOU FARED. Page | 18 Readings in Philippine History KEY TO PROGRESS CHECK TEST 2 (10 points) 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. a 6. a 7. d 8. c 9. a 10. d Rating: No. of Correct Answers = __________ X 10 My rating is __________% Page | 19 Readings in Philippine History LESSON 3: ORIGIN OF THE PHILIPPINES, ITS PEOPLE AND THEIR CHARACTER TRAITS Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able to: 1. identify and explain the most accepted scientific theories about the origin of the Philippines; 2. recognize the uniqueness of the Filipino race; and 3. identify the positive character traits of the Filipinos. The following are the most accepted scientific theories about the origin of the Philippines: 1) The Land Bridge theory 2) part of the lost continent 3) volcanic in origin The Land Bridge theory was regarded by early scholars and scientists as the most believable. According to this theory, the Philippines was once a part of mainland China. It was a landmark bridging the Asian continent to Indonesia, New Guinea, and Australia. During the post glacial period, however, the world’s ice melted and caused sea levels to rise and lower regions to sink — this included the land bridges connecting mainland China, the Philippines, and Indonesia. The next theory about the origin of the Philippines was based on the legend that the archipelagoes of the Philippines and Indonesia were remnants of a Pacific continent called Mu or Lemuria, which had submerged during the pre-historic period. However, contemporary geologists considered it to have no scientific basis. Dr. Fritjon Voss, a noted German geologist, supported and affirmed that the Philippines is volcanic in origin. In the course of his research, he found out that the Philippines was never part of mainland China and that the archipelago ascended from the ocean floor as a result of the eruptions of sea volcanoes. Page | 20 Readings in Philippine History The Filipino Race The Filipino belongs to a hodge podge of races, although predominantly he is a Malay. His racial mixture, according to H. Otley Beyer, is as follows: Malay, 40%; Indonesian, 30%; Negrito, 10%; Chinese, 10%; Indian, 8%; American, 3%; and Arab, 2%. The Tagalogs, Visayans, Ilocanos, Bicolanos, Pampanguenos, Ybanags ,and Zambals are the major ethnic groups in the Philippines. They are the progeny of the colonials who were reduced to submission by the Spaniards and Americans, and who are now Christians and more westernized than other Filipinos or Filipino ethnic groups. The Tausugs, Maguinadanaos, Maranaws, Samals, T’bolis, Tirurays, and Bagobos are cultural minorities that live on the islands of Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago, while the Benguets, Bontocs, Ifugaos, Igorots, Kalingas, Apayaos, Itnegs, Ibaloys, and Kankanays are the cultural minorities in the Cordilleras. The Mangyans of Mindoro, the Ybatans of Batanes and the Atis of Aklan also belong to these cultural minority groups. They are the unconquered Filipinos who have retained their indigenous cultural traditions and religion. Character Traits of the Filipinos As a people, the Filipinos have their own admirable character traits. They are known for their hospitality — they welcome visitors with open arms and hearts, whether these be Filipinos or foreigners; they go out of their way to make their visitors comfortable, happy and contented; and they usually make it a point to give their visitors the best food and accommodation. Filipinos are also well known for their spirituality and religiosity. A survey conducted by the Weather Station in 1991 showed that about eight out of ten Filipinos have strong beliefs about their religion, and 86% of them have no doubts about the existence of God. The best indicator of the religiosity of the Filipinos is the presence of numerous religious sects and cults aside from Catholicism — such as the El Shaddai, Iglesia ni Cristo, Iglesia Filipina Indepediente, Jesus is Lord Movement, Jesus Miracle Crusade, Ang Dating Daan and all the Protestant Sects. In some parts of the Philippines, in fact, Jose Rizal was even regarded as the reincarnation of Jesus Christ. The Filipino has close family ties. This has remained despite the harmful and liberal influences of foreign ideas on our culture. The family is the basic unit in Philippine society and everything revolves around it. Page | 21 Readings in Philippine History There is also a cooperative endeavor within the family circle because the problem of one member is the problem of all members in the family. As an extension of close family ties or tribal family, Filipinos have a tendency to be regionalistic. This feeling is certainly noticeable in varsitarian groups such as the Samahang Ilocano, Genuine Ilocano, United Ilocandia, Aquing Bicol, Mekeni Abe, Rong Akeanon, Samahang Tagalog… in colleges and universities. The so-called Solid-North always voted for Ilocano presidentiables and senatoriables in national elections. Of all the Filipinos, the Ilocanos are the most regionalistic. This strong regionalistic attitude usually resulted in one regional or tribal group matching itself against another regional group. The Filipinos show their respect for elders by kissing the hands or forehead of their parents or any older relatives and friends of the family. The words po, opo, manong, manang, kaka, diko, sanko, ditse, manoy, manay, ingko, impo, mang, aleng, and sitse in our language show respect for elders. Filipino parents also castigate children who talk back arrogantly. They believe that because of their age and experience in life, they know better. Filipino sayings like ”may gatas ka pa sa labi”, ”marami ka pang kakaining bigas” and “papunta ka pa lang pabalik na ako“ are never-ending reminders to the young generations. Other character traits of the Filipinos that are worthy of admiration are their loyalty and gratitude to friends who are kind and reliable in both good times and troubles. Adaptability and resiliency is also to be noted. Early Settlers According to Prof. H. Otley Beyer, the Negritos were the first group of settlers who inhabited the Philippines about 22,000 B.C. during the Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age). These nomadic people were small in stature, had flat noses, black skins and kinky hair. They were food gatherers and had no system of government and writing. They were followed by the Indonesians who migrated into the Philippines in two waves. The first wave was at about 3,000 B.C., and the second wave at about 1,000 B.C. These people who brought with them the Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) culture and lived in organized settlements. They knew how to domesticate animals, and introduced the slash-burn (kaingin) farming method. The Indonesians were the ancestors of the Kalingas, Apayaos, Igorots, Ifugaos, and Goddangs in the Cordilleras. They were taller, slender, and had fairer complexions than the Negritos. Page | 22 Readings in Philippine History The Malays came in three waves during the Metallic Age and Porcelain Age. The first group brought their mining and smelting technical skills and their own agricultural system. They developed terrace agriculture with elaborate irrigation systems. The third group was composed of the Muslim Malays, and introduced Islam to the Philippines. They were more culturally advanced than the Negritos and the Indonesians. They dwelled in organized settlements called the barangay. The Malays practiced domestic and foreign barter trade. Other means of livelihood included pottery, weaving, fishing, lumbering, ship building, poultry and stock raising. (PERFORM PROGRESS CHECK TEST FOR LESSON 3) Page | 23 Readings in Philippine History PROGRESS CHECK TEST 3 Answer the following questions: 1. It was regarded by early scholars and scientist as the most believable among the theories about the origin of the Philippines. 2. He was a noted German geologist who supported and affirmed that the Philippines is volcanic in origin. 3. The Filipino is a mixture of races, although predominantly, he is_______. 4. It is an extension of clannishness. 5. It is “utang na loob” in Tagalog. COMPARE YOUR ANSWERS WITH THE ANSWER KEY TO THE PROGRESS CHECK TEST AND FIND OUT HOW YOU FARED. Page | 24 Readings in Philippine History KEY TO PROGRESS CHECK TEST 3 (5 points) 1. land bridge theory 2. Dr. Fritjon Voss 3. Malay 4. regionalism 5. debt of gratitude Rating: No. of Correct Answers = __________ X 20 My rating is __________% Page | 25 Readings in Philippine History LESSON 4: PRE-COLONIAL LIFE AND CULTURE Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able to: 1. discuss the pre-colonial life and culture of the Filipinos; 2. appreciate how the pre-colonial culture of our ancestors contributed to our rich heritage as a people; and 3. make researches on local history. Early Spanish missionaries and historians such as Fray Pedro Chirino, in his work Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, and Antonio de Morga in his Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas attested that before the arrival of the Spaniards, the early Filipinos already had a civilization of their own. They had their system of government, laws, social organization, industries, language, system of writing, education, literature, music, arts, religion, customs, traditions, mores, and a flourishing trade with their Asian neighbors. Daniel Webster defines civilization as “the advanced stage of human society in which a high level of culture, science, industry and government has been achieved.” System of Government The barangay was the basic political unit during the pre-colonial period and it was composed of 30 to 100 families. Each barangay was independent and self-governing, headed by a chieftain called datu, rajah, or sultan. The chieftain was a very powerful official. He had executive, judicial and legislative powers. In time of war, he was also the Supreme commander of the barangay warriors. According to Fray Juan de Placencia, the term barangay was derived from the Malay word “balangay”, meaning sailboat, which the early Malay settlers used when they set foot on the Philippines. Page | 26 Readings in Philippine History Pre-colonial Filipinos had customary or traditional laws. Customary laws were tribal customs and practices handed down orally from one generation to another, while written laws were enacted by the chieftain with the approval of the council of elders and announced to the whole barangay by a village crier called “umalohokan” to put the new law immediately in effect. The Code of Kalantiaw and the Maragtas Code were the earliest examples of written laws. These laws were written in Panay. The ancient Filipinos also complied with the rules of a judicial process. The barangay court was composed of the Datu as the judge, and the council of elders as the jury. Trials were held in public and usually, the suspect who had more witnesses in his favor was adjudged the winner. If the court could not clearly establish the guilt or innocence of two suspects, they resorted to trial by ordeal or pagsubok. This trial was held to show that Bathalang-Maykapal in his limitless wisdom always took the side of the innocent. Examples of trial by ordeal were: boiling water with stone ordeal, chewing uncooked rice ordeal, candle ordeal, river ordeal and “bultong” or combat ordeal. Insult, sacrilege, murder, rape, witchcraft, and trespassing at nighttime in the chieftain’s residence were regarded as serious crimes. Punishment for the crimes ranged from heavy fines to slavery or even death. Adultery, theft, cheating in business were considered as lesser crimes. Punishment for these crimes could be a small fine or whipping. Social Classes Pre-colonial society was divided into three separate social classes: the nobles, the freemen and the dependents. The members of the nobility were composed of the datus and their families. They were the upper class and highly respected in their village. The male nobles were given the titles of Gat and Lakan while the female nobles’ title was Dayang. Next to the nobles were the freemen. In the Tagalog region, the freemen were called Maharlika or Mahadlika; Timagua in the Visayan region; and Timawa in the Ilocos region. They were considered as the middle class, and were usually born free or were emancipated slaves. The lowest class was the dependents. Among the Tagalogs, the two types of dependents were the Aliping Namamahay and the Aliping Saguiguilid. The Aliping Namamahay had their own house, property and family while the Aliping Saguiguilid had no house and property, and could be sold by their masters. Page | 27 Readings in Philippine History Among the Visayans, the dependents were called tumatabon, tumarampuk and ayuey. Captivity in battle, purchase, birth, punishment and failure to pay debts were the causes of dependency during the Pre-Spanish period. Mode of Dressing and Ornaments The male Filipino attire during the pre-colonial period was composed of two parts. The upper part was called kanggan, a collarless short-sleeved jacket, while the lower part was called bahag. They also wore a headgear known as putong. The color of the putong indicated the number of persons the wearer had killed. The female attire was also composed of two parts. The upper attire was called baro or camisa, a wide-sleeved blouse, while the lower part was called saya. The saya was called patadyong among the Tagalogs and the Visayans. The waist was wrapped with a long narrow piece of cloth called tapis. Both men and women did not wear any slippers. The most common personal ornaments used by the early Filipinos were kalumbiga (armlet), necklace, earrings, anklets, and rings. These ornaments were usually made of gold. The ancient Filipinos also adorned their bodies and faces with tattoos. Among the men, tattoos served as their war medal or record. Women, on the other hand, put tattoos in order to enhance the beauty of their body. Of all the early Filipinos, the Visayans were the most tattooed people, and it is for this reason that the Spanish missionaries called them pintados or painted people, and the Visayas Island, Islas del Pintados or Island of the Painted People. Houses The early Filipinos dwelled in houses made of bamboo, wood, nipa, palm, cogon and other available native materials. These houses were called bahay kubo (nipa hut). This type of house was suited to the tropical climate of the country. Each bahay kubo had a ladder that could be drawn up at night, and a batalan (gallery) where washing and bathing were done. In Northern Luzon, the Kalingas and the Igorots built their houses on tree tops for protection from their enemies. In Sulu, the Badjaos (sea gypsies), being seafaring people, dwelled in boat houses. Page | 28 Readings in Philippine History Education, Languages, Writings and Literature According to Fr. Pedro Chirino in his work, Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, most of the ancient Filipinos were literate. Although there were no formal schools, pre-Spanish children were taught reading and writing. The fathers taught their sons to become good warriors, hunters, farmers and fishermen. They also had their own system of writing known as baybayin. It was derived from the Asokan alphabet in India and consisted of 17 letters with 3 vowels and 14 consonants. They used iron-painted pens and wrote on tree boards, bamboo tubes, and plant leaves. The ancient Filipinos had two types of literature: oral and written. Oral literature included the awit (songs), bugtong (riddle), hele or uyayi (cradle song), ihiman (wedding song), kumintang (war song), and salawikain (proverbs). Written literature was about myths and epics and it became instruments in explaining natural phenomena. The Hudhud and Alim of Ifugao, Biag ni Lam-ang of Ilocos, Parang Sabil of Tausug, Bantugan of Maranao and Indarapatra at Sulayman of Maguindanao are classical examples of this literature and are inspired by the Mahabharata and Ramayana of India. Because of the archipelagic nature of our country, we developed more than a hundred languages and dialects and almost most of them originated from the linguistic family of the Austronesian or Malayo- Polenesian language, the mother tongue of the Malay and Pacific races. The eight major languages are: Tagalog, Hiligaynon (Ilongo), Iloco, Pangasinan (Pangalatok), Kapampangan, Sugbuhanon (Cebuano), Samarnon (Waray), and Maguindanaw. Music and Dances The songs and music of the early Filipinos were expressed in all aspects of their daily lives. They had a variety of musical instruments and dances and songs for several important events. Some of their musical instruments were the kudyapi, the Tagalog guitar; the tultogan, bamboo drums of the Visayans; the kutibeng, the guitar of the Ilokanos; and the silbay, the Ilocano reed flute. Page | 29 Readings in Philippine History In folk dances, the Visayans moved their feet and body to the Balitaw and Dandansoy, the Tagalogs performed in the Kumintang (love dance) and the Mahinhin (courtship dance), the Ilocanos danced to the rhythmical steps of the Kinnotan, and the Tinggians had the Tadek (love dance). Religion and Burial Practices The early Filipinos practiced a polytheism type of religion because they believed and worshipped in a plurality of gods and goddesses. This supreme god was Bathalang Maykapal, creator of heaven and earth and mankind. Below Bathala were other minor deities: Idianale (Tagalog Goddess of Agriculture), Lakampati (Tagalog God of Harvest), Sidapa (Visayan God of Death), Apolaki (Pangasinan war god), Kidul (Kalinga god of thunder). Dal’lang (Ilocano goddess of beauty), Apo Malyari (Zambal god of power and strength), Poko (Tagbuan god of the sea), Kolyog (Ifugao god of earthquakes), and Bulol (Ifugao rice god). They believed in the immortality of the soul, in life after death, and in the transmigration of the soul. They venerated ancestral spirits, called anitos by the Tagalogs and diwatas by the Visayans, and offered food, animals and other sacrifices to appease or win the benevolence of these spirits. The ritual offering of sacrifices were performed by the babaylan and katalonas, the pre-colonial priests and priestesses. They also worshipped nature, the sun, the moon, the animals, some kinds of birds, and even old trees. Since they believe in life after death and the immortality of the soul, the early Filipinos were extremely respectful of the dead. In Sagada in the Mountain Province, they embalmed and mummified the cadavers in a sitting position and placed them in caves while in some parts of the country, they buried the dead near their houses. Clothes, food, weapons, gold and sometimes slaves were buried with the dead. Mourning for the dead datu was called the laraw; for a dead man, maglahe; and for a dead woman, morotal. During the laraw, bickerings among the natives were prohibited. Spears were carried with the blades pointing down, and wearing of colored clothes were not allowed. Page | 30 Readings in Philippine History Marriage Customs The ancient Filipino married within his class. Thus, a noble married a woman of his social rank; a freeman wed within his social rank and a dependent married one from his own social rank. As a condition to marriage, the man was required to give a dowry to the parents. This dowry was called bigay-kaya by the Tagalogs and sab-ong by the Ilocanos. The man also served the parents for a certain period of time by fetching water, chopping wood, and farming. It is interesting to note that divorce was permitted during the pre-colonial period. Some of the causes of divorce were: (1) adultery, (2) childlessness, (3) insanity, (4) abandonment of the wife and (5) deliberate cruelty. Economic Life The main source of livelihood of the early Filipinos was farming or agriculture. They produced rice, coconuts, fruits, hemp, kapok (cotton), sugarcane, and vegetables. Two systems of land cultivation were practiced by the farmers: the kaingin (upland) system, in which land was cleared by burning the bushes and shrubs. After cleaning the land, planting followed while in the tillage (lowland) system, land was plowed and harrowed by a carabao, followed by the planting of rice. Landholding during the ancient period was both public and private. The uncultivated and less arable lands near the barangay and those alongside the mountains were considered communal or public property. Private lands were developed and cultivated by the families of the barangay. Other means of livelihood were fishing, mining, lumbering, shipbuilding, weaving, wine manufacturing, weapon making, poultry and livestock raising. They also had foreign and domestic trade before the coming of the Spaniards. Inter-baranganic trade and commerce was carried out along the river system as most settlements were in the coastal villages. The natives of Luzon regularly traded and unloaded their products in some parts of the Visayas and Mindanao islands. Our ancestors had flourishing trade with their Asian neighbors like China, Japan, India, Siam, Malaya and Indonesia. In fact, the early Chinese writers observed that the ancient Filipinos were honest in business. When Chinese merchants came with their merchandise, they were immediately paid by the Filipinos for the merchandise that they took during the previous visit of the Chinese. Page | 31 Readings in Philippine History Although the ancient Filipinos knew the art of coinage, they used the barter system in conducting business with the foreign traders. Their system of weight and measure made their commercial transactions easier. Examples of their system of measures were: the kaban (25 gantas) and the salop (ganta). The system of length were the dipa (length of an outstretched arm), and the sandankal (the width of the hand with all the fingers pressed together). (PERFORM PROGRESS CHECK TEST FOR LESSON 4) Page | 32 Readings in Philippine History PROGRESS CHECK TEST 4 A. Knowledge of Terminology. Encircle the word that is the synonym of the term being defined. 1. Sangley a) travelling merchant b) sea pirates c) business tycoon 2. Parian a) Japanese community b) Indian community c)Chinese community 3. Bugtong a) songs b) riddles c) proverbs 4. Ancient a) early b) modern c) sophisticated 5. Indigenous a) native b) foreign c) alien B. Matching Type. Match Column A with Column B and write your answer on the space provided before each number. A B ______ 1. Bathala a. public crier ______ 2. Babaylan b. Tagalog guitar ______ 3. Putong c. Ilocano guitar ______ 4. Umalohokan d. native priest ______ 5. Kudyapi e. system of government ______ 6. Kutibeng f. headgear ______ 7. Barangay g. dowry ______ 8. Ihiman h. Supreme God ______ 9. Hele i. Wedding song ______ 10. Bigay-kaya j. war song COMPARE YOUR ANSWERS WITH THE ANSWER KEY TO THE PROGRESS CHECK TEST AND FIND OUT HOW YOU FAR Page | 33 Readings in Philippine History KEY TO PROGRESS CHECK TEST 4 A. Knowledge of Terminology 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. a B. Matching Type. 1. h 2. d 3. f 4. a 5. b 6. c 7. e 8. I 9. J 10. g Rating: No. of Correct Answers = __________ X 6.67 My rating is __________% Page | 34 Readings in Philippine History LESSON 5: ASIAN INFLUENCES Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able to: 1. explain the significance of the various Asian influences in our Filipino culture; 2. manifest pride in the richness of our Filipino culture; and 3. list down the various Asian influences to our Filipino culture. Before the Philippines was brought to the awareness of the Europeans, the early Filipinos were already trading with the Chinese, the Japanese, the Arabs, and the Indians. These Asian merchants came to the seacoast of the archipelago to exchange products our ancestors. Some of them even settled in the country permanently and intermarried with the natives. As a result of this intermingling with our Asian neighbors, it helped enrich our culture and our ancestors learned many new things about the native lands where the merchants came from and these were absorbed by the early Filipinos and became part of our culture. Indian Influences Indian cultural influences were introduced by the Indianized immigrants and merchants from Siam, Java, Sumatra and the Indo-China and Malayan Peninsulas. These influences are traceable in the religious beliefs of the early Filipinos. The Supreme God of the ancient Tagalogs was Bathala, derived from the Sanskrit word Bhattara (Great Lord). The pre- Islamic natives of Sulu worshipped Indra Battara (the most powerful deity), Aqui (fire god), Indra (sky god), Surya (sun god), and Vayu (god of the winds). Page | 35 Readings in Philippine History The popular Filipino epics such as the Biag ni Lam-Ang of the Ilocanos, Hadiong of the Bicolanos, Darangan of the Maranaws and the Hudhud at Alim of the Cordilleras were inspired by the great Sanskrit epics — the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. The wearing of the putong (headgear) among the male Filipinos and sarong (Indian sari) among the female Filipinos were of Indian origin. Superstitious beliefs and customs that came from India were: 1) a comet is a bad sign because it brings war, famine and other calamities, 2) a pregnant woman must not eat bananas for she will give birth to a twin, 3) placing garland around the neck of the visitors, and 4) the throwing of rice for the newlywed couple after the wedding. The most lasting contribution of India to Philippine culture is the Sanskrit language, which is clearly manifested in the Tagalog language. According to Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, there are more than 300 Sanskrit words in our national language today. Examples are: Sanskrit Tagalog ahi ahas (snake) atawa asawa (spouse) ama ama (father) rajah raha (king) battara bathala (god) kota kuta (fort) guru guro (teacher) mutya mutya (pearl) tara tala (star) pada paa (foot) Chinese Influences Filipino Chinese relations started during the era of the Sung Dynasty (960-1127) and heightened during the reign of Emperor Yung Lo of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Trade and commerce flourished with the establishment of Chinese trading posts in some coastal parts of the archipelago. When Legaspi conquered the Manila in 1571, he found Chinese settlers and eventually established trade relations with them. Every year, about 40 Chinese junks arrived to Manila Bay carrying a variety of commodities such as silk, porcelain, tea, and live fowl. Page | 36 Readings in Philippine History These goods were transferred to the Parian where they were sold to the Spaniards and the Filipinos. The Parian was the Chinese community or settlement during the colonial period. It was located outside Intramuros but within the range of the Spanish artillery, and served as the center of commerce. There were hundreds of stores, houses and shops where Chinese merchandise were sold and skilled craftsmen did their trade. The travelling merchants, or Sangleys, as the Chinese were called, preferred silver coins as payment for their merchandise because they were more valuable than gold in China during that period. These Chinese who came to the Philippines were artisans, craftsmen, farmers, laborers, traders, and operators of food houses. Because of centuries of Chinese connection, it was inevitable that their influence would become a part of Philippine life and culture. Their influences were mostly economic and social because they came to the Philippines to seek business profit and better life, and not to conquer. From the Chinese, the Filipinos learned the art of metallurgy; the manufacture of gunpowder; the mining method; kite flying; and the use of gongs, lead, porcelain, and umbrellas. Dishes like okoy, lumpia, pansit, chopseuy, mami, siopao became a part of our meals. Condiments like toyo and tawsi were also introduced. Vegetables like bataw, pechay, and upo originated from the Chinese. Some Chinese customs and traditions that the Filipinos eventually adopted are: (1) the arrangement of marriages of children by their parents (2) the use of a go-between in negotiating marriage, (3) the use of white clothes during mourning, and (4) the filial respect for parents accorded by children. The Chinese also enriched the Filipino language. Among more than 1,000 words that are of Chinese origin are: Chinese Filipino Koya kuya Atse ate Am-pau ampaw Hok-bu hukbo He-bi hibi Pin-to pinto Bang-ta bantay San-ko sangko di-ko diko Page | 37 Readings in Philippine History dit-se ditse bak-kia bakya Japanese Influences Just like the Chinese, the Japanese traded with the Filipinos. The Japanese wakos (pirate traders) traded clothes, perfumes, iron, and woolens for the wax and gold of the Filipinos. Then they settled at the mouth of Cagayan River and Lingayen Gulf. It was a busy center for commerce with Japan and so it was tagged by the Spaniards as Puerto de Japon. In Manila, Marshal Goiti found 20 Japanese dwellings in the city. The Japanese population increased in the Philippines when the Tokugawa Shogunate started the persecution of Christians in Japan. They were allowed to settle by the Spaniards in Dilao, Paco and San Miguel, under the spiritual care of the Franciscans. Some of their contributions to our culture and economy are sword making, and the artificial breeding of fishes and ducks. Arabic Influences The Arabs also greatly influenced the culture of the pre-Spanish Filipinos, particularly the natives in Southern Philippines. Their greatest and most enduring legacy was the Islamic faith. From the Arabs, the Filipinos learned the use of lantaka (canoe), vinta (boat), and the kota (fort). They introduced the sultanate form of government, Arabic art (clearly seen in the decorative and ornamental art of the Maranaws), literature (Darangan of Maranaw, Indarapatra at Sulayman of Maguindanao and Parang Sabil of Sulu), the Arabic alphabet, the Koranic law, the Mosque, the Luwaran (a code of law and a compilation of the customs and traditions of the early Muslims), and the Arabic words (example: Surat — letter, arak — wine, akma — appropriate, alamat — legend, and salam — giving thanks). Islam first reached the archipelago in the 14th century. It was introduced by Mukdum, an Arab teacher and scholar who built the first Mosque in Simunul, Sulu after propagating the Islamic faith in the Malay Peninsula. About 1390, Baginda arrived in Sulu and he continued propagating the teachings of prophet Mohammad. Then, he was followed by Abu Bakr, a Muslim missionary. After Abu Bakr’s marriage to Paramisuli, the daughter of Raja Baginda, he established the first sultanate form of government with himself as the Sultan. Page | 38 Readings in Philippine History Islam spread in mainland Mindanao during the second half of the 15th century under the leadership of Serif Kabungsuan. From Johore, he landed in Cotabato and converted the natives to Islam. He established the first sultanate of Maguindanao. From Mindanao, the Islamic faith spread to the other native kingdoms of Luzon including Manila, Batangas, Mindoro, and Pampanga. Therefore, before the coming of the conquistadores in the Philippines, many parts of the country had already been Islamized. The conquest and colonization by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in 1565 put an end to the further advancement of Islam in the Philippines. The Muslims, however, were never fully conquered by the Spaniards. This is credited to their higher cultural and economic development, and their more united and organized armed struggle. (PERFORM PROGRESS CHECK TEST FOR LESSON 5 AND THE MODULE TEST) Page | 39 Readings in Philippine History PROGRESS CHECK TEST 5 Identification. Identify which Asian peoples contributed the following to Philippine culture. 1. Islamic faith ______________________________ 2. Chopseuy ______________________________ 3. Sword making ______________________________ 4. Manufacture of gun powder ______________________________ 5. Vinta ______________________________ 6. Putong ______________________________ 7. Luwaran ______________________________ 8. Sanskrit words ______________________________ 9. Sarong ______________________________ 10. Kite flying ______________________________ 11. Use of umbrellas ______________________________ 12. Lantaka ______________________________ 13. Filial respect for elders ______________________________ 14. Arrangement of marriage ______________________________ 15. Mosque ______________________________ 16. Putting a garland around the neck____________________________ 17. Artificial breeding of ducks ______________________________ 18. Lumpia ______________________________ 19. Biag ni Lam-Ang ______________________________ 20. Sultanate government ______________________________ COMPARE YOUR ANSWERS WITH THE ANSWER KEY TO THE PROGRESS CHECK TEST AND FIND OUT HOW YOU FARED Page | 40 Readings in Philippine History KEY TO PROGRESS CHECK TEST 5 Identification 1. Arabs 2. Chinese 3. Japanese 4. Chinese 5. Arabs 6. Indians 7. Arabs 8. Indians 9. Indians 10. Chinese 11. Chinese 12. Arabs 13. Chinese 14. Chinese 15. Arabs 16. Indians 17. Japanese 18. Chinese 19. Indians 20. Arabs Rating: No. of Correct Answers = __________ X 5 My rating is __________% Page | 41 Readings in Philippine History Module 2 The Spanish Regime in the Philippines Page | 42 Readings in Philippine History MODULE 2 THE SPANISH REGIME IN THE PHILIPPINES Scope of the Module The module contains five lessons, as follows: Lesson 1. The Spanish Conquest of the Philippines Lesson 2. The Legazpi Expedition Lesson 3. Aims of Spanish Colonization Lesson 4. The Reform Movement Lesson 5. The Katipunan and the Philippine Revolution Overview of the Module This module discusses the Spanish Occupation of the Philippines – everything that has to do with the Spanish regime in the country, beginning from Spain’s conquest of the Philippines, the expeditions she sent to the Orient, her aims in colonizing the Philippines, all the way to the period of the Reform Movement and the founding of the Katipunan, and eventually the Philippine Revolution. Objectives of the Module At the end of this Module, the student is expected to be able to: 1. enumerate the contributory factors that stimulated discovery and conquest during the 16th century; 2. evaluate the reasons of Spain in colonizing the Philippines; 3. enumerate the reasons for the easy pacification and colonization of the Philippines. 4. appreciate the legacy imprinted by Spain: 5. analyze the reasons for the failure of the reform movement; and 6. appreciate the work and sacrifices made by the reformers in their yearning to enhance the quality of life of their countrymen. Page | 43 Readings in Philippine History LESSON 1: THE SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE PHILIPPINES Lesson Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able to: 1. identify the events leading to the conquest of the Philippines; 2. show appreciation for the importance of the Magellan expedition; and 3. identify the positive and negative aspects of the Magellan Expedition. The contributory factors that stimulated explorations, discoveries and colonization of territories in the Orient during the 16 th century were as follows: the Europeans were experiencing growth of commerce and industry brought by the Commercial Revolution. This led to the European demand for Asian products such as silk, drugs, tapestries, precious stones and spices. These commodities were shipped by sea to the Persian Gulf, then brought by a caravan through Baghdad to the Mediterranean. A northern route came from China to Caspian Sea ending along the Coast of the Black Sea. Stories were told by the returning Christian knights from the crusades about the riches and wonders of Asia. A book written by Marco Polo, a Venetian merchant who had lived in China during the reign of Kublai Khan, told about the fabulous wealth and highly sophisticated civilization of China, and thus contributed to the desire of the Europeans to know more about the Orient. All these stories led the Europeans to depart to the Orient to see for themselves the accounts that they had heard about. When they learned about the truth of the stories, the Europeans sent expeditions to trade for Oriental products. The search for new trade routes to the Orient was another factor that led to the coming of the Europeans. In 1453, the Muslim Turks invaded the Kingdom of Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), the gateway to Asia. The Turks closed the Northern and Central Asian trade routes to the Europeans except for the Venetians who paid toll fees to use the trade routes. Page | 44 Readings in Philippine History This led to the monopoly of Asian products by the Venetians. As a result, the Europeans — particularly the Spaniards and the Portuguese — were forced to look for alternative trade routes to the marvelous Orient and the Spice Islands. Other factors that accelerated the European desire to find a new way to the Orient were: the improvement of the science of navigation and the invention of modern machines, the search for more exact geographical information, the expansion of credit facilities and the development of banking system, and the desire to convert heathen (pagan/non-believer) lands to Christianity. Early Sea Journeys Of all the European kingdoms, Portugal was the first to establish direct contact with the Orient. In his desire to make Portugal a sea power, Prince Henry the Navigator established a school for Portuguese sailors and sent expeditions to the coast of Africa using the ships and maritime instruments he developed, like the astrolabe, the windrose compass and the caravel. Prince Henry’s success inspired other Portuguese explorers to follow his footsteps. In 1487, Bartholomeo Diaz discovered the Cape of Good Hope; Antonio Gonzalvez rounded Cape Blanco; Dennis Fernandez discovered the Cape Verde Islands; and Vasco de Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached Calicut, India. Not to be outdone, Spain financed the expeditions of Christopher Columbus‘ westward voyage in 1492 in which he discovered the New World, Nunes Vasco de Balboa’s discovery of the Pacific Ocean, and the expedition of Amerigo Vespucci. Divisions of the World Because of the geographical discoveries during the 15 th and 16th centuries, a keen rivalry developed between Portugal and Spain. To avoid war, Pope Alexander VI issued a Papal Bull in 1493 dividing the world between them. All lands south and west of the Azores and Cape Verde would belong to Spain, while Portugal was to take the possession of the continent of Africa. A few months after, another Bull was issued by Pope Alexander VI, this time giving Spain the right to own lands to be discovered in the east. As expected, Portugal protested because under the previous Papal Bull, all lands east of the demarcation line should belong to her. Page | 45 Readings in Philippine History This conflict was finally settled by the Treaty of Tordesillas, which was concluded by both the Kings of Portugal and Spain. Under this treaty, all the non-Christian lands to be discovered east of the demarcation line would belong to Portugal and those in the west would belong to Spain. The treaty also provided that an imaginary line be drawn from north to south at a distance of 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands. The Magellan Expedition Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1480 in the town of Ponte de Barca, in the province of Minho, Portugal. He was the youngest of the three children of Ruy Magellan and Alda de Mosquida, who both belonged to the Portuguese nobility. He was a veteran soldier of the Portuguese campaign in India under the command of Viceroy Francisco de Almeida, in Malacca under Viceroy Alfonso de Albuquerque, and in Africa in the fight against the Moors. However, King Imannuel of Portugal, instead of rewarding him, ignored his achievements, cut his pension and rejected his theory that he could reach the Moluccas or Spice Islands via the westward route. Because of the ingratitude of King Immanuel, Magellan renounced his Portuguese citizenship. With the help of his father-in-law Diego Barbosa and the scholar Ruy de Faleiro, a cosmographer, he was able to secure an audience with King Charles I of Spain. Bringing a painted globe with him, he explained and was able to convince King Charles I that the Moluccas was on the Spanish side of the demarcation line as drawn by the Treaty of Tordesillas and that it could be reached by sailing westward from Europe. On August 10,1519, after hearing mass and receiving communion at the church of Sta. Lucia dela Victoria, Magellan and his crew sailed from Seville to the port of San Lucar de Barameda via the Quadolquivir River. The expedition was composed of five ships: Trinidad (his flagship), San Antonio, Santiago, Concepcion, and Victoria. Out of the 265 men in his expedition, only two-thirds were Spaniards; the rest were foreigners. He was accompanied by Enrique of Malacca, his slave and the interpreter for the expedition, Antonio Pigafetta, the chronicler of the expedition, and Fr. Pedro Valderama, the fleet chaplain. On September 20, 1519 after waiting for favorable winds, he left the port and sailed westward across the Atlantic. The expedition reached the Canary Islands and relaxed for three days. In October, they continued their voyage along the coast of Africa, then on November they reached Cape San Agustin and landed in what is now Pernambuco, Brazil. Page | 46 Readings in Philippine History After acquiring food and water, they resumed their voyage and reached Rio de Janeiro in December. Continuing their sea journey, they reached Rio de Plata, Argentina. Magellan explored the Rio de Plata believing that it was the gateway to the Pacific. There his crew members became seriously disheartened because of the harsh storms and the cold weather. In spite of that, in March he arrived at Port San Julian and made it their winter base. Here a mutiny broke out, caused principally by the natural mistrust and outraged spirit of the sailors towards their commander-in-chief. The mutiny was headed by his own captains: Luis de Mendoza of Victoria, Gasper Queseda of Concepcion, Captain Cartegenz of San Antonio, and Sebastian el Cano of Santiago. Magellan was able to crush the mutiny and punished the conspirators. One of the captains was executed, two were left at Port San Julian to die, while Sebastian el Cano and 40 mutineers were pardoned. From Port San Julian, Magellan resumed his journey southward, reached the southernmost tip of South America, and discovered the strait that now bears his name. The voyage continued, during which the Santiago was destroyed, and the San Antonio ran away from the rest and returned to Spain. With 3 ships remaining, Magellan began his voyage in the pacific which lasted for 3 months and 20 days. On March 7, 1521, he reached the Ladrones Islands (now Guam). He initially named the islands Islas de Velas (Isles of Sails), but renamed it Islas de Ladrones (islands of Thieves) when the natives stole one of their boats. From Guam, Magellan continued sailing westward. On March 16,1521, he sighted the mountain of Samar. The following day, he instructed his men to land at Homonhon, an islet, to obtain fresh provisions and to allow his crew to rest. After resting and obtaining fresh provisions, he proceeded to Limasawa, ruled by Raja Kolambu and Raja Sizgu. Magellan and Raja Kolambu sealed their friendship through the Sanduguan (blood compact). On March 31,1521, Easter Sunday, Magellan requested Fr. Pedro de Valderama to celebrate mass. That same day, Magellan ordered the planting of a large wooden cross at the top of the hill overlooking the sea. Magellan then took ownership of the islands in the name of the Spanish King, and named it Archipelago of Saint Lazarus. Page | 47 Readings in Philippine History The Battle of Mactan Due to the scarcity of food and other provisions in Limasawa, Magellan commanded his men to land in the flourishing island of Sugbu (Cebu). With the help of Raja Kolambu and his interpreter Enrique, he befriended Raja Humabon, the native chief, and had a blood compact with him. Magellan requested his fleet chaplain for another mass, and successfully persuaded Humabon, his wife, and about 800 Cebuanos to be converted to Christianity. As token of gratitude, Magellan gave an image of the infant Jesus to Juma, the wife of Humabon, and this came to be known as the Santo Niño of Cebu. All the chieftains welcomed and accepted Spanish sovereignity with the exception of Lapu-Lapu, the ruler of Mactan. Annoyed by the defiance of Lapu-Lapu, Magellan invaded Mactan with his 60 steel-clad Spaniards and 1000 Cebuano warriors. However, because of his over-confidence and his desire to show the invincibility of the Spaniards, he did not allow the Cebuanos to participate in the combat. Magellan found too late that he had underestimated the fighting skills and gallant defense of the native warriors. The Spaniards were severely defeated and were compelled to retreat to their boats. Magellan was stabbed and speared repeatedly by the native warriors, and fell mortally wounded. The battle of Mactan is significant because it delayed Spanish colonization of the Philippines, and Lapu-Lapu became the first Filipino to repulse the Spanish invaders. The Cebuanos began to show disgust for Spanish strength, and decided to avenge the abuses committed by the Spaniards against them. Raja Humabon gave a banquet for the Spaniards with the intention of killing them all. However, they were not able to massacre all the Spaniards. The survivors and those who did not attend the banquet fled to their ships and left, including Sebastian del Cano, who succeeded in returning to Spain, thus completing the first circumnavigation of the world. Importance of Magellan’s Expedition Magellan’s expedition was important because of the following reasons: it proved that the world was round, it broke the Venetian monopoly of the trade routes, it established the vastness of the Pacific Ocean, it marked the first circumnavigation of the world, Page | 48 Readings in Philippine History it brought the archipelago to the awareness of the Europeans, it showed the Europeans that America is a land mass separated from Asia and that Asia could be reached from the westward route, and the discovery of the Philippines in the name of Spain led to her colonization and Christianization. Other Expeditions Sent by Spain The success of the Magellan expedition inspired the King of Spain to finance five successive expeditions to the Orient. These were the expeditions of Garcia Jofre de Loaisa, Sebastian Cabot, Alvaro de Saavedra, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. The first three expeditions were dismal failures because they neither reached the Philippines nor succeeded in colonizing the country. Although the Villalobos expedition reached Sarangani, Mindanao, it failed in its mission to colonize the archipelago because they encountered three major problems: the scarcity of food, the hostility of the natives, and the mutinous threat of his men. The only historical contribution of the Villalobos expedition to our country is the naming of our archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Prince Philip of Asturias, who later became King Philip of Spain. The Treaty of Zaragoza On April 22, 1529, Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Zaragoza, settling their disputes over the Mollucas. Spain sold Mollucas to Portugal for the sum of 350,000 gold ducots. In this treaty, another imaginary line was drawn from the North to the South Pole at 297½ leagues east of the Moluccas. All lands east of this line would belong to Portugal, and all lands west would belong to Spain. The Treaty of Zaragoza was beneficial to Spain, for the Moluccas and the Philippines were on the side of Portugal. In effect, therefore, what Portugal bought from Spain was actually already hers. (PERFORM PROGRESS CHECK TEST FOR LESSON 1) Page | 49 Readings in Philippine History PROGRESS CHECK TEST 1 Retrace the route taken by Magellan in going to the Philippines. Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. 1. Magellan renounced his Portuguese citizenship because of the ingratitude of ____________________. 2. With the help of his father-in-law and Ruy de Faleiro, he was able to secure an audience with ____________________. 3. Magellan’s expedition was composed of the following ships: 1. ____________________ 4. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 5. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 4. His flagship was ____________________ and the chronicler of the expedition was ____________________. 5. He left the town of ____________________ Spain on the date _______________. 6. He sailed westward across the ____________________ ocean and sailed along the coasts of ____________________. 7. While they were at Port San Julian a ____________________ broke out because of the restlessness of his men. 8. The voyage continued and reached the southernmost tip of ___________________ and discovered the strait which he called ____________________. 9. On March 7,1521,Magellan reached an island which he named ________________ because the natives stole one of his ships. 10. Then he reached the island of ____________________ Philippines. 11. From this island he proceeded to ____________________ where he met ____________________. 12. On March 31,1521, Magellan requested ____________________ to celebrate mass. COMPARE YOUR ANSWERS WITH THE ANSWER KEY TO THE PROGRESS CHECK TEST AND FIND OUT HOW YOU FARED. Page | 50 Readings in Philippine History KEY TO PROGRESS CHECK TEST 1 (21 points) 1. King Immanuel 2. King Charles 3. Trinidad Victoria Conception Santiago San Antonio 4. Trinidad Antonio Pigafetta 5. San Lucar September 20,1519 6. Atlantic Ocean Africa 7. Mutiny 8. South America Strait of Magellan 9. Ladrones 10. Homonhon 11. Limasawa Raja Kolambo 12. Fr. Pedro de Valderama Rating: No. of Correct Answers = __________ X 4.762 My rating is __________% Page | 51 Readings in Philippine History LESSON 2: THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION Lesson Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able to: 1. discuss the Legaspi expedition; 2. appreciate the role of Legaspi in making Cebu as first Spanish settlement; and 3. formulate a timeline of events related to the establishment of Spanish settlements in the Philippines King Philip II, during his reign, commanded the Mexican Viceroy Luis de Velasco to prepare an expedition to the Orient. The main objectives of this expedition were: to survey the spice trade in Asia, to discover a new return trade route from Asia to Mexico, and to colonize the Philippines. The Viceroy of Mexico gave the expedition’s command to Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, a soldier, lawyer and former secretary of government of Mexico City. With four ships — San Pedro, San Pablo, San Juan and San Lucas — and 380 men, he left Natividad, Mexico together with Fray Andres de Urdaneta as his chief navigator and pilot. Sailing westward from Mexico, the expedition passed through the Marshal Islands and stopped at Guam to obtain fresh provisions. On February 13, 1565, Legazpi reached Cebu but was not able to land because of the hostility of the Cebuanos. Legazpi and his men were mistaken to be Portuguese. Legazpi was thus forced to sail to Tandaya (Samar), where the friendly chieftains welcomed him. On March 9, he sailed to Limasawa, then to Camiguin Island, Butuan, and from there to Bohol where he made blood compacts with Sikatuna and Sigala. Cebu, The First Spanish Settlement Legazpi and his men intruded into the Cebu harbor on April 27, 1565, but they were challenged by the Cebuanos. A clash ensued and the Spanish troops gained ground, greatly aided by their superior artillery and firearms. The Cebuanos were defeated and retreated to the mountains, after burning their houses to the ground. Page | 52 Readings in Philippine History Legazpi, tried his policy of attraction by inviting the Cebuanos to come down from the mountains by promising not to harm them and to rebuild their houses. Convinced of Legazpi’s sincerity and kindness, Raja Tupac, the chieftain of Cebu, and his men returned to the lowlands and entered into a Treaty of Friendship with Legazpi. Among the provisions of the agreement were: 1) the promise of loyalty to the King of Spain by the Cebuanos; 2) mutual protection of Cebuanos and Spaniards against their enemies; 3) no armed Filipino would be allowed to enter the Spanish settlement; and 4) when a Filipino committed a crime against a Spaniard, he was to be tried by the Spanish court, whereas when a Spaniard committed a crime against a Filipino, the Spaniard would be turned over to the Spanish authorities. The conclusion of this treaty signaled the start of colonization and the recognition of Spanish sovereignty. Legazpi then started to establish a settlement in Cebu. The land for the settlement was donated by Raja Tupaz and other chieftains. It was triangular in form with two sides facing the sea, and the third side facing the land. A fort was constructed and named Fort San Pedro. Legazpi named the settlement San Miguel, but later changed it to Santisimo Nombre de Jesus (City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus) in honor of the undamaged image of the Santo Niño, which was recovered by a soldier during the conquest of Cebu. Panay. The Second Spanish Settlement In 1569, upon learning of the sufficiency of food and needed supplies in Panay, Legazpi decided to move in on that island. On the bank of the Panay River, he founded the second Spanish settlement in the Philippines. Just like in Cebu, the natives of Panay were belligerent at their first encounter with the Spaniards. But, because of the helping hand extended by the Agustinian missionaries, the natives were pacified and converted to Christianity. Page | 53 Readings in Philippine History Subjugation of Other Islands With Cebu and Panay as their base of operations, Legazpi ordered his men to explore the neighboring islands of the Visayas. Captain Enrique de Guzman, together with Father Alonzo Jimenez, claimed Masbate, Burias and Ticzo for the Spanish monarch. Their expedition went as far as Albay. In 1570, Juan de Salcedo, Legazpi’s grandson, was dispatched to Mindoro to punish the Muslim pirates who were plundering the coastal villages. With the combined strength of Spanish soldiers and Visayan warriors, Salcedo razed the Moro outpost in llin and Lubang and captured Mamburao. Salcedo’s victories brought the Spaniards to the mouth of the Manila Bay. The Conquest and Founding of Manila Upon his return to Panay, Salcedo told Legazpi about the prosperous Muslim kingdom of Maynila, ruled by Raja Sulayman. On May 8, 1570, a military expedition commanded by Martin de Goiti, and composed of 120 Spanish soldiers and 600 Visayan fighters, was sent by Legazpi to conquer Manila. Upon reaching Manila, Marshal Goiti demanded that Raja Sulayman recognize Spanish sovereignty and pay tribute. Sulayman, refusing to submit to Spanish vassalage, defended his kingdom from the conquistadores. A fierce battle ensued but because of the superiority of the armaments of the Spaniards, the natives were defeated. After this triumph, Goiti returned to Panay and confirmed to Legaspi what Salcedo had earlier reported about the wealthy and prosperous kingdom of Maynila. Maynila was wealthy because of its flourishing trade with the Chinese, Arabs and other foreign traders. Delighted by the story of Marshal Goiti, Legaspi decided to conquer Maynila himself. This time, a much bigger expedition of 280 Spaniards and 600 Visayan warriors was assembled, and they arrived in Manila in the middle of May 1571. Raja Lakandula, the King of Tondo, realized the futility of fighting against the strong army of Spain and persuaded Raja Soliman and Raja Matanda to surrender peacefully. Thus, the second conquest of Maynila was won by the Spaniards without violence. The Spaniards set foot in Manila and on May 19, 1571, and Legaspi claimed Maynila in the name of Spain. Although Lakandula and Sulayman promised their support and cooperation, some barangays in Central Luzon opposed Spanish domination. A distinguished Macabebe datu in the person of Bambilito united the fighters of Betis, Hagonoy and Navotas to resist Spanish control. Page | 54 Readings in Philippine History Despite Lakandula and Sulayman’s promise of loyalty to Legaspi, Bambilito was able to influence some of their warriors to join his forces. In the furious naval Battle of Bankusay that took place on June 3,1571, Marshal Goiti’s strong fleets overpowered Bambalito’s war boats. Bambalito and his gallant warriors died fighting for their freedom. On June 24,1571, Legaspi proclaimed Manila as the capital of the Philippines. Because of his accomplishments, King Phillip appointed him as governor-general. Later, the King also decreed that Manila be named Insigne y Siempre leal Ciudad (Distinguished and Ever Loyal City). With Manila as his capitol, Legaspi commenced the foundation of Spanish colonization and evangelization in the Philippines. With the new titles of Governor-General and Adelantado conferred to him by King Phillip II, Legaspi sent expeditions to places north and south of Manila. Goiti, together with a combined force of Spanish soldiers and native warriors, conquered Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac and Pangasinan. Salcedo, on the other hand, vanquished Cainta, Taytay, Morong and Laguna. Then in 1572, Salcedo advanced to Northern Luzon and crushed the natives of Zambales and the Ilocos region, where he founded Villa Fernandina (now Vigan). In recognition of his contributions to Spanish colonization and pacification, he was given the entire Ilocandia except Vigan as his encomienda and promoted to field marshal. Today, Juan de Salcedo is considered the greatest Spanish conquistador of the Philippines. Easy Pacification and Colonization of the Philippines Historians have cited the following as reasons for the easy pacification and colonization of the Philippines: 1) the barangays were scattered and not united by a fused political or religious system; 2) absence of a common language, which resulted in lack of communication among ethnic regions; 3) willingness of the chieftains to cooperate with the Spaniards, as shown in numerous blood compacts and treaties of friendship; 4) superiority of the armaments of the Spaniards; 5) the Spaniards applied the system of divide and rule; they were able to use the regional jealousy among the natives to their outmost advantage. 6) The Spaniards managed to avail of the services of native mercenaries from one region to other regions; and 7) they used the church as a tool for their pacification process. (PERFORM PROGRESS CHECK TEST FOR LESSON 2) Page | 55 Readings in Philippine History PROGRESS CHECK TEST 2 Identification Identify the word or group of words being described. 1. _________________________ He was a soldier, lawyer and former secretary of the government of Mexico City. 2. _________________________ When did Legaspi reach Cebu? 3. _________________________ It was Spain’s first settlement in the Philippines. 4. _________________________ He was Cebu’s chieftain when Legaspi landed in Cebu. 5. _________________________ It was Spain’s second settlement in the Philippines 6. _________________________ He was Legaspi’s grandson who was dispatched to Mindoro to punish the Muslim pirate who plundered the coastal villages. 7. _________________________ He was Manila’s ruler when Legaspi conquered Manila. 8. _________________________ When did Legaspi and his men set foot in Manila? 9. _________________________ These were the two titles conferred to 10. _________________________ Legaspi by King Phillip II of Spain COMPARE YOUR ANSWERS WITH THE ANSWER KEY TO THE PROGRESS CHECK TEST AND FIND OUT HOW YOU FARED. Page | 56 Readings in Philippine History KEY TO PROGRESS CHECK TEST 2 (10 points) 1. Miguel Lopez de Legaspi 2. February 13, 1565 3. Cebu 4. Rajah Tupaz 5. Panay 6. Juan de Salcedo 7. Rajah Sulayman 8. May 19, 1571 9. Governor-General 10. Adelantado Rating: No. of Correct Answers = __________ X 10 My rating is __________% Page | 57 Readings in Philippine History LESSON 3: AIMS OF SPANISH COLONIZATION Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able to: 1. understand the aims of Spanish colonization; 2. appreciate the legacy left by Spain; and 3. enumerate the political economic and socio-cultural changes introduced by Spain. When King Charles I sent the Magellan expedition in search of the Mollucas, his primary objective was purely commercial. The Spanish monarch believed that trade in spices and other Asian products like drugs, gems, carpets, tapestries, and silk was very profitable and that control of these Asian products would make Spain the wealthiest and most powerful empire in Europe. But when the kingdom of Spain sold her rights to the Mollucas to the kingdom of Portugal in the Treaty of Zaragoza, her royal policy shifted to other interests. The first aim of Spanish colonization was the conversion of heathen lands to Christianity. This is why in every expedition sent by Spain to colonize territories, the conquistadores were always accompanied by religious missionaries. The second aim of her colonization was to achieve political glory. The Spanish king wanted to expand his realm because of the keen rivalry among European powers in empire building. The third aim of Spanish colonization was to obtain economic wealth and resources from the colony. In those times, material wealth was an important measure of greatness among kingdoms. Another factor that motivated this economic aim was the desire of Spain to control the spice trade in Asia. As a crown colony, the Philippines was a dependency of Mexico from 1565 to 1821. The viceroy of Mexico governed the Philippines for the King of Spain. He was assisted by the Council of the Indies — the council that was created to help the Spanish King in administering overseas colonies. Page | 58 Readings in Philippine History The Council of the Indies communicated all the King’s edicts and directives to the viceroy of Mexico who, in turn, communicated them to the governor- general in the Philippines. It was only in 1821 that the Philippines became directly administered by Spain, after Mexico regained its freedom from the Spaniards. The Philippines was put under the administration of the Ministerio del Ultransor (Ministry of the Colonies), which was assisted by the Council of the Philippines. The laws governing the Spanish colonies like Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico and other Latin American territories were compiled into a code of laws known as Leyes de Indias (Laws of the Indies). These laws were also applied to the Philippines. Other laws that were imposed on the Philippines were the Leyes de Toro, Siete Partidas, and La Novisema Recopilacion. These laws were enacted to improve the condition of the natives, but unfortunately they were not properly implemented and were often ignored by the colonial authorities. Political System (Structure of The Government) A. The Central Government The government established by Spain in the Philippines was a centralized type of government. The executive and the judiciary were the only two branches of government. There was no legislative branch because the laws passed by the Cortes, including the decrees or royal orders of the King, were extended to the Philippines. The central government was headed by a governor-general who was appointed by the King of Spain. Being the official representative of the Spanish King in the colony, he wielded vast executive and legislative powers. The King bestowed to him the cumplase, his right to suspend or reject the implementation of the royal decree i

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