Science Final Exam Study Notes (PDF)

Chemistry  SCIENCE FINAL EXAM STUDY NOTES ALL UNITS: Chemistry, Electricity, Ecology, Astronomy -​ CHEMISTRY NOTES - Observations vs Inferences: What is an Observation?: The skill of observing involves using all of the senses, as appropriate, to find out about the characteristics...

Chemistry  SCIENCE FINAL EXAM STUDY NOTES ALL UNITS: Chemistry, Electricity, Ecology, Astronomy -​ CHEMISTRY NOTES - Observations vs Inferences: What is an Observation?: The skill of observing involves using all of the senses, as appropriate, to find out about the characteristics, properties and attributes of objects, places and events. What is an Observation used for?: To collect and record data, which enables them to develop and then test hypotheses and theories. What is an Inference?: The process of drawing conclusions based on evidence and reasoning. What is an Inference used for?: Covers the principles and methods by which we use data to learn about observable phenomena. Particle Theory: What is the Particle Theory of Matter?: All matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles too small to see. What is the Particle Theory of Matter used for?: Provides a reasonable explanation for the matter's behaviour. What are Pure substances?: Substances that are made up of only one kind of particle and have a fixed or constant structure. What are Pure substances used for?: Measure accurate properties of the substance, Carry out chemical reactions without side effects of impurities, Use drugs for medical use without interference from impurities. What are Mixtures?: A combination of two or more substances in any proportion. What are Mixtures used for?: Cooking, cleaning, medicine, and in industrial processes. What are Solutions?: A homogeneous type of mixture of two or more substances. What are Solutions used for?: To separate and purify materials and to carry out chemical analysis. What are Compounds?: A substance made up of two or more different chemical elements combined in a fixed ratio. What are Compounds used for?: The different elements react with each other and form strong bonds that require significant energy to break apart. What is the difference between Pure substances and Mixtures?: Compounds are substances which can be formed by chemically combining two or more elements. Mixtures are substances that are formed by physically mixing two or more substances. What is the difference between Solutions and Compounds?: A compound can be broken down into simpler substances only by chemical reactions, such as electrolysis. A solution is a homogeneous mixture, meaning that it is the same throughout. What is a Homogeneous Mixture?: A mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout the mixture. What is a Heterogeneous Mixture?: A mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout the mixture. What is a Mechanical Mixture?: Have two or more particle types that are not mixed evenly and can be seen as different kinds of matter in the mixture. What is an Element?: A simple substance that cannot be broken down into smaller parts or changed into another substance. Physical and Chemical properties: What is a Physical property?: A characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance What is a Physical property used for?: To describe its changes between momentary states. What is a Chemical property?: A characteristic of a particular substance that can be observed in a chemical reaction. What is a Chemical property used for?: Building chemical classifications Examples of Physical properties?: Colour, hardness, malleability, weight, electrical conductivity, solubility, and mass. Examples of Chemical properties?: Flammability, toxicity, acidity, reactivity (many types), and heat of combustion. What is a Quantitative property?: Properties that are measured and expressed with a number. What is a Qualitative property?: Are properties that are observed and can generally not be measured with a numerical result. Physical vs Chemical change: What is Physical change?: A change in physical properties. What is Chemical change?: A change of materials into another, new materials with different properties and one or more than one new substances are formed. Testing for unknown gases: How to test for Oxygen?: Relights a glowing splint. How to test for Hydrogen?: Causes a lit splint to burn with a ‘squeaky pop’. How to test for Carbon Dioxide?: Turns limewater cloudy. Chemical word equations: What is a Reactant?: Reactants are starting materials and are written on the left-hand side of the equation. What is a Product?: Products are the end result of the reaction and are written on the right-hand side of the equation. Chemical word equation examples?: Potassium hydroxide + sulfuric acid → potassium sulfate + water Hydrogen peroxide → oxygen gas + water Periodic table trends: What is a Periodic table trend?: Specific patterns that are present in the periodic table that illustrate different aspects of a certain element, including its size and its electronic properties. What are Periodic table trends used for?: To quickly predict an element's properties. Properties of subatomic particles: What is a Subatomic particle?: A particle which is smaller than an atom in size. What is a Subatomic particle used for?: The basic building blocks of the universe and the mortar that binds the blocks. What are Subatomic particle properties?: Charge, mass, and spin. Types of Subatomic particles?: Electrons (-), Protons (+), Neutrons (0) Location of each Subatomic particle?: Proton (P) - INSIDE THE NUCLEUS Neutron (N) - INSIDE THE NUCLEUS Electron (E-) - OUTSIDE THE NUCLEUS Mass of each Subatomic particle?: Proton - 1.6726 x 10-24 Neutron - 1.6740 x 10-24 Electron - 9.1094 x 10-28 Charge of each Subatomic particle?: Proton - +1.6022 x 10-19 Neutron - 0 Electron - -1.6022 x 1019 Bohr Rutherford diagrams: What is a Bohr Rutherford diagram?: How electrons orbiting the nucleus of an atom somewhat like planets orbit around the sun. What is a Bohr Rutherford diagram used for?: To help with visualizing electrons orbiting a nucleus. What is a Neutral atom?: Atoms that have no net electric charge What is a Neutral atom used for?: Representing and manipulating qubits What is a Stable ion?: When you have the same amount of electrons and protons, creating a neutral charge. What is a Stable ion used for?: A stable ion is an ion that has a balanced charge and does not easily react or change. It is used in various processes like conducting electricity in solutions, maintaining balance in living organisms, and serving as a key component in chemical reactions. Isotopes: What is a Isotope?: An isotope is a variation of an element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. What is an Isotope used for?: Characterize, classify, and constrain distinct sources for atoms in different samples Standard atomic notation: What is Standard atomic notation?: Standard atomic notation is a way to write the details of an atom, showing its element symbol, mass number (protons + neutrons), and atomic number (protons). What is Standard atomic notation used for?: Standard atomic notation is used to show important information about an atom, like its element, number of protons, and total number of protons and neutrons. It helps identify different isotopes of the same element. Analyzing chemical formulas: What is a Chemical formula?: A chemical formula is a way to represent a substance using symbols and numbers. It shows the elements in the substance and how many atoms of each element are present. What is a Chemical formula used for?: A chemical formula is used to describe the composition of a chemical substance. Examples of Chemical formulas?: Water - H2O Carbon Dioxide - CO2 Binary ionic compounds: What is a Binary ionic compound?: A binary ionic compound is made of two elements: a metal (cation) that loses electrons and a nonmetal (anion) that gains electrons. These oppositely charged ions are held together by ionic bonds.