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Solutions Dl9TALN0-E Prepared By Bharat - Panchal Sir Follow me on UN ACADEMY : - Bharat Panchal Sir... USE CODE - BPANCHALLO With love for My dear students Price... Just your , share Must Join Bharat Panchal Sir... Dimmitt bharal pancha 192 - Please subscribe ¥E¥€¥###¥¥ Bharat Panchal - cahuf.7iisst.io'  ¥€oEE¥eti e' ns It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components called solution. SOLUTE SOLVENT in lesser amount present in - present larger amount.. BINARY SOLUTION : made up of two components. TERNARY SOLUTION : made up of three components QUATERNARY SOL : made up of four components. AQUEOUS SOLN : which water is present in excess NON AQUEOUS south water is not present in excess. types of solution : METHODS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATIONS : Mass Percentage Gain ) : - Massi component Mass component of a of. = × too Mass of solution Volume Percentage Cvlv) : = Volume of component × Loo volume of solution Mass by Volume Percentage culled : solute = Mass of X 100 Volume of solution parts per million ( ppm) no. of parts of component X 106 No. of Darts in solution Mole fraction Cx ) : Ratio of no. moles of component ofall to the total moles the in component the Solution. no. of of moles component Mole fraction of component = No - of of No of moles all composers of - XA = htt 's XB = hB_ and XATXB =L hath B hath B Molarity ( M) : number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre of solution. M - WB Molarity CM ) moles of solute - = No. of MB "m" Volume of solution in like MY = Madara for dilution of any solution Milli + Mall = M , Cy, + Va ) VA for mixingSolan any. two. in Molality cm ) : Number of moles Solvent of solute present one kg of. Molality of moles of solute m=wmFXbw¥g = no. vole of sokn in litre , Solvent taken as A , solute taken as B  Ques - Ans corner G. Relation between molarity and molality. m > molality d → density Am ' M Md Molarity = = M → It MMBC 'm kg ) MBC 'm kg ) → molar mass in kg Q calculate the of NaOH in molarity of 450mL a solution containing 5g Solution. NCERT Ami WB M WI 5g X 1000 5Xl - - - - = ' Mrs MB mot 40×450 - - 40g ✓ = 450mL = 0.278 M Calculate molality of I. ethanol acid Cctlocootl ) Q. in 5g of c 75g of benzene NCERT B A Benzene Aug → CH , Coon : → WB = 2.5g Molality cm ) : ' wmB-gxiowac.gg MB mot Gog 25g off 055mF = = - - WA = 75g SOLUBILITY : maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved 's Solvent n 100g. → It depends upon nature of solute , solvent , temp , pressure. SATURATED SOLUTION ! Those solution in which no more solute can be added at same temp. and pressure. UNSATURATED SOLUTION ! In which more solute can be dissolved at same temp. solute in its Note - On dissolving the solid a solvent , conc. increases is called dissolution while when some , this. solute particles in solution collide with the other solid solute particles and get separated out of solution this , process is called crystallisation. DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM ' condition , when number of. The solute particles is equal to going into the Solan the solute particles out i e separating -. dissolution and crystallisation occur at same time solute + Solvent 7- Solution Henry Law temperature the solubility of " At constant 's , a gas inliquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas present above the surface of liquid or solution " sap or D= Kus S - - Solubility of gas D= partial pressure of gas Kus Henry 's constant. Dalton 's Modification The partial pressure of gas in vapour phase is directly proportional to the mole fraction of gas in Solution. page or D= Ku R - Higher the value of Ku at ' a given pressure the lower , is the solubility of gas in the liquid , solubility gas of increases with increase of tressure APPLICATION 'S OF HENRY LAW : increase solubility of CO2 in " To the soft drinks and soda water , the bottle is sealed under high pressure. of Nz in → To avoid bends and the toxic effect of high conc. the blood , the cylinders used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted with He. At High oxygen pressure is less Hence the altitude ,. the solubility of oxygen in blood is also low As , a result symptoms of anoxia , tire difficulty in breathing , weakness , decreased thinking ability.  limitations of Henry 's law of gas is is e)The pressure not too high and temp. not too low. e) The gas should not undergo any chemical change. " The gas should not undergo association or dissociation Q. Aquatic species feels more comfortable in cold water whee?. @ BSE - 2018, 2019 ) Aug solubility of oxygen increases with decrease in temp The. It is due to this reason that aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water rather than in warm water. 9 Henry is law constant for the molality of methane. in benzene at 298K 4.27×18 is mmHg. Calculate the solubility of methane in benzene at 298 K Under 760 ( NCERT ) mmHg Aut p 4.27×105 760 mm Hg Ku mm Hg = = Acc. to Henry 's law p = Knx x - - Es kn x = 760mmH&_ 177.99×10-5 = = 178×10-5 ( Apb. 4- 27×105 mm Hg vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions : - vapour pressure is of liquid the pressure exerted by vapours , its equilibrium with liquid , at a given temperature. It depends on - Nature of liquid Cup a volatile nature of liquid ) Temperature - c v P a temperature ) - RO ULT'S LAW FOR VOLATILE LIQUID : ; the partial v. P of each component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution " PA a xp and PB 2 XB PA = PA XA. PB = PB. XB Total vapour pressure Pg = PA 1- PB = pop. SCA t PB - XB Difference between ideal and non - ideal solution Tots 4. A B - interaction is same as A - B interaction is not same A - A and B - B interaction as A A and - B - B interaction. e. g n - Hexane and n - Heptane. ethanol and acetone Bromo ethane and chloro ethane. ethanol and water Benzene and toluene. phenol and aniline. Difference between positive and negative deviation : Gz og qq.ae#BBoEBbBBBBsg KEEEGBEEEEogtEgg - g, ethanol t acetone chloroform + acetone ethanol + water Nitric acid + water acetone + es , aniline phenol + Azeotrope s1 constant Boiling Mixtures Binary solutions " of two liquids having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase are called azeotrope or constant boiling mix. " The mixture of liquids which boil at constant temp. like a pure liquid and posses same composition " A MINIMUM BOILING A ZEOROPES ! They formed by those liquid pairs which show positive deviation from ideal behaviour. e.g ethanol water mixture -. * MAXIMUM BOILING A ZEO TROPES ? They are formed by those liquid pairs which show negative deviation from ideal behaviour. e.g Nitric acid water mixture -. properties of solutions which Colligate 've Properties The : depend only on the number of solute particles doesn't depends upon nature of solute or solvent , are known as colligate're property. of solute Colligate Property 2 no. of moles l y Molar Mass of solute Types : ice , relative point lowering in V. P Ciii Elevation in Boiling Ciii ) Depression in freezing point Civ ) osmotic Pressure. Relative lowering in Vapour pressure : when is dissolved in a non - solute a solvent vapour pressure of the solution becomes , lower than in that of pure solvent , known as relative lowering v. P Ps - Pa Ps Pf - KB - = Ps = Pea. XA - P'a B- ka p.at?a=hB- = Pf n A th B l - Ps I Phips NBP A Ka - = = Pf ha - Elevation in Boiling Point - Ine b.pt a. a liquid is that temperature at which its vapour pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure solution boiling point of The volatile solute a containing a non - is always pure higher than the b.pt solvent And this difference of. in b.pt is known as elevation in b.pt c Atb ) ATB = Tb - Ten ← B. Pt. of pure T solvent elevation in g B.pt of B. Pt solution Elevation point in boiling = Atb dm ( where , M is molality ) A- Tb = Kb M or Atb = Kb X WBX 1000 Mrs X WA Cg ) MB = KbXwoXloy Atb X WA Cg ) Kb = molal elevation constant or boiling point elevation or constant EBULLIOSCOPIC CONSTANT. Unit K kg mot ' - - DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT The temperature at which V. D of substance in its liquid phase is equal to its vapour phase in its solid state. The t.pt of a solution containing is volatile solute a non - always less than the point of bare solvent freezing This decrease. in f.pt is termed as depression in point CATH freezing depression → Atf = TI - Tf ← f. Pt of in f.pt Ff Pt of. pure solvent solution Dibression in freezing Point A- Tfa M C molality ) Atf Kf Atf Kf wbm-BXtuf.gg , = m or - - X too MB Kf XWBX - - - - A- X W Acg ) Tf Kf - - molal depression constant or freezing Point depression Constant or CMOS pic constant. Unit K kg mot ' - - OSMOTIC PRESSURE : osmosis - when lower conc. particles moves towards High cone. particles through s AM.. OSMOTIC PRESSURE : pressure applied on solution side to stop osmosis is known as osmosis denoted by. Por IT. REVERSE OSMOSIS : It more than osmotic pressure applied on solution side , reverse of osmosis takes place. This process is used for desalination of water. Mathematical Expression Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to molar concentration. Pac - cis Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to temp. Cii , Pat - From cis shirt ( P ng XRXT - - Pa CXT R is constant gas