Science Notes - Chemistry Concepts PDF

Pure substances -- made up of 1 or 2 kinds of atoms with uniform composition and constant properties all throughout 2 types of pure substances are Elements and Compounds Elements -- Found in the periodic table, these are different types of atoms Classification of Elements Metals -- Mostly solid...

Pure substances -- made up of 1 or 2 kinds of atoms with uniform composition and constant properties all throughout 2 types of pure substances are Elements and Compounds Elements -- Found in the periodic table, these are different types of atoms Classification of Elements Metals -- Mostly solid in form, except for Mercury, which is liquid at room temperature. Posses luster and they also shine, Used in electrical appliances cause they are good conductors of both heat and electricity, Most are malleable and can be hammered into sheets and Ductile enough to be drawn into fine wires, having high tensile strength, they can withstand stress and strain. Nonmetals -- opposite of metals Metalloids -- have both properties of metals and nonmetals, sold but lack luster.\ Compounds -- Combination of 2 or more elements Classification of Compounds Acids -- Compounds that produce weak hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Some are weak, some are strong and when a strip of blue litmus paper is dipped, it turns red Bases -- Produce Hydroxide Ions when dissolved in water, usually feel slippery and have a bitter taste, strong bases can burn flesh and a strip of red litmus paper turns blue when dipped in it Mixtures -- A combination of 2 substances The 2 Types of Mixtures Homogenous -- Mixtures with only 1 constant phase and you can only see 1 substance even though there's 2 different things inside, An example is any type of Alloy. Heterogenous -- The opposite of Homogenous, you can clearly see it was mixed. An example is Taho, the street food. The subtypes of Mixtures Solution -- A type of Homogenous Mixture that has 2 things in it, but it's still 1 phase of matter, The Solute is the substance dissolved, and the Solvent is the substance in the solute is dissolved. An example is Saltwater, the concentration of a solution is how much it is dissolved into the solvent Miscible Solution -- when 2 liquids dissolve each other Immiscible Solution -- when 2 liquids stay away from each other Suspension -- A type of Heterogenous mixture that contains larger particles that settle out when left undisturbed Colloid -- A type of heterogenous mixture with a midway particle size between a solution and a suspension, 2 Examples are Milk and Fog Ways of Separating Mixtures Filtration -- is a technique in which an insoluble liquid is separated from a liquid, it uses a filter like mesh cloth or filter paper to separate the solid components from a liquid Evaporation -- A technique used in separating a soluble solid from a liquid. An example is heating the saltwater until it evaporates to get the salt, this technique is used in salt farms Distillation -- a process of separating liquid from a solution. In distillation, a mixture is heated and the substance with the lowest boiling point boils into vapor and condenses into liquid Decantation -- a technique used in separating less dense substances from denser ones (like oil and water), you can do this by using a spoon to remove it or slowly pouring it out. Chromatography -- a technique that separates components of mixtures that are based on the ability of each component to be drawn across the surface of another material. During the separation, the various components of materials spread at different speeds. Physical Manipulation -- use your skill to find and accurately pick out things, such as rocks from rice grains, and rice grains from cooked rice using your bare hands Use of Magnets -- use magnetism to separate metals from nonmetals/metalloids Sieving -- use sieves to get rid of chunks of things and get the fine material, an example of this is picking up trash using sieves at the beach Winnowing -- placing the object/things (like rice grains) in a winnow and slightly move it so the wind blows away the lighter components Centrifuge -- used to separate liquid mixtures using an instrument known as a centrifuge, which has a rapidly rotating container to separate liquids from solids such as cream from milk using centrifugal force Handpicking -- just like physical manipulation. literally. there's no difference.