Purposive Communication Reviewer PDF

**PURPOSIVE COMM REVIEWER** **LESSON 1** **What is** Purposive communication? "The art of communication is the language of leadership." \- **James Humes** **Communication Models** **Aristotle's Model -- First Communication Model/Oldest -- Linear Model** Aristotle\'s model of communication foc...

**PURPOSIVE COMM REVIEWER** **LESSON 1** **What is** Purposive communication? "The art of communication is the language of leadership." \- **James Humes** **Communication Models** **Aristotle's Model -- First Communication Model/Oldest -- Linear Model** Aristotle\'s model of communication focuses on the art of persuasion. It involves: 1**. Speaker**: The person delivering the message, whose credibility and rhetorical skills are crucial. 2\. **Speech**: The content of the message, which should be well-structured and tailored to the audience. 3\. **Audience**: The recipients of the message, whose perceptions and attitudes affect how they receive it. 4\. **Effect**: The aim of communication, which is to persuade or convince the audience. **In essence, Aristotle's model emphasizes the importance of the speaker's ability to craft a persuasive message for a specific audience.** **Shannon-Weaver's Model -- "The Telephone Model"** Shannon-Weaver\'s Model of communication involves: 1**. Information Source**: Origin of the message. 2\. **Transmitter**: Encodes the message into a signal. 3\. **Channel**: Medium through which the signal is transmitted. 4\. **Receiver**: Decodes the signal back into a message. 5\. **Destination**: Final recipient of the message. 6\. **Noise**: Any interference that disrupts the message. **The model focuses on the technical process of communication and the impact of noise on message clarity.** **Osgood-Schramm's Model -- General Conversation** Osgood-Schramm's Model of communication highlights: 1\. **Encoder/Decoder**: Both sender and receiver simultaneously encode and decode messages. 2\. **Message**: The content being communicated. 3\. **Field of Experience**: The background and context influencing message interpretation. 4\. **Feedback**: Responses from the receiver sent back to the sender, creating a continuous communication loop. 5\. **Noise**: Interference that can distort the message. **The model focuses on the interactive, reciprocal nature of communication and the role of feedback in shaping the process.** **Schramm's Model** Schramm's Model of Communication emphasizes: 1\. **Two-way process**: Communication is interactive, with constant feedback between sender and receiver. 2\. **Feedback**: Essential for confirming if the message was understood. 3\. **Fields of experience**: Shared backgrounds or contexts help in better understanding the message. 4\. **Noise**: Any interference that can distort or block the message. **It highlights the importance of interaction, shared understanding, and feedback for effective communication.** **White's Stages of Oral Communication -- Feedback (most important)** **White\'s Eight Stages:** 1. **Thinking**: The speaker generates an idea or thought to communicate. 2. **Symbolizing**: The speaker selects words or symbols to represent the thought. 3. **Expressing**: The speaker vocalizes the message using speech. 4. **Transmitting**: The message is sent via a medium (usually sound waves when speaking). 5. **Receiving**: The listener perceives the sound or message. 6. **Decoding**: The listener interprets or makes sense of the message. 7. **Feedbacking**: The listener responds, either verbally or nonverbally, to show understanding or seek clarification. 8. **Monitoring**: Both the speaker and listener assess the communication process, adjusting the message or interpretation as needed. **LESSON 2** **Lesson 2: COMMUNICATION ETHICS** - **Communication - the act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another.** - **Communication Ethics - fundamental to responsible thinking, decision-making, and the development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media.** - **Principle 1 - "Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of communication."** - **Principle 2 - "Freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve the informed and responsible decision-making fundamental to a civil society."** - **Principle 3 - "Condemn communication that degrades individual and humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and hatred."** - **Principle 4 - "Accept responsibility for the short and long term consequences of our own communication and expect the same of others."** **LESSON 3** **COMMUNICATION & GLOBALIZATION** **WORLD ENGLISHES** - **Varieties of English** - **Different standard from different speakers** **WORLD ENGLISH** - **Global English** - **Lingua Franca- use of English among those people whose first language are different** **Culturally Sensitive and Bias-Free Language** - **RACE & ETHNICITY (RACISM)- Locker & Kienzler "One should refer to a group by the term it prefers."** - **Gender and sexual orientation (SEXISM)** a. Dropping pronouns that signify gender b. Changing to plural construction c. Replacing masculine or feminine pronouns with one or you - **Social -- (Classism)** - **Age (Ageism)** - **Disabilities -Person first language** **LESSON 4** **PUBLIC SPEAKING** - **Public speaking is an important life skill**, yet few people master it. In fact, many people are afraid of speaking in public. - **It is a process of communicating purposeful information in front of an audience**. It is usually face-to-face and in a formal setting where the aim of the speaker is to influence the listeners. **CLASSICAL PERIOD** - **Theory 1** - **The most well-known public speaking traditions come from the West, specifically from the Greco-Roman** tradition. - **Theory 2** - **The Greeks studied the art of rhetoric on the island of Sicily**, and it began with a practical need. - **Theory 3** - **The Greek teacher of rhetoric, Corax, and his student, Tisias, proceeded to help citizens when it came to speaking persuasively** in courts of law, and this led to the expansion of the teaching of rhetoric to mainland Greece. - **ETHOS** **- refers to ethics, meaning a speaker must radiate moral characters to create an aura of trust and authority** in the audience.  - **LOGOS** - **mean supporting your speech with logical reasoning in the form of facts, figures, and evidence** and one of the most effective ways of helping the audience to get to the conclusion of an argument on their own. - **PATHOS** **- refers to adding an emotional touch to your speech**, so as to cater to the audience's emotions. **DEMOSTHENES** - **The most famous orator in Ancient Greece was Demosthenes**. In the beginning, **he had many flaws when it came to public speaking, chief among them were his stammer and weak voice**. According to Kleiser (2009), **Demosthenes practiced earnestly by \"declaiming on the seashore with pebbles in his mouth, walking up and downhill while reciting.\"** and that his speeches were known for their deliberation and forethought. **THE ROMANS** **CICERO** - **the most famous Roman orator whose eloquence was described as a \"resistless torrent".** Cicero was a statesman who argued that the teaching of rhetoric should be **considered an art form**, and that this could be useful in \"all practical and public affairs.\" He believed that in order to prepare a speech, **one should first think of one\'s listeners and their interests, and to use certain strategies**. (Morreale, 2010) He developed a theory called the [Five Canons of Rhetoric](https://thevisualcommunicationguy.com/rhetoric-overview/the-five-canons-of-rhetoric/)-- a five-step process for developing a persuasive speech that we still use while teaching public speaking today. i. Invention ii.  Arrangement iii. Style iv. Memory  v. Delivery **QUINTILLIAN** - **The Roman lawyer and educator, Quintilian**, also forwarded the idea that **public speakers should be ethical**. According to Morreale (2010), the ideal speaker was \"a good man speaking well\... a good speaker is ethical and of high character and speaking well-meant being well-informed and presenting the speech effectively.\" **MEDIEVAL PERIOD** **ST. AGUSTINE** - **A Christian clergyman**, and a renowned rhetorician continued to develop ideas and considered the study of persuasion that had originated during the Classical Period. **THE RENAISSANCE** **PETRUS RAMUS** - challenged the theories of the great scholars from the Classical Period and focused on **logic** **rather than rhetoric**. According to him, logic falls under two parts - **invention** and **judgment**. He also challenged much of what the great scholars thought about ethics, morals, and the way they tied it up to communications. **THE ENLIGHTENMENT** **GEORGE CAMPBELL - A Scottish minister**, and educator used **scientific and moral reasoning to understand how persuasion in speech works**, meaning how people use speech to persuade others. **Elocutionary approach** was developed that mainly focused on the **delivery aspect of public speaking**, namely- **tone of voice, gestures, body language, [facial expressions](https://franticallyspeaking.com/old/eye-contact-and-facial-expressions/), and pronunciations.** **NEW SCHOOL** The **New School considered public speaking as a separate field of study**. Communication departments have professors or instructors to teach about **classical and modern rhetoric**.  For instance, [Toastmasters](https://franticallyspeaking.com/old/should-i-join-toastmasters-to-learn-public-speaking-the-pros-the-cons/) is one such training organization that aims at teaching its members public speaking skills. **PHILIPPINE TRADITION IN PUBLIC SPEAKING** **BABAYLANS** - **During pre-colonial times, the Philippines was one of the few places that allowed women to speak in public** for the purpose of presiding over religious rituals. Along with the warriors of the community, the mandirigma, they were the leaders of pre-colonial Philippines (Mallari, 2013). **Philippine Tradition in Public Speaking** **KARAGATAN** - be game wherein **young men and women duel with each other using words when it comes to talking about love** **BALAGTASAN** - was also staged, on order to **honor Francisco Balagtas, a well-known Filipino poet.** **HUEGO DE PRENDA** - **a game used to entertain guests and the bereaved family during wakes** Like an ordinary debate, except that one has to reason and argue in verse. Two master poets are assigned to defend the pros and cons of an issue, and a board of judges sits to determine the winner. **LESSON 5** **Best Practices of Public Speaking** - **INTRODUCTION** - **Some speeches can be so effective they trigger adrenaline, while other speeches, just as effective, trigger a sense of peace and calm in the midst of chaos**. - **PERFORMANCE** - Speeches are performances, and they are delivered best when they have the feel of **authenticity and earnestness**, People respond when they think that the **one speaking is being honest and sincere**, and they **respond even more strongly when they feel that they can relate to the speaker** in question. - **PLAN THE SPEECH** - It is important to express oneself in an **expressive and articulate manner**. It is best to choose **one\'s words carefully, and to ensure that one\'s speech builds on the foundations of logos, pathos, and ethos**. To come across as articulate, one must also **nurture a speaking style that is effective, and this style varies from one person to another.** - **EYE CONTACT** - One way of coming across as authentic **is the ability to make good eye contact with the audience, and to speak in a manner that touches them.** Some people, however, have a hard time making eye contact. Should this be the case, it would help to **pick out three people from the audience, placed in a mental triangle from one\'s position, and try to make eye contact with them instead of the rest of the people in the room.** If one is truly **hesitant to look at people's eyes, one may look at their foreheads instead; this creates the illusion of making.** - **SPEAKING -** Different speaking styles emerge through practice. Some **speakers use passion, enthusiasm, and dramatic gestures like pointing or air punches to energize the audience, while others are more effective by appearing calm, trustworthy, and using thoughtful, open hand gestures to connect with listeners.** - **HAND GESTURES -** Whatever kind of speaker one may be, it is always best to be more purposeful when it comes to choosing hand gestures. **Hand gestures can create as much of an impact as the content of the speech itself.** They must always look **smooth and natural, rather than robotic or artificial.** - **Hand gestures can be useful signposts in making a point, such as the usual hand gestures of enumeration.** - They can **signal inclusiveness, such as when both hands are stretched towards the audience palm up, or division, such as when there are sweeping gestures to indicate difference.** - Although they are intuitive in nature, **they are extremely useful when used effectively, and note that these gestures are also culturally informed.** - Some **hand gestures are considered rude, and it is important to be able to match the appropriate hand gestures to one\'s audience.** - **RECORDING THE SPEECH FOR FEEDBACK** 1. **One of the best practices in public speaking is to videotape speakers,** and then have these speakers watch themselves. 2. This process is usually done inside speech laboratories, **where students can access videos of themselves, and allow them to study their speeches.** 3. They can **watch for the flaws of their performances, instead of being too dependent on the teacher or their peers when it comes to constructive criticism.** - **APPEARANCE -** When it **comes to appearance, it is important to look credible and worthy of respect**. In the real world, this depends a lot on one\'s audience, as the way one\'s dresses should match the kind of audience one wants to impress. Whether one\'s audience are corporate clients or creative directors, **this should have an influence on the appearance one presents** **Traditional audiences often call for more formal clothing:** 1. **MEN'S** - For men, this would mean **donning a suit and tie at the most formal level, or at the very least, the use of long-sleeved button-down shirts, slacks. and leather shoes. In the Philippines, the use of a barong and slacks is acceptable** 2. **WOMEN'S** - For the women, **a pantsuit or a formal coat and skirt ensemble should suffice. In less formal instances, a dress or blouse and skirt (or slacks) outfit** should do as well. - **GOOD GROOMING** - In addition, good grooming is a must, and that **extends to one\'s hair to one\'s nails. As long as one looks neat and clean, that should be enough to satisfy most audience\'s requirements.** Some audiences, however, may require **women to wear more or less) make-up. don a hijab, or wear high heels** - in these instances, it is always best to know the cultural expectations of the audience and the venue - **VISUAL AIDS** - Since we live in a world that is more dependent on information technology, it has become de rigueur for audiences to expect speeches to be accompanied with visual aids, such as PowerPoint presentations, video or audio clips, and infographics. Any of these are acceptable, and in most cases, commendable, as long as they are relevant to the topic at hand - **POWERPOINT PRESENTATION** 1. When it comes to the use of PowerPoint one should ensure that the **font size of the text is not too small. An acceptable size font would be type 24 or larger, and the text should be in dark colors for easier reading.** 2. The best PowerPoint **presentations are not text-heavy: instead, they are visually oriented, which is why the use of photographs, illustrations, charts, and the like would better serve one\'s use of the medium.** 3. **Video clips may or may not be embedded** in the presentation, as well as audio clips and animation **The University of Leicester** gives a few guidelines about the use of PowerPoint, as well. 1. When it comes to color it is best to be consistent and to have the **same color and background schemes for each slide.** 2. It also mentions the **\"six by six rule,\" whereby,\"slides should have no more than six bullet points and each bullet point should be no more than six words long\".** 3. Although **it is good to use animation, it would be best not to overuse this feature.** 4. Once the PowerPoint **presentation is finished, one can view it several ways; one can view it in the \"Notes\" tab to see the comments and notes for the speaker, aside from the actual slide presentation: and another is the \"Slide Sorter\"** view to see the visual Impact of the presentation. 5. A **good rule of thumb is one side for every two minutes. One should also rehearse the speech while using the presentation, and check the infrastructure (such as the room, laptop, and projector) before the speech (2017)** - **HANDOUTS -** It **would be best to have handouts ready for one\'s audience, so that members of the audience will not have to scramble when taking notes during the presentation.** These should be written succinctly, and should have appropriate citations - **FEEDBACK -** Although the speech is a performance, **it is also one where its audience can participate, often by the speaker asking rhetorical or directing actual questions to the audience**. It is always good to read the verbal and non-verbal cues from the audience, such as **whether they agree with what one is saying or whether they are resisting to certain ideas, mirrored by their use of body language**. The speaker is seen as more **responsive and sympathetic to the audience when they modify their speeches to match the audience\'s visual cues** - **CONCLUSION -** In the end, **public speaking is a dynamic performance that is meant to disseminate information, create greater awareness, and evoke emotions in the audience.** It is **utilized by teachers, lawyers, politicians, and the like. It has been used effectively to promote human rights on the street and to create policies in government.** Although it is a performance, the most important speeches in the world have and material effects, such as the **speeches of Abraham Lincoln, Susan B. Anthony, and Martin Luther King, Jr.**, and these still affect the world today, long after their speakers have already been long gone