Purposive Communication PRELIM Module PDF

ST. VINCENT COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081...

ST. VINCENT COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003 Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081 Email Address : [email protected] COO – FORM 12 SUBJECT TITLE: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION INSTRUCTRESS: LOUVELLA S. SOMOSA, LPT SUBJECT CODE: ENG 1 PRELIM MODULE Topic 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of this topic, the students are expected to: 1. Understand the importance of communication; 2. Learn how communication models work; and 3. Describe how communication affects globalization. A. Definition of Communication Communication- is the actionable transfer of information form one person, group, or place to another by writing, speaking, or using a medium that provides a means of understanding. - the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotoc symbols. - Every communication consists of a minimum of one sender, a receiver, and a message. The transmission of a message from sender to recipient risks being affected by many things because communication impacts how people interact. These include the location, medium used to communicate, the cultural situation, and the emotions involved. However, communication helps people to interact and share various aspects of life. Communication involves transmitting non-verbal and verbal information in a channel that includes a sender, medium of communication, and a receiver. The following are the essential concepts of communication: 1. Sender and Receiver - person sending the information and the one receiving the information must be present for communication to be effective 2. The Message - the information conveyed should be available for the sender to transmit to the receiver - it is vital to understand that once a sender has granted information through a communication channel, it connot be reserved; once the recipient receives the infomation, the sender cannot take it back Importance: Good communication prevents wars and misunderstandings, helps us meet our needs, establishes rules and laws that aid in the structuring of society, helps people find and keep employment, provides information and guidance to people, and passes down cultural traditions, norms, and values. Page 1 of 38  Humans rely on communication to express personal desires of what needs to be done, and how it is to be done. Communication is always a two-way, mutual set of actions that includes the communicator, and the receiver. Typically, communication will include two or more communicators and receivers, and spoken communication will often illicit a reply from the initial receiver. B. Communication Models Aristotle’s Model of Communication In this model, Aristotle explains that speakers ahould adjust their messages according to their audience and the occassion to achive a praticular effect. Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication American Mathematicians Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver originally conceived the model in 1948. It was published in their paper, "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". The model was developed to represent the basic elements of communication and explain how messages can become lost or distorted. They believed that by identifying barriers to communication, you could develop strategies to overcome them. In addition to these five elements, Shannon and Weaver also considered the impact of 'noise' on effective communication. Noise - anything that might distort the message - it might be internal (e.g. speaker is tired and mumbling while speaking) or external (such as an alarm) Page 2 of 38 Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication In this model, the process is made up of a sender who encodes the message and a receiver who decodes it. Sending and receiving are both roles for each person. The circular model emphasizes the importance of interpretation and feedback in communication, emphasizing the role of sender and receiver as equals. For the message to reach the receiver there must be a common field of experience between the sender and the receiver. Although the receiver might not fully appreciate all the nuances of the message, as there are parts of the sender’s experience that the receiver may still understand the core meaning of the message. According to Sneha Mishra (2017), this field of experience may constitute “culture, social background, beliefs, experiences, values, and rules.” Osgood-Schramm communication model proposes 4 Main Principles of Communication: 1. Communication is circular - individuals involved in the communication process are changing their roles as encoders and decoders. 2. Communication is equal and reciprocal - both parties are equally engaged as encoders and decoders 3. The message requires interpretation - the information needs to be properly interpreted to be understood 4. As shown in the model, it proposes 3 steps in the process of communication: a. encoding b. decoding c. interpreting Page 3 of 38 White’s Stages of Oral Communication (Eugene White 1960) SYMBOLYZING EXPRESSING TRANSMITTING THINKING RECEIVING MONITORING FEEDBACKING DECODING According to White, this model has no actual beginning. So you can start in any phase in this model. * Thinking - feeling or desire of the speaker that push him/her to communicate * Symbolizing - before saying any words, soeaker has to know the oral language to represent what are the idea * Expressing - the speaker speaks what is the idea followed by facial expressions, gestures, and body stance * Transmitting - this sound from speaker carrying his/her message to the listeners * Receiving - sound go through the listener's ears, body language sees by listerner's eyes and go to the brain * Decoding - listener interprets the language symbols he receives and think further * Feedbacking - the listeners may show the behavior like nod, smile, or yawn, or may not show behavior at all (covert behavior like fast heartbeat and poker face) * Monitoring - while the speaker watches for the sign or the behavior, the speaker is receiving, and decoding messages about himself from his audience in order to adjust to particular situation C. Communication Ethics 10 ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION - is the ethical way of communicating through media, language, social media, and journalism for developing human relationships as per the morals and values of a profession, industry, business, or individual. - it is important to understand that whatever we communicate should be guided by certain ethical principles The US National Communication Association (NCA,1999) discusses in their Credo for Ethical Communication, stating that, "Ethical communication is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision-making, and the development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media. Moreover, ethical communication enhances human worth and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and others" In their Credo, there are 4 ethical principles of communication that are especially for students today. 1. Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of communication. Nowadays, social media and speeches in public have been so filled with black propaganda and whitewashing that there is a call to reiterate the need for truth and honesty. Page 4 of 38 2. Freedom or expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve the informed and responsible decision-making fundamental to a civil society. In certain political climates, people may feel threatened to the point that they no longer feel that it is safe to express what they feel or think. 3. Condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and hatred (1999). This condemnation is important because it safeguards society from racism, sexism, and violence against oppressed peoples. 4. Accept responsibility for the short and long-term consequences of our own communication and expect the same of others. All too often, there have been people who do not feel accountable for their actions. Deidre D. Johnson (1994) pointed out ten ethics in communication that you should bear in mind to avoid being labeled "unethical". 1. Mutuality - you should pay attention to the needs of others, as well as yours 2. Individual Dignity - do not cause another person embarrassment or a loss of dignity 3. Accuracy - you should ensure that others have accurate information. Tell them everything they have a right and need to know, not just what is true 4. Access to information - never bolster the impact of your communication by preventing people from communicating with one another or by hindering access to the supporting information 5. Accountability - you should be responsible and accountable for the consequences of your relationships and communication 6. Audience - A good rule of thumb is the 200% rule where both the sender and the receiver have full or 100% responsibility to ensure that the message in understood, and that ethics are followed 7. Relative truth - as either sender or receiver of information, remember that your own point of view may not be shared by others and that your conclusions are relative to your perspective, so allow others to respectfully disagree or see it differently 8. Ends Vs. Means - you make sure that the end of goal of your communication and the means of getting to that end are both ethical although no rule can be applied without reservation to any situation 9. Use of Power - in situations where you have more power than others, you also have more responsibility for the outcome 10. Rights Vs. Responsibilities - balance your rights against your responsibilities even if you live in a wonderful society where your rights are protected by law; not everything you have a right to do is ethical EXERCISES DIRECTION: Answer the following questions. 1. Define communication. 2. Explain Aristotle’s Model of Communication. 3. Differentiate the two models of communication by Osgood-Schramm. 4. Elaborate White’s Stages of Oral Communication. 5. What does Communication Ethic mean? END OF TOPIC 1 Page 5 of 38 Topic 2: COMMUNICATION-GLOBAL AND MULTICULTURAL SETTING LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of this topic, the students are expected to: 1. Understand the implications of globalization on communication; 2. Explain what communication is; 3. Learn what globalization is. NOTES: A. Communication and Globalization Definition of Globalization Globalization is the spread of products, technology, information, and jobs across national borders and cultures. In economic terms, it describes an interdependence of nations round the globe fostered through free trade. Globalization has both positive and negative effects: On an individual level, it affects both the standard of life (level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necesseities) and the quality of life(degree to which a person enjoys the important possibilities of his or her life). On a business level, it affects an organization's product life cycle. Globalization also affects how governments throughout the world create policies affecting areas such as monetary regulation and trade. However, globalization has had a negative effect on individuals who lived in developed nations. This is due to the fact that corporations now have the option of establishing manufacturing operations in nations where manufacturing and production costs are less expensive. as a result, many manufacturing jobs leave developed nations and move to developing nations. Globalization has affected us in numerous ways. Airfare has become cheaper, and one can travel internationally more than one could in the past. Many Filipinos had decided to work or live abroad, with some of them migrating to other countries. The free trade of goods and services all over the world has brought multinational companies and foreign investors to our shores. Because of the advent of the Internet, the world seems to be shrinking continually. One can communicate internationally in a matter of seconds, whether one is ending an email, chatting in social media, or sending a text message. One can read about different cultures, and have access to films, academic papers, and the like form other countries around the world, and vice versa. Given this increasingly shrinking world, one should know the difference between the kind of English that we write and speak, and the kind of Englishes that exist outside of the Philippines. World English - a term referring to localized or indigenized varietie of English spoken throughout the world by people of diverse cultural backgrounds in a wide range of sociolinguistic contexts. Effects of Cultural and Globalization to the Development of Communication Connecting with people on the other side of the world is now much easier than it was a few years ago. Satellites, fiber-optic cables and the internet make it effortless to share information with those in different time zones and locations. Global communication is directly affected by the process of globalization, and helps to increase business opportunities, remove cultural barriers and develop a global village. Both globalization and Page 6 of 38 global communication have changed the environmental, cultural, political and economic elements of the world. The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication Increased Business Opportunities Many companies today hire employees that are located in other countries. Using communication vehicles such as video calling make it simple to converse with colleagues across the globe, almost making it feel as if they are in the same room. Technology also makes it easier to connect with suppliers and customers all over the world, and to streamline those relationship through improves ordering, shipment tracking and so on. With this kind of communication technology, many businesses are able to take advantage of opportunities in different countries or cities, improving the economic outlook on a global level. Fewer Cultural Barriers Many people perceive culture to be the root of communication challenges. When people from two different cultures try to exchange information, the way they speak, their body language or their mannerisms can be interpreted differently by the other person. The way people approach problems and how they participate in communities is all influenced by culture. Creation of a Global Village You’ve likely heard of the phrase "global village," coined by theorist Marshall McLuhan. Affected both by globalization and global communication, the global village is created when distance and isolation no longer matter because people are connected by technology. Wide-spread telephone and internet access have been life-changing for many people across the world, especially those in developing countries. Many are now enrolling in universities across the world without having to leave their desk chair. Virtual assistant jobs are becoming commonplace, where employees from developing countries work with companies in North America or Europe, providing administrative support and other business services that can easily be conducted over the phone or via the internet. Impact of Communication on Society and the World The Impact of Communication in Society Communication happens all around us. Whether it's direct, silent, subliminal, visual, or any other method, communication creates an impact. Without it, it would be very difficult to accomplish anything. Why Is Communication Important to Society? Communication educates people all around the world and is essential to the cognitive development of society as a whole. Although people may know different ways of communicating with each other, the goal is always the same — to express oneself and to gain knowledge. Impact of Communication in the World Communication profoundly impacts people on a global scale by bringing everyone together. People may not speak the language of another culture, or communicate verbally, but gestures, visual queues, body language, sign language, and other communication methods can also be used to connect with others. Additionally, communication has also been positively impacted by new technological advancements, which allow folks to communicate despite language barriers. Page 7 of 38 B. Culturally Sensitive and Bias-Free Language Just as important as awareness of the existence of World Englishes is that of practicing cultural sensitivity. To write in a culturally sensitive way means to be aware that cultural differences and similarities between people exist and that these should not be assign a positive or negative value via words and descriptions selected in writing. Academic and professional writings are characterized by bias-free language. Students, scholars, professionals, and anyone wishing to maintain harmonious communicative relations should be careful in using words and phrases that do not discriminate against particular groups, whether in terms of race, ethnicity, gender, social class, age and disability. The essential point is to communicate in a way that is respectful of diversity. Here are some general principles to follow when referring to different groups or categories. 1. Race and Ethnicity Race - refers to a group of people who share physical traits - such as skin color, hair texture or eye shape- based on common ancestry We have 5 racial Groups since 1997: 1. American Indian or alaska Native 2. Asian 3. Black or African American 4. Native Hawaiian or other pacific Islander 5. White Racism - is a form of discrimination against a person or persons of a different race. In general, it is best to avoid identifying people by race or ethnic group. - is an emotionally charged topic, so it is best to treat carefully with the language used and to refer to a race, as Patricia Arinto (2009) asserts on English for the Professions, “only if it is relevant to what you have to say.”. For example, although the assessment in the sentence “Naturally the Asian students won the math contest,” the word “naturally” reinforces the stereotype or generalization that Asians have superior aptitude in math. Ethnicity - refers to a group of people who share a common history and culture - is also important to be sensitive to religion when referring to various ethnic groups. Assumptions should not be made that stereotype a race, nationality, or ethnic group with a specific religion. For example, not all Arab are Muslims, not all Indians are Buddhists, and not all Filipinos are Roman Catholics. 2. Gender and Sexual Orientation Sexism refers to the prejudice and discrimination based on sex or gender. To be inclusive of all people in general references, one should favor gender-neutral words and phrases over gender-biased words. For example, rather than “man-made,” one can say “manufactured,” “synthetic,” or artificial.” Instead of “layman’s terms,” one can use “ordinary terms.” Neutral words should also be chosen over words with “man” and “woman” in job titles or descriptions. For example, it is more appropriate to use “chairperson” in place of “chairman,” “flight attendant” in place of stewardess,” and “labor” in place of “manpower.” One should also avoid sexist terms like “woman lawyer” and “male nurse” and simply use “lawyer” and “nurse.” Page 8 of 38 Pronouns may also be gender-biased, for example, when the masculine “he” pronoun is used as a generic one for both genders. Gender-biased pronouns can be avoided by: (a) dropping pronouns that signify gender and restating the sentence, (b) changing plural construction, and (c) replacing masculine or feminine pronouns with “one” or “you.” Gender-biased example: Each student should submit his term paper by Monday. Restatement Each student should submit a term paper by Monday. Plural Construction Students should submit their term papers by Monday. Use of “you” You should hand in your term paper by Monday. Other gender-related terms may have to do with gender orientation or sexual orientation. It is important to be sensitive to new attitudes about homosexual, transsexual, and transgender people. For example, most gay people prefer the term “gay” to the more clinical “homosexual” as a label. “Lesbian” is currently the term preferred by gay women. Transgender people prefer to be referred to as being the gender they identify as not their birth gender. Again, as a matter of principle, one should refer to societal groups in the way that members of these groups prefer to be referred to. Note also the terminology in this area is developing, and that not everyone agrees. 3. Social Class Class discrimination or classism is a form or prejudice against a person or people because of their social class. An example of a language with a bias against class is the American term “white trash,” which is not only a racial slur but a classist one that refers to white people, usually from the rural Southern United States, coming from a lower social class inside the white population. There are examples from Philippine culture as well in the informal terms: “conyo” - used to describe young people from the upper class who speak an idiosyncratic mix of English and Tagalog, connotes vanity and consciousness about social status. “jologs,” - now perhaps replaced by the term “jejemon,” as used in reference to an idiosyncratic s pelling or writing style, is used to describe persons who look poor and out of style. 4. Age Ageism is a form of discrimination against other people because of their age, or assuming that older people are less physically, intellectually, or emotionally able than other age groups. The capabilities of younger people should also not be underestimated on the basis of their age. Again, it is important to refer to a person’s age only when that information is pertinent to what is being discussed. When referring to a generic group, one should also ask their subjects what wordings they prefer: Do they prefer wish to be called “older persons” or “senior citizens” do they prefer the label “youths,” “teenagers,” or “young people”? Page 9 of 38  Lastly, according to the American Psychological Association, writers should be specific when referring to males and females in terms of their age: females 18 years or older are women, not girls. “Girls” refers to those in high school or younger (under 18). The same is true for “boys” and “man.” 5. Disabilities Disability discrimination occurs when a person is treated less favorably, or not given the same opportunities as others in a similar situation because of their disability. Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (DDA) - makes it unlawful to discriminate against a person, in many areas or public life, including employment, education, getting or using services, renting or buying a house or unit, and accessing public places, because of their disability. These examples demonstrate the importance of identity-first language or the importance of putting the person or people first. Note the difference in the following sentences: Disability first: The blind student used a special keyboard during the exam. Person first: The student, who is visually impaired, used a special keyboard during the exam. EXERCISES DIRECTIONS: Identify the following. Write your answers in the spaces provided. __________________1. It is a form of discrimination against other people because of their age. __________________2. It refers to the prejudice and discrimination based on sex or gender. __________________3. In economic terms, it describes an interdependence of nations round the globe fostered through free trade. __________________4. Discrimination occurs when people or person is treated less favorably. __________________5. What association stated that writers should be specific when referring to males and females in terms of their age? END OF TOPIC 2 Topic 3: PUBLIC SPEAKING AND REPORTS IN THE INFORMATION AGE LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this topic, the students are expected to: 1. define public speaking; 2. identify best practices in public speaking; 3. use necessary tools in critical/creative reports; and 4. appreciate the value of communication aids and strategies in presentations. A. Public Speaking - is the process of communicating information to an audience. - usually done before a large audience, like in school, the workplace and even in our personal lives. The benefits of knowing how to communicate to an audience include: 1. sharpening critical thinking 2. verbal or non-verbal communication skills. Page 10 of 38 Three General Purposes of Public Speaking To Inform ✓ This is about helping audience members acquire information that they do not possess. Audience members can then use information to understand something or to perform a new task or improve their skills. The most important characteristics of information topics is that the goal is to gain knowledge. To Persuade ✓ When we speak to persuade, we attempt to get listeners to embrace a point of view or to adopt a behavior that they would not have done otherwise. A persuasive speech can be distinguished from an information speech by the fact that it includes a call for action for the audience to make some change in their behavior or thinking. To Entertain ✓ Whereas informative and persuasive speech making is focused on the end result of the speech process, entertainment speaking is focused on the theme and occasion of the speech. An entertaining speech can be either informative or persuasive at its root but the context or theme of the speech requires speakers to think about the speech primarily in terms of audience enjoyment B. Best Practices in Public Speaking Effective public speaking is not something that always goes right on the first instance. Even for the most extroverted individuals, there are practices that are very well essential to carrying out an effective presentation that will leave a lasting impression. 1. Introduction - gain audience attention and interest 2. Performance - speeches are performances and they are delivered best when they have feel of authenticity and earnestness 3. Plan the Speech - choose the best words carefully 4. Eye Contact - good eye contact engages with the audience 5. Speaking Style - choose the best words carefully 6. Hand Gestures - always look smooth and natural rather than robotic; use appropriate hand gestures so that it will not be considered rude in front of the audience 7. Recording the Speech for Feedback - recording their own performance instead of depending on the teacher or peers when it comes to constructive criticism 8. Peer Evaluation - feedback from the people is important, and this will be a great tool in improving one's speech 9. Appearance - always look credible and worthy of respect in doing your speech; appearance should be match with the kind of audience 10. Visual Aids - 11. Handouts - audience should have handouts so that it will not scramble when taking notes during the presentation; use appropriate citations 12. Feedback - speakers ask rhetorical or directing actualquestion in the audience 13. Conclusion - create greater awareness and evoke emotions to the audience C. Tools Needed in Critical and Creative Reports 1. Critical - involvement of criticism - an act of criticizing and making observation and judgment - the art of evaluating or analyzing work of art or literature 2. Creative - marked by the ability or power to create - having the quality of something created Page 11 of 38  - imaginative creation 3. Modern technology - make everything convenient and easier in disseminating of information - using of visual aids and helpful videos to make things easier to understand D. Communication Aids and Strategies Using Tools of Technology Technology has taken over the world in the past decades. Its rapid development has made a huge impact on each aspect of life especially in the area of communication. What are communication aids? Communication aids help an individual to communicate more effectively with people around them. They are also referred as AAC devices. AAC refers to Augmentative and Alternative Communication, which is defined as, a huge range of techniques which support or replace spoken communication. These include gesture, symbols, word boards etc. 1. Presentation Media 2. Traditional Audio and Video Media 3. Computer Technology What are communication strategies? Communication strategies are structured plans to promote purposive communication with an interactive nature. A mnemonic device called the GAME plan of communication enumerates the vital components of a communication strategy: a. Goal- the desired target receivers and purpose of communication. b. Audience- the receivers to whom the communication is directed to. c. Message- the meanings and content of communication. d. Execution- the actual communication that takes place using techniques and various tools. Use of Audiovisual Materials and Web-based Presentations Audiovisual (AV) refers to the medium that uses sound and sight elements. Examples include slide presentations, film showing, television programs, seminar lectures, and live stage. Modern audio-visual communication includes the use of multimedia, web streaming, video conference, and live broadcast services. These forms of communication use web- based or computer-based equipment which can be used in educational instruction. The components of audiovisual communication include: Sound- the most important part of communication is to hear what is being said; Visuals- the use of presentations on screen showing pictures, photos, graphics, charts, etc. when giving verbal presentations as presented on screen or written reports; Audiovisual system- supports the recording and live broadcasting of events; useful for engaging with a wider audience; Lighting- to make an event fit to purpose, proper lighting is effected, whether it is stage lighting for productions or lighting for a filmed video; Signage- a great way to communicate to the audience is through a live Twitter feed or social media links; and Other tools- use of posters, video-conferencing, and telecommunication. The numerous contributions of audiovisual techniques on communication can address the following problems: a. Low information c. Poor information e. Inadequacy of time understanding retention b. Information overload d. Language barrier EXERCISES: A. Instruction: Define public speaking using the graphic organizer with related terms. END OF TOPIC 3 Page 12 of 38 Topic 4: COMMUNICATION FOR GENERAL PURPOSES LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of this topic, the students are expected to: 1. Understand the Types of Speech according to purpose and manner of delivery. 2. Identify the different principles of speech; 3. Define what is nonverbal communication; 4. Distinguish the different kinds of nonverbal communication; and 5. Explain the proper ways to connect with the audience. NOTES: A. PRINCIPLES AND TYPES OF SPEECHES PRINCIPLES OF SPEECHES 1. Perception: Focus on Speech Not Being Great Speaker Be yourself and do not focus on the public at expense of speaking. Make connections with the audience because they will always prefer to listen to someone interesting and relaxing. Take your speech as conversation. 2. Perfection: Anyone Can Make A Mistake When you make a mistake while speaking, do not stop but keep going. Do not apologize to the audience in case you make a mistake because some may not realize the mistake. 3. Visualization: See it, Speak it Consistent visualization prepares your mind and you will soon conquer anxiety. 4. Discipline: Practice Makes Perfectly Good There is nothing like a perfect public speaker, instead, aim at being an effective speaker. Practice makes perfect and therefore strive to practice every time to improve your skills. 5. Description: Make it Personal Your presentation should be factual. People like hearing experiences about people and telling stories gives you credibility and encourages audience engagement. 6. Inspiration: Speak to Benefit the Audience Do not forget your purpose and audience in mind when preparing and pesenting a message 7. Anticipation: Leave the Audience in Suspense of Wanting More Do not bore your audience with very long speeche which make them look forward to the end of your speech. It is better to make the audience years to hear more than to make them look forward to the end of the speech. TYPES OF SPEECHES According to Purpose A speaker communicates for many reasons. But a speaker also creates a speech based on the purpose he or she wants to achieve. These purpose are called the goals of speech. It becomes obvious as the speaker shows through the speech what he/she wants to achieve. The speaker through the speech can make one think, change one’s mind, or smile or laugh. The purposes of speech are studied in order to deepen one’s knowledge and learn how to apply them in one’s own speech. Page 13 of 38 Informative ✓ An informative speech explains an idea, process or theory. ✓ The primary aim of this rhetorical discourse is to describe, clarify, define, and illustrate specific topic. When you provide interesting and useful information to your audience, you are presenting an expository speech. ✓ The purpose of an exploratory or informative speech is to provide information history, theories, practical applications, etc. that can and will help the listeners understand something that is unknown to him or already known to them but not yet clearly understood. ✓ A speech of this nature is meant to help the listeners understand a topic in a more in- depth manner by providing the following in an organized way: new data, data that are readily available to everyone, or data already known by the audience but looked at in different way. ✓ As a speaker, your main task is to present focused position and its significance to your target audience but not to call for an action. Consider the three parts of informative speech: Introduction ✓ The introduction brings the “subject” of your speech to the audience, and it should capture the attention of the audience by presenting a provocative or captivating statement. The paragraph should begin broadly and should gradually become more specific as you move toward the thesis statement. Body Paragraphs The body paragraphs constitute the bulk of the speech, where you present your facts and develop your thoughts and arguments. The paragraphs can be ordered or developed in any number of ways, but you must make it clear to your audience how you are approaching and organizing the material. Develop each section or idea in your thesis statement in a separate supporting paragraph. State these in the order in which they are stated in your thesis statement. Each supporting (body)paragraph should contain the following: a. A topic sentence, usually located in the beginning of the paragraph. b. Supporting sentences that include facts, examples, incidents, reasons, analogies, and/or descriptions. c. Transitional sentences, usually located at the end of a paragraph. These allow you to move from one paragraph to the next without being abrupt or awkward. Reminders Be sure to include citations that lend credibility to your statements and be highly specific in your citations of sources. Whenever possible, include, author, title, date, etc. Expository speeches are supposed to explain or to inform, but they must present a focused position and a relevance to the audience. Keep in mind, however, that expository speeches should include evidence of research. Demonstrative Speeches ✓ This has many similarities with an informative speech. A demonstrative speech also teaches you something. The main difference lies in including a demonstration of how to do the thing you’re teaching. ✓ As a demonstrative speaker, you will be there to guide, taking them through a process of “show and tell”, covering step from start to finish. It’s like an engaging “how-to” speech. Tips to consider in preparing demonstrative speeches: 1. Nature of a Demonstrative Speech: In a demonstration speech, you inform your audience by showing them… How to make something (e.g., food; crafts; household decorations; technological gear); How to complete a process (e.g., playing a game or sport, or inspecting, maintaining, or repairing something); or How something works (e.g., part of a car; a machine; computer software) Page 14 of 38  2. Selecting a Topic: It’s best to choose something which… You know well Can be shown within reliable time boundaries Isn’t highly technical and doesn’t include too many steps Can easily be shown to a large group Will expand listeners’ knowledge 3. Organization Organize the body of your speech into 2-5 main points which correspond to parts of your process- -rather than in a long series of steps Provide clear “signposts” for each main step in the process 4. Preparation Arrange and test any AV equipment beforehand Practice repeatedly so you can handle items easily Lay everything out ahead of time and make sure the entire audience can see your work area 5. Presentation Be as clear as possible; use simple language; explain jargon; define acronyms Use easy-to-follow, step-by-step processes, and large, visible visuals Avoid obstructions; make sure everyone in the room can see you without having to strain Speak at a pace which your audience can easily follow, keeping in mind that you may be introducing them to terms and concepts which are new to them Speak to your audience rather than to your objects, using the T-T-T method (touch/turn/talk); maintain eye contact 6. Momentum Talk while you demonstrate; avoid “dead air time” Be prepared to add extra commentary if part of your process takes longer than expected (e.g., if something you’re stirring doesn’t thicken quickly) If what you’re demonstrating normally takes more than 5 minutes, go through just enough steps to give the idea, then show the finished product Pass out handouts before or after your speech unless people really need to read or see something in writing during the presentation itself If you’ll be using a volunteer or needing a helper with equipment, identify that person up ahead of time Some examples of demonstrative speeches: How to start your own blog How to bake a cake How to write a speech Persuasive ✓ The main goal of this discourse is to convince the audience to believe in a something. When you deliver persuasive speech, you should understand well the Page 15 of 38  perspective of your audience. State your ideas succinctly and smoothly to convince your audience. ✓ Conduct a research about the topic. Consider the pros and cos of the topic, then present it confidently to your audience. ✓ A speech that is persuasive is meant to convince the listeners why the speaker’s side of the equation is more beneficial. ✓ The speaker’s assertion must be supported by historical data in the form of statistical results and expert’s testimonies as well as comparisons and contrasts between the Speaker’s side and the listener’s side of the equation. Consider the following in delivering a persuasive speech: a. Correctness of Diction. - The use of appropriate language is really important. - Your ideas can be clearly conveyed if you avoid flowery words and verbose language. b. Rhythm - Sound truly influences human brain. Make sure that you are able to master the rhythm in your speech for easier digestion by its audience. c. Accumulation of Argument. - Provide necessary facts and statistics. - Audience will be surely delighted to listen if you provide them with details and appropriate information. d. Analogy - The best speakers are the masters of analogy. Do not forget to use Logos (logic) and Pathos (emotional) appeal. e. Wild Extravagance. - The emotions, facial expressions, and gestures of the speaker greatly audience’s attention. It is also important to use wild extravagance of language in stating ideas and opinions. Entertainment Speech ✓ The primary purpose of entertainment speech is to make the audience relax, smile, and enjoy. ✓ The speaker should always make sure that he/she could be able to catch and to hold people’s attention by telling jokes, humorous stories, dramatizing an anecdote or story, telling scary story, sharing a movie, and many more. ✓ Entertainment speech is not a comedy sketch – the purpose is not only to tell a series of jokes. Neither is it the purpose of the speaker to have the audience laughing throughout the speech. To make the listener smile or feel lighthearted after the speech is enough. ✓ An entertainment speech must lead the audience into looking at something familiar in a totally different and humorous light by providing comparisons and contrasts, especially with the strange or unusual; highlighting the quirks of important personages such as officials, celebrities, actors, and athletes and applying them to regular people like, say, the Listeners; or assigning human characteristics to inanimate objects. It can also be highly entertaining to engage in word play like puns, and giving funny meanings to acronyms or anagrams. ✓ Although it is an entertainment speech, it must still follow these guidelines (some of which have been previously discussed): it must be prepared at the level of knowledge of the speaker (you are there to entertain not to show off); it must be tailored to fit the level of knowledge of the audience (a simple presentation works every time), and, most importantly, it has to take into account the age, gender, Page 16 of 38  social status, religion, and cultural affiliation of the audience (so as not to offend any of them.) Here are some guidelines to create an entertaining speech: a. Choose an appropriate topic. - The topic should not be too dense, complicated or heavy. - You’re not trying to give your audience a greater understanding of anything. - You’re there to help them have a good time. b. Enjoy yourself - Believe it or not, an audience can find it difficult to enjoy your presentation if it looks like you are not enjoying giving it. c. Keep it Simple - Make is easy for your audience to follow along. - Keep the content simple to understand. This is not the time to go deep. d. Make it visceral - Use vivid word pictures. - You cannot be lazy with your descriptions. Make your words pop with strong images that fill their minds with sights, smells, textures and more. e. Say it like a roller coaster - Add unexpected twists and turns to your presentation. - When you surprise your audience with where your story is going, that increases the entertainment. According to Manner of Delivery For most beginners, delivering their first speech is very difficult. Many feel anxious and nervous: “I’m too nervous to stand up there.” “What to do with my hands?” “Will people pay attention?” Self-doubts, from actual fright to a more general lack of self- confidence, creep into every speaker’s mind; the key is to learn how to control them. What method of presentation would best help you deliver your speech? The choice of methods of presentation should be based on considerations such as the type of speaking occasion, the seriousness and purpose of your speech, your audience analysis, and your own strength and weaknesses as a speaker. Attention to these considerations will help you decide wherever you method of presentation is impromptu, manuscript, memorized or extemporaneous. The Impromptu Speech Method ✓ If you were to speak at a meeting without use of notes and with very little preparation, you would be using the impromptu method of delivery. As the name suggests, the impromptu speech is delivered at the spur of the moment with little preparation. ✓ The speaker relies entirely on previous knowledge and skill. You organize your ideas and choose your words while you speak. Page 17 of 38  ✓ One of the advantages of the impromptu delivery is the fact that it sounds natural and spontaneous. However, because of spontaneity of delivery, a speaker may have limited chance of filtering words or ideas. ✓ A spontaneous speaker would find this method best fitting because he feels more comfortable thinking on his feet and expressing himself. Its major disadvantage is, of course, lack of time to prepare, therefore sounding unprepared. ✓ Inexperienced speakers tend to ramble without ever saying anything. You have to remember to keep your speech simple, formulate one central idea and concentrate on developing it. In this way, you’ll avoid the rambling, incoherent remarks that the method too often produces. The Manuscript Speech Method ✓ This method of delivery calls for you to write out the speech and read it aloud to the audience. This works well when you have very detailed information that you have to state exactly. ✓ The main advantage of this style of speaking is that the speech can be delivered without the possibility of errors in important information. Reading a speech while retaining a conversational style is very difficult than it sounds. No matter how experienced you are, when you read your message, you’ll inevitably sacrifice some of the freshness and spontaneity necessary for effective speech making. ✓ You’ll have trouble reacting to feedback and may be tempted to use more formal written language. There is lack of eye contact and minimal interaction with the audience. You tend to be more confined. If you use this method, talk though the speech over and over to ensure an effective oral style. The Memorized Speech Method ✓ This method calls for a word- for word memorized delivery. Few occasions call for totally memorized speeches in which the speaker writes out the entire speech, memorizes it and delivers it without note cards or a manuscript. ✓ The main advantage to memorized delivery is that it leaves the speaker free to move about and have a direct eye contact with the audience having to worry about handling cards or papers. The greatest disadvantage to this style of the delivery is the possibility of forgetting the speech. The mind goes blank, and silence falls over the entire audience. ✓ Your memory has failed you and there is no way out. Instead of sounding conversational, a memorized speech often results in a silted presentation; speakers tend to pause too often while trying to remember the words, or rush part ideas so as not to forget the words. ✓ No matter how the audience reacts, the memorized version will be the same; and therefore, lacks spontaneity. This particular method of delivery does have a time and a place when it can be beneficial and used to produce the desired result. The Extemporaneous Speech Method Page 18 of 38  ✓ Extemporaneous speaking means speaking from an outline of ideas without memorizing an exact pattern of words. ✓ It represents a middle course between the memorized or read speech and the impromptu speech which requires careful planning and a good outline. ✓ This type of presentation is most common and generally, most effective. You usually put the outline in a note card using key words or phrases. ✓ Use the outline to fix the order of ideas in your mind, and try out various wordings to develop accuracy, conciseness and flexibility of expression. Through such preparation, you’ll be able to deliver the actual speech from a few notes. If the extemporaneous method is used carelessly, the result will resemble a bas impromptu speech, a fact that sometimes leads to a confusion of these two terms. When used well, however, the method will produce a speech that is nearly as polished as a memorized one but more relaxed, flexible and spontaneous, hence more like natural conversation than the other methods. PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING SPEECH DELIVERY Speech Writing Writing a speech is far different from writing an effective speech. It doesn’t just involve sharing what you know about any topic and inviting the audience to believe your point. An effective speech is one that offers complete information about the topic, keeps the audience motivated to listen, and most importantly, receives a good feedback from the audience. In order to achieve these goals, one should be able to have a good topic, prepare a comprehensive outline of the speech and consider the characteristics of an effective speech, which are also in congruence with the steps to follow in writing a good speech. First Principle of Speech Writing: Choosing the Topic ✓ A speech is meant to impart a message to listeners. The choice of topic may be up to the speaker but, more often than not, the Speaker is given the topic because it is the central theme of a program, conference, or presentation. ✓ In any case, the topic should be timely, meaning inexistence at the present time (unless a historical event is the reason for the gathering). The topic should be interesting to you (the Speaker), of course, so that you will be enthusiastic in preparing and delivering the Speech. ✓ At the same time, it should be just as interesting to your Audience so that they will focus on your speech and nothing else. If there is a conflict between what you want to say and what you’re Listeners what to hear, then it is the Audience who wins. ✓ A topic that is new, that has not been heard of before by your Listeners, is an attention grabber. So is a topic that is controversial as it encourages the Audience to listen carefully so they can choose a side. ✓ It must be pointed out that when choosing a topic, the Speaker must ever be mindful of the culture of the Speaker and Listener, their ages, their gender as well as their social status and religious affiliation. Page 19 of 38  ✓ It is good advice for the Speaker to choose a topic that is at the level of knowledge of both the Speaker and the Audience. Second Principle of Speech Writing: Analyzing the Audience ✓ Before writing down anything about the Speech, one must engage in Analyzing the Audience. A speech for one occasion cannot simply be used for another. ✓ There is no speech that fits any and all occasions. Each speech has a different Purpose and a different Manner of Delivery. So, given the hundreds of thousands of Speech topics multiplied by the types of Purpose and Types of Delivery, each Speech, even if delivered by the same person, is unique. ✓ Every speech is specific to the Speaker and may be characterized by the topic chosen, the time and place of Delivery, and the configuration of the Audience listening to this particular Speech. ✓ The Audience is one of the major factors that determine the uniqueness of the Speech. Just there is no speech that fits all Public Communication Situation; there is no single Audience for a Speech. How do you analyze the Audience if you do not know who the Audience will be? First, if possible, get or guess the demographic data of the audience: age, gender, ethnic background, occupation, economic and social status, etc., especially if one is addressing a business group, a student club, or a community organization. These data may influence the Audience’s reaction to the Speech. Moreover, the data will influence the way you will write the Speech- what points to choose, what to leave out, the words to use, and even what tone of voice will work on them. Second, it is important to know the groups to which your Audience belongs as these groups hold certain beliefs and values. You may then be able to ascertain how your Listeners feel about certain issues without having to talk to each and every Listener or do a survey among them. Third, it is just as important to find out how your audience feels about the topic of your Speech and what they already know about it (so that you do not repeat is and bore the audience). Finally, you should try to know how they feel about you as the Speaker and what they already know about you. The speaker may be able to gauge this from the organizers of the event and the people who extended the invitation. Third Principle of Speech Writing: Sourcing the Information ✓ This involves seeking out all the available means for finding materials to support the speech. ✓ Good sources are newspapers, magazines, books, journals, or any reading material full of useful information. Page 20 of 38  ✓ Search engines on the internet such as Google or Yahoo may also be used. However, the best resource are people, especially the experts or those who are involved in the field to which the topics belongs. ✓ A speech on “How to Take Care of Your Heart” may be built on reading materials, but a cardiologist (heart doctor) may give more accurate data while someone who has suffered a heart attack can provide real life experiences that a speaker may use to reach out and affect them emotionally. ✓ Information for any speech topic must be relevant, that is, it discusses the topic directly; must be timely, meaning it focuses on the present or recent past; and must cover most, if not all, of the topic (unless the topic focuses only on a part of a general subject or issue.) ✓ Information gathered must be at the level of knowledge of both the speaker and the audience, without offending any listener. ✓ Be sure that you present honest and reliable information. You will be sharing this to the audience and your credibility lies on it. It could surely reflect what kind of speaker you are and this could affect the whole communication process. Fourth Principle of Speech Writing: Outlining and Organizing the Speech Content ✓ This makes sense of all the research conducted. ✓ With all the information gathered for the speech topic, it is quite easy to be overwhelmed. Although one may want to use all the information gathered, that is not possible, particularly since there is a time limit. ✓ Identify the main points of your arguments and provide details. Present your work in an organized manner to prevent doubt and uncertainty. The first step is to sort the information into categories; statistics, testimonies and opinions, historical facts, etc. or may be classified according to the point they are making, specifically, that part of the topic to be discussed. The next step is to organize the speech itself. For this, the best method is an outline. Even a manuscript speech and memorized speech begin with an outline which is then filled out with supporting materials. There are different types of outlines that one can use depending on how the speech is to be organized. a. Chronological Outline a historical/time approach like from the past to present. Example: development of Ilocos Region from Martial Law to the present. b. Spatial/Geographical Outline going from one place to another, from one direction to another. Example: The Heritage Churches of Pampanga. c. Cause and Effect Outline involves a discussion of both cause and effect of an issue. Example: The Fish Kill in Laguna de Bay. d. Problem-Solution Outline explains a problem and suggests a possible solution. Example: Cleaning Up Manila de Bay Page 21 of 38  e. Topical Outline divides the topic into subtopics based on importance or interest value or simply because the topic requires it; for topics that do not fall under any of the previously mentioned outlines. Example: Social Media Have Made Us Anti-Social ✓ Once there is an outline, it will be easier to know which supporting material to use. The outline also helps in pointing out whether a material may be useful or not. SPEECH DELIVERY ✓ Effective speech delivery completes the hard work of preparing it. ✓ It comprises wording and delivery for the speaker to sound confident and intelligible when giving the speech. ✓ Remember that it is important that the speaker be understood and the goal of the speech be achieved. ✓ There should be a rapport between the speaker and the audience but still, he should have the command of the language. ✓ To top it all, the speech should be conversational, in that the audience should feel you are talking with them, not at them. ✓ A speaker may sound too bossy or overly dramatic if this factor is not considered. And much worse, the speaker might sound like he’s just reading the script or he has just memorized it. First Principle of Speech Delivery: Articulation ✓ When the speaker’s words cannot be understood because of poor articulation, the speech might as well not have been delivered at all. ✓ Word choice and grammatical correctness are necessary in writing the speech, but it is with clear articulateness in pronouncing the words and speaking with clear diction that effectively transmits the message of the speaker. ✓ It is highly important to know the correct way of saying a word, whether they are familiar or unfamiliar. ✓ Proper breathing techniques together with the correct molding sounds that make up the words contribute to efficient articulation Second Principle of Speech Delivery: Modulation ✓ There are pleasant sounding voices quite soothing to the ears, just as there are unpleasant voices that sound flat, are high pitched, or screeching. ✓ People like to listen to voices that are well modulated, meaning the capability to adjust or manipulate the resonance and timbre of the vocal tone. ✓ A microphone requires even more modulation as the amplifiers will resonate voices further. But with or without a microphone, voices should not bombard our eardrums. ✓ If the speaker’s voice is modulated, listeners will pay attention. The speaker’s words will be heard clearly and the message of the speech will be sent and received. Third Principle of Speech Delivery: Stage Presence Page 22 of 38  ✓ The ability to “own” the stage, of the speaker being able to fill the space and project his/her personality to the audience – that is stage presence. ✓ The opposite of stage presence is stage fright, which is considered by many as the topmost fear in the world of public speaking. But instead of trying to get rid of stage fright (which cannot be done anyway), all that energy that is making one feel shaky and nervous should be used to make the speaker become an interesting, enthusiastic speaker capable of being heard and able to move about on stage. ✓ No one is immune from stage fright. Other people just manage it better and create what we see as stage presence. Fourth Principle of Speech Delivery: Facial Expressions, Gestures, and Movement ✓ It is not just the choice of words and their proper pronunciation that make for an effective speech delivery. ✓ The message of any speech is reinforced, clarified, and complemented by nonverbal communication such as facial expressions, gestures, and movement. Without these nonverbal elements, the speaker may be judged as boring, with flat delivery and an unemotional voice. ✓ Facial expressions should change with the content of the speech. ✓ Gestures should emphasize only certain points. ✓ Movement should allow the speaker to carry the speech around, forward, and to the audience, metaphorically speaking. It should also direct the audience to follow the speaker and keep them hanging on to his/her every word. Fifth Principle of Speech Delivery: Audience Rapport ✓ It was pointed out previously that the most important tool for establishing a connection with the listeners is an audience analysis. ✓ Using these data, one is able to write a speech that would appeal to the audience. Also because of the same data, one will know how to deliver the message to the audience and connect with them at a deeper level. A speech for public communication begins with a purpose; what the speaker intends to happen when he/she imparts a message to the listener. Given the purpose, the speaker gets to know the audience, the group of listeners that will either accept or reject the message. Given the purpose and the audience, the speaker then organizes the information found from various sources. These materials are to support the message so that it may inform, persuade, or entertain he audience. Outlining the speech comes next, the backbone of the body of speech. Some parts of speech are fully written out based on the outline and then memorized. B. Non-Verbal Communication Page 23 of 38 When we think about communication, we most often focus on how we exchange information using words. While verbal communication is important, humans relied on nonverbal communication for thousands of years before we developed the capability to communicate with words. Nonverbal communication is defined as a process of generating meaning using behavior other than words. Also, nonverbal is sending and receiving messages in a variety of ways without the use of verbal codes (words). Kinds of Nonverbal Communication Language of Kinesics is a body motion that includes the repertoire of physical actions Oculesics is also known as eye contact. Facial Expressions pertain to the manner in which the facial muscles are set to indicate feelings, emotions or attitudes. Gestures which include the movement of the head, hands, arms or shoulders to convey or emphasize the message. Stop. It is used to admonish or warn a single individual. It is a variation of the “you” gesture. If translated into language it would say “Stop whatever you are doing and pay attention to me”. Thumbs up. A sign of acceptance, approval or encouragement. Thumbs down. It generally indicates that something is bad or not accepted. You. Pointing at a people is rude. The use of this hand gesture implies that a dominant- to subordinate relationship is taking place. Looking at a wrist. It indicates that it is “time” to end the communication. Shrug. Lifting both shoulders which indicates lack of knowledge or concern. Posture. It is used to determine a degree of attention or involvement, difference in status and the level of fondness a person has for the other communicator. Arms crossing. Shows self- confidence, defensiveness and arrogance. Shoulders forward. Indicates shyness or low self- esteem, tired and bored. Standing erect. Indicates that a person is relaxed, full of energy, approachable, friendly and confident. Language of Haptics. The study of how much touch is used to transmit messages through hands, arms and other body parts. Examples: Handshakes High five Pat on the Holding hands shoulder Language of Proxemics. The study of how people use space and arrangement of the learning environment to create a message. Physical arrangements. The layout of the room in which you’re speaking, including the presence or absence of a lectern; the seating plan; the location of chalkboards and similar aids; and any physical barriers between you and your audience. Distance. The extent or degree of separation between you and your audience. Four Distance Zones Intimate distance Page 24 of 38  ✓ from actual touching to eighteen inches ✓ applies to the closest relationship such as husband and wife Personal distance ✓ from eighteen inches to four feet ✓ the most appropriate distance for teacher and student to discuss personal affairs such as grades, conduct, private problems, etc. Social distance ✓ exits from four to twelve feet ✓ it covers people working together or meeting at social gatherings Public distance ✓ outward from twelve feet ✓ kept between a lecturer and his audience Language of Chronemics. This refers to the teachers’ use of time that communicates a message to students. Duration- the length of time devoted to an activity or learning task in the classroom. Activity – the learning task facilitated in the classroom Punctuality- the exact time agreed upon. Language of colors. There are some color effects that have universal meaning while perceptions of colors are somewhat subjective. Meaning of colors Red- anger and hostility Blue- peace, calm, sadness, truth Pink- love, beauty Gold- wealth Yellow- wisdom, joy, happiness Green- life Violet- Royalty White- purity, cleanliness Black- death C. Connecting With The Audience As a speaker, it is vital to make a personal connection with the audience. Your ability to establish this connection can make the difference between being evaluated positively or negatively, being believed or doubted, or delivering an effective or ineffective presentation. So, how do you make this connection? Simple, focus on identification and immediacy. Identification happens when a speaker emphasizes common values, goals, and experiences that exist between him or her and the audience. Immediacy refers to performing behaviors that increase feelings of liking, pleasure, and closeness in the minds of audience members. Below, tips on achieving identification and immediacy are discussed. Identification ✓ Finding and highlighting common ground between you, the speaker, and the audience is a great way to create identification during a presentation. Identification allows a speaker to remove the invisible barrier that separates the speaker and audience. Try to find and highlight common values, goals, and experiences. Common Values: Like a very basic audience analysis, think about what values you have in common with audience members. A sense of the difference between right and wrong, a belief in justice, or adhering to the golden rule are all good starting points for common values. Page 25 of 38 Common Goals: In line with the same thought process as finding common values, think about goals that you are likely to share with audience members. A desire to be a better person, the pursuits of success and happiness, as well as mental and financial security are goals that many people share. Common Experiences: While all individuals have unique experiences that shape their worldviews, we often have similar experiences in life. Being part of a family or group, falling in love, and experiencing physical or emotional joy and pain are common to the human experience. Also, try using personal stories, as well as "we/us" language instead of an "I/you" style. Immediacy Performing certain behaviors during the delivery of a presentation typically improve an audience's evaluation and perception of a speaker. A few simple behaviors that you might try during your next speech are increased eye contact, relaxed posture, and smiling. Eye Contact ✓ A speaker's ability to make and maintain eye contact during a presentation impacts the audience's evaluations of how likable and trustworthy the speaker is. More eye contact (though you will want to avoid appearing to stare at the audience) is usually associated with higher evaluations of both categories. Remember to limit your notes and maximize your practice time so that you can make eye contact instead of reading your speech. Relaxed Posture ✓ A stiff speaker is less likely to connect with an audience than is a relaxed speaker. Relaxed speakers move freely and "own" the room, gesture comfortably, and generally seem conversational. Smiling ✓ Findings from multiple studies suggest that humans rate those who smile as being more attractive than those who do not smile. Sure, you don't want to smile at inappropriate times or maintain a constant smile during your entire presentation, but when appropriate, remember to "say cheese" during your presentation. Exercises: 1. Explain, how can you ensure effective communication? 2. Explain, what is nonverbal communication? 3. What makes a speaker look respected and credible? 4. Why do you feel motivated to listen to a speech, may it be short or long? 5. What are some reasons why people don’t like listening to speeches? 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Retrieved August 15, 2024 from https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/disability-rights/disability-discrimination "Public Speaking" Retrieved August 15, 2024 from https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-perpetual-help-system-dalta/purposive- communication/lecture-notes-purposive-communication-public-speaking/20186166 "Principles of Effective Public Speaking".(2021). Retrieved August 15, 2024 from https://www.corporatestaffing.co.ke/2021/08/7-principles-of-effective-public-speaking/ Page 27 of 38