Life, Works, and Writings of Dr. Rizal - SOCSCI5-module5 PDF

Republic of the Philippines Province of Cotabato Municipal of Makilala MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Makilala, Cotabato Course Number: SOCSCI- 5...

Republic of the Philippines Province of Cotabato Municipal of Makilala MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Makilala, Cotabato Course Number: SOCSCI- 5 Instructor: Laiza L. Tampipi Course Title: Life, Works, and Writings of Dr. Rizal Mobile No. 09382482884 Credit Units: 3 Email:[email protected] Module No: 5 Fb Account: LaizaTam Duration: 2weeks I. LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Identify the unhappy days of Dr. Rizal in UST and his secret mission. 2. Identify the difficulties that Dr. Rizal encountered abroad. 3. Explain the reason behind the secret departure of Rizal in Spain. 4. Discuss the involvement of Rizal in a student’s demonstration in Madrid. II. TOPICS/SUBJECT MATTERS Rizal’s Life: Higher Education and Life Abroad III. REFERENCES: i. Aguisanda, M. 2011. Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings. Dumaguete City: YAGE Publishing. ii. Solsoloy, B. 2019. Life and Works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal. Kabacan: Department of Social Science and Philosophy IV. COURSE CONTENT Introduction Fortunately, Rizal’s tragic first romance, with its bitter disillusionment, did not --adversely affect his studies in the University of Santo Thomas. After finishing a first year in a course in Philosophy and letters (1877-78), he transferred to a medical course. During the years of his medical studies in this university which was administered by the Dominicans, rival educators of the Jesuits, he remained loyal to Ateneo, where he completed the vocation course in surveying. As a Thomasian, he won more literary laurels, had other romances with pretty girls, and fought against Spanish students who insulted the brown Filipino students. Unhappy days at the UST Rizal, Ateneo’s boy wonder, found the atmosphere at the University of Santo Thomas suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He was unhappy at this Dominican institution of higher learning because of following reasons: 1. The Dominican professor was hostile to him. 2. The Filipino students were racially discriminated against by the Spaniards 3. The method of instruction was obsolete and repressive. Because of the unfriendly attitude of his professor, Rizal, the most brilliant graduate of the Ateneo, failed to win high scholastic honors. Although his grades in the first year of the philosophy course were all “excellent,” they were not impressive in the four years course of his medical course. Decision to Study Abroad After finishing the fourth year of his 'medical course, Rizal decided to study in Spain. He could no longer endure the rampant bigotry, discrimination, and hostility in the University of Santo Tomas. His older brother readily approved him going to Spain and so did his two sisters Saturnina (Neneng) and Lucia, Uncle Antonio Rivera, the Valenzuela family, and some friends. Page 1 of 12  For the first time, Rizal did not seek his parents' permission and blessings to go abroad, because he knew that they, especially his mother, would disapprove it. He did not bring his belove Leonor into his confidence either. He had enough common sense to know that Leonor, being a woman, young and romantic at that, could not keep a secret. Thus, Rizal's parents, Leonor, and the Spanish authorities knew nothing of his decision to go abroad in order to finish his medical studies in Spain, where the professor were more liberal than those of the University of Santo Tomas. In Sunny Spain (1882-1885) After finishing the 4th Year of the medical course in the University of Santo Tomas, Jose Rizal, being disgusted with the antiquated method of instruction in this Dominican-owned university and the racial prejudice of Dominican professors against Filipino students, decided to complete his studies in Spain. At that time the government of Spain was a constitutional monarchy under a written constitution which granted human rights to the people, particularly freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly. Aside from this ostensible reason, he had another reason, which was more important than merely completing his studies in Spain. This was his "secret mission," which many Rizalist biographers (including Austin Craig and Wenceslao E. Retana) never mention in their writings. Rizal's Secret Mission This mission which Rizal conceived with the approval of his older brother Paciano was to observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries, commerce, governments, and laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed people from Spanish tyranny. This was evidence in his farewell letter which was delivered to his parents shortly after his departure for Spain. Aside from begging his parents' forgiveness for leaving the Philippines without their permission and blessings, he said in this letter: But as God has not made anything useless in this world, as all beings fulfill obligations or a role in the sublime drama of Creation, I cannot exempt myself from this duty, and small though it be, I too have a mission to fill, as for example: alleviating the sufferings of my fellow-men. I realize that all this means sacrifices, and terrible ones. I imagine the pain which I must give you, but I feel something that obliges and impels me to leave. I shall strive with fate, and I shall win or lose God's will be done. This Rizalian secret mission was likewise disclosed by Paciano in his letter to his younger brother dated Manila, May 20, 182, as follows: When the telegram informing us of your departure was received in Calamba, as it was natural, our parents were grieved, especially the old man (Don Francisco) who became taciturn, always staying in bed, and weeping at night, and the consolation offered by the family, the curate, and strangers were of no avail. He made me go to Manila to find out with what means you were able to undertake the voyage. On my return I assured them that your expenses were defrayed by some friends of yours in Manila, hoping that this would calm him. Notwithstanding, he remained always sad. Seeing this and fearing that his taciturnity might degenerate into a malady, I told him everything, but to him alone, begging him to keep the secret and he promised to do so. Only since then have I seen him a little gay and return to his usual ways. This is what occurred in the family. Secret Departure for Spain Rizal's departure for Spain was kept secret to avoid detection by the Spanish authorities and the friars. Even his own parents did not know because he knew they; especially his mother, would not allow him to go. Only older brother (Paciano), his uncle (Antonio Rivera, father of Leonor Rivera), his Page 2 of 12 sisters (Neneng and Lucia), the Valenzuela family (Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday and their daughter Orang), Pedro A. Paterno, his compadre Mateo Evangelista the Ateneo Jesuit fathers, and some intimate friends, including Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio). The kind Jesuit priests gave him letters of recommendation to the members of their Society in Barcelona. He used the name Jose Mercado, a cousin from Biñan. On May 3, 1882, Rizal departed on board the Spanish steamer Salvadora bound for Singapore. With tears in his eyes and gloom in his heart, he gazed at the receding skyline of Manila. He hastly took paper and pencil and sketched it as it vanished in view. Singapore During the voyage to Singapore he carefully observed the people and things on board the steamer. There were sixteen passengers, including himself five or six ladies many children, and the rest gentlemen. He was the only Filipino the rest were Spaniards, British, and Indian Negroes. The ship captain, Donato Lecha, from Asturias, Spain befriended him. Rizal described him in his travel diary as an affable man, much more refined than his other countrymen and colleagues that I have met. He was, however, peeved by some Spaniards (his fellows’ passengers) who spoke ill of the Philippines, to which they go for pecuniary reasons. To while away the tedious boredom of sea voyage, Rizal played chess with his fellow passengers who were much older than he. He defeated them many times, for he was a good chess player. On May 8, 182, while the steamer was approaching Singapore, Rizal saw a beautiful island. Fascinated by its scenic beauty,he remembered "Talim Island with the Susong Dalaga" The following day (May 9) the Salvadora docked at Singapore. Rizal landed, registered at Hotel de la Paz, and spent two days on a sightseeing soiree of the city, which was a colony of England. He saw the famous Botanical Garden, the beautiful Buddhist temples, the busy shopping district, and the statue of Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles (founder of Singapore). Singapore to Colombo In Singapore Rizal transferred to another ship Djemnah, a French steamer, which left Singapore for Europe on May 11. It was a larger and cleaner vessel which carried more passengers. Among these passengers were British, French, Dutch, Spaniards, Malays, Siamese, and Filipinos (Mr. and Mrs. Salazar, Mr. Vicente Pardo, and Jose Rizal). French at Port Said, the Mediterranean terminal of the Suez Canal, Rizal landed in order to see the interesting sights. He was fascinated to hear the multi- racial inhabitants speaking a babel of tongues, Arabic, Egyptian, Greek, French, Italian, Spanish etc. Naples and Marseilles From Port Said, the Djemnah proceeded on its way to Europe. On June 11, Rizal reached Naples. This Italian city pleased him because of its business activity, its lively people, and its panoramic beauty. He was fascinated by Mount Vesuvius, the Castle of St. Telmo, and other historic sights of the city. On the night of June 12, the steamer docked at the French harbor of Marseilles. Rizal, after bidding farewell to his fellow passengers, disembarked. He visited the famous Chateau where Dantes, hero of The Count of Monte Cristo, was imprisoned. He had enjoyed reading this novel of Alexander Dumas when he was a student at the Ateneo. He stayed two and a half days in Marseilles, enjoying every day of his sojourn. Barcelona On the afternoon of May 15, Rizal left Marseilles by train for the last lap of his trip to Spain. He crossed the Pyrenes and stopped for a day at the frontier town of Port Bou. Here he noticed the indifference accorded by the Spanish immigration officers to tourists, in direct contrast with the courtesy of the French immigration officers. After the passport inspection at Port-Bou, Rizal continued his trip by rail, finally reaching his destination - Barcelona on June 16, 1882. Page 3 of 12  The Filipinos in Barcelona, some of whom were his school mates in the Ateneo, welcomed Rizal. They gave him a party at their favorite cafe in Plaza de Cataluῄa. After the customary exchange of toasts, they told their guest of the attractions of Barcelona and the customs of the Spanish people in turned he gave them the latest news and gossips in the Philippines. Amor Patrio In progressive Barcelona, Rizal wrote nationalistic essay entitled "Amor Patrio" (Love of Country) his first article written on Spain’s soil. He sent this article to his friend in Manila, Basilio Teodoro Moran, publisher of Diariong Tagalog, the first Manila bilingual newspaper (Spanish and Tagalog). Rizal's "Amor Patrio, " under his pen-name Laong Laan, appeared in print in Diariong Tagalog on August 20, 1882. It was published in two texts- Spanish and Tagalog. The Spanish text was the one originally written by Rizal in Barcelona. The Tagalog text was a Tagalog translation made by Manuel H. del Pilar. The article caused quite a sensation among the readers in the Philippines because of its nationalistic flavor. As in his prize winning "Juventud Filpina.” Rizal in his "Amor Patrio" urged his compatriots to love their fatherland, the Philippines. Among other things, he wrote: After the fashion of the ancient: Hebrews who offered in the temple the first fruits of their love, we in a foreign land, dedicate our first accounts to our country, enshrouded among the clouds and mists of morn, always beautiful and poetic, but ever more idolized in proportion as we are absent and away from it under whatever aspect, whatever its name, we love her (patria) always just as the child loves its mother in the midst of hunger and misery. And how strange! The poorer and more miserable she is, the more we suffer for her, and the more she is idolized and adored; yes, there is real joy in suffering for her Child, we love play; adolescent, we forget it; youth, we seek our ideal; disillusioned, we weep and guest of something more positive and more useful; parent, the children die and time gradually erases our pain just as the air of the sea slowly effaces the shores as the boat departs from them. But, love of country can never be effaced, once it has entered the heart, because it carries in itself the divine stamp that makes it eternal and imperishable. It has always been said that love is the most potent force behind the most sublime deeds; very well, of all loves the love of country is what produced the greatest, the most heroic, the most disinterested. Read history. Publisher Basilio Teodoro Moran, deeply impressed by “Amor Patrio," congratulated Rizal, and requested for more articles. In response to his request, Rizal wrote the second article for Diariong Tagalog entitled "Los Viajes" (Travels). His third article, entitled "Revista de Madrid" (Review of Madrid), which he wrote in Madrid on November 29, 1882, was returned to him because the Diariong Tagalog had ceased publication for lack of funds. Manila Moves to Madrid While sojourning in Barcelona, Rizal received sad news about the cholera that was ravaging Manila and the provinces. Many people had died and more were dying daily. According to Paciano’s letter, dated September 15, 1882, the Calamba folks were having afternoon novenas to San Roque and nocturnal processions and prayers so that God maystop the dreadful epidemic, which the Spanish health authorities were impotent to check. Another sad news from the Philippines was the chatty letter of Chengoy recounting the unhappiness of Leonor Rivera, who was getting thinner because of the absence of a loved one. In one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882), Paciano advised his younger brother to finish the medical course in Madrid. Evidently, heeding his advice, Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of 1882 and established himself in Madrid, the capital of Spain. Page 4 of 12 Life in Madrid On November 3, 1882, Rizal enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid (Central University of Madrid) in two courses - Medicine and Philosophy and Letters. Aside from his heavy studies in the university, he studied painting and sculpture in the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando took lessons in French, German, and English under private instructors; and assiduously practiced fencing and shooting in the Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell. His thirst for knowledge of music, he visited the art galleries and museums and read books on all subjects under the sun, including military engineering Ain order to broaden his cultural background. Rizal led a Spartan life in Madrid He knew that he came to Spain to study and prepare himself for service to his fatherland. Accordingly, he rigidly budgeted his money and time. He lived frugally, spending his money on food, clothing, lodging, and books - never wasting a peseta for gambling, wine, and women, His only extravagance was investing a few pesetas for a lottery ticket in every draw of the Madrid Lottery. He spent his leisure time reading and writing at his boarding house, attending the reunions of Filipino students at the house of the Paterno brothers. (Antonio, Maximino, and Pedro), and practicing fencing and shooting at the gymnasium. At other times, during the summer twilights, he sipped coffee and fraternized with the students from Cuba, Mexico, Argentina, etc. at the Antigua Cafe de Levante. On Saturday evenings, he visited the home of Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey who lived with his son (Rafael) and daughter (Consuelo). Don Pablo had been city mayor of Manila during the administration of the liberal governor general Carlos Ma. de la Torre (1869-1871) and was later promoted vice- president of the Council of the Philippines in the Ministry of Colonies (Utramar). Romance with Consuelo Ortiga y Perez Rizal was not a handsome man. In physique, he was neither dashing nor imposing, for he was a shy small man a few inches above five feet in height. But he possessed an aura of charisma due to his many-splendored talents and noble character which made him attractive to romantic young women. No wonder the prettier of on Pablos daughters (Consuelo) fell in love with him. Rizal, being a lonely young man in á foreign country, far from his natal land, was attracted by Consuelo's beauty and vivacity. He even composed a lovely poem on August 22, 1883 dedicated to her. In this poem titled A La Seῄorita C. O. y P. (To Miss C. O. y P.)," he expressed his admiration for her found solace and joy in her company. However, before his romance with Consuelo could blossom into a serious affair, he suddenly backed out for two reasons: (1) he was still engaged to Leonor Rivera and (2) his friend and co- worker in the Propaganda Movement, Eduardo de Lete, was badly in love with Consuelo and he had no wish to break their friendship because of a pretty girl. Rizal's First Visit to Paris (1883) During his first summer vacation in Madrid Rizal went to Paris, sojourning in this gay capital of France from June 17 to August 20, 1883. At first, he was billeted at the Hotel de Paris on 37 Rue de Maubange; later, he moved to a cheaper hotel on 124 Rue de Rennes in the Latin Quarter, where it was cheaper to live. Like all tourists, Rizal was charmingly titillated by the attractive sights of Paris, such as the beautiful boulevards (particularly the Champs Elysses), the Opera House, the Place de la Concorde, the Arch of Triumph, the Bois de Boulogne (magnificent park), the Madelaine Church, the Cathedral of Notre Dame, the Column of Vendome, the Invalides, (containing the tomb of Napoleon the Great), and the fabulous Versailles. Unlike ordinary tourists, whose main interest in visiting foreign countries is to see the beautiful sights, to enjoy themselves in night clubs and theatres, and to shop for souvenir items, Rizal improved his mind by observing closely the French way of life and spending many hours at the museums, notably the world famous Louvre; the botanical gardens, especially the Luxembourg: the libraries and art galleries; and the hospitals, including the Laennec Hospital, where he observed Dr. Page 5 of 12 Nicaise treating his patients and the Lariboisiere Hospital, where he observed of different diseases of women. On the lighter side of his visit in Paris, Rizal was mistaken by the Parisians as a Japanese. The prices of food, drinks, theatre tickets, laundry, hotel accommodations, and transportation were too high for his slender purse so that he commented in a letter to his family: “Paris is the costliest capital in Europe.” Financial Worries After Rizal's departure for Spain, thing turned from bad to worse in Calamba. The harvests of rice and sugarcane failed on account of drought and locusts. On top of this economic disaster, the manager of the Dominican-owned hacienda increased the rentals of the lands cultivated by the Rizal family. This hacienda manager, a frequent guest at the Rizal home, used to ask for a turkey from Don Francisco (the hero’s father), who was a good raiser of turkeys. But there came a time when a dreadful pest killed most of the turkeys. When the manager requested for a turkey, Don Francisco had to deny him because he needed the few surviving turkeys for breeding purposes. Enraged by his failure to receive a turkey, the vindictive manager arbitrarily increased the rental the lands leased by Don Francisco and Paciano. Due to hard times in Calamba, the monthly allowances of Rizal in Madrid were late in arrival and there were times were they never arrived, causing much suffering to him. At one time Paciano was forced to sell his younger brother's pony in order to send money to Madrid. A touching incident in Rizal's life in Madrid occurred on June 24, 1884. Because he was broke, he was unable to take breakfast that day. With an empty stomach, he attended his class at the university, participated in the contest in Greek language and won the gold medal. In the evening of the same day, he was able to eat dinner, for he was a guest speaker in a banquet held in honor of Juan Luna and Felix Resurrection Hidalgo at Restaurant Ingles, Madrid. Rizal Salute to Luna and Hidalgo The banquet on the evening of June 25, 184 was sponsored by the Filipino community to celebrate the double victory of the Filipino artist in the National Exposition of Fine arts in Madrid Luna’s Spoliarium winning first prize and Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace, second prize. It was attended by prominent Spanish artists, newspapermen, and men-of-letters, statemen, and Filipinos. Rizal Involved in Student Demonstrations On November 20, 21, and 22, 1884, the serene city of Madrid exploded in bloody riots by the students of the Central University. Rizal and other Filipino students participated, together with Cuban, Me Peruvian, and Spanish students, in the tumult. These student demonstrations were caused by the address of Dr. Miguel Morayta; professor of history, at the opening ceremonies of the academic year on November 20, in which he proclaimed "the freedom of science and the teacher". Such a liberal view was condemned by the Catholic bishops of Spain, who promptly excommunicated Dr. Morayta and those who applauded his speech. Angered by the bigotry of the Catholic bishops, the university students rose in violent demonstrations. They rioted in the city streets, shouting: "Viva Morayta! Down with Bishops!" Practically all the students in' various colleges (Law, Medicine, Philosophy and Letters, etc,) joined the massive demonstrations including Rizal, Valentin Ventura, and other Filipino. The police and the army troopers tried to suppress the angry students but in vain. Bloody fights raged in the university buildings and the city Streets. The students armed with clubs, stones, and fists, fought the government forces. Many universities professor! openly supported the student rioters. The Rector, who also to the side of the students, was forced to resign and was replaced Dotor Creus, "a very unpopular man. disliked by everybody”. The appointment of the new Rector intensified the fury of the student demonstrators. More student demonstrations convulsed the city. Recounting the tumultuous rioting to his family in a letter dated November 26, 1884, Rizal said: When the new Rector went to assume office next day November 21, 1884, feelings were, much irritated, we were still seeing red, it was resolved not to return to classes as long as they did not give us satisfaction, and remove the Rector. There were repeated shouts Page 6 of 12  of "Down with Creus!". I was there also. On that day there were new encounters, new fights, wounded, cane blows, imprisonment, etc. It was on this same day, the 21st, when a police lieutenant and a secret service man wanted to seize Ventura and me, but he and I escaped. Two Filipinos were taken prisoners. On the third day. Saturday, the 22nd, the new Rector Creus called the police to occupy the University. to the great disgust of the professors and the great indignation of the students. On this day, because the agent of the law was staring very much at me, and I do not know why. I had to disguise myself three times. None entered the classes. More blows, wounded, etc. More than 80 guards occupied the University up and down; they had their guns and bugles in the lecture hall. The boulevard Del Prado, was, occupied by the cavalry, cannons, and soldiers. On this day we swore not to return to this dishonored University, whose Rector was imposed on it by force and threat, and in which we are treated as persons without dignity; and we have sworn not to go back until they give us complete satisfaction, and reinstate the old Rector, remove Creus who is a disgrace to the physicians who wanted to expel him from the Academy of Medicine and Surgery] for lacking in dignity and self - respect. This Rector to avoid the catcalls and insults of the students, leaves and enters the University thru a secret door in the garden. All the papers of Madrid and in the provinces except those of the Ministry, are in our favor, severely accusing the Government the people also are our side, and the students of the provinces are adhering to us. A rich banker offered ten thousand duros to the ex-Rector to bail out the imprisoned students and all the professors are in favor of the students, so much so that they take our cause as theirs. I had the luck of not having received even a cane blow, nor taken prisoner, nor arrested despite my two roles as student of medicine and of philosophy andletters, whether it was luck or not, the case is that there were wounded old men, women, children, soldiers, strangers; 1 did not even have to run. No Filipino wounded, but Cubans and Spaniards many. Studies Completed in Spain Rizal completed his medical course in Spain. He was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid on June 21, 1884. The next academic year (1884-1885) he studied and passed all subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Due to the fact, however, that he did not present the thesis required for graduation nor paid the corresponding fees, he was not awarded his doctor’s diploma. His scholastic records in medicine at the Universidad Central De Madrid were as follows:" Fifth Year (1882-83): Continuation of Medical Course in the University of Santo Tomas Medical Clinic I ………Good Surgical Clinic I……… Good Obstetrical Clinic ……. Fair Legal Medicine……… Excellent Sixth year (1883-84) Medical Clinic 2 ……… Good Medical Clinic 2 ……… Very God Licentiate in Medicine awarded on June 21, 1884 with the rating "fair” Doctorate (1884-85) History of Medical Science………. Fair Surgical Analysis…………………. Good Normal Histology……………… Exellent Page 7 of 12 Doctor of Medicine (Not awarded) Rizal also finished his studies in Philosophy and Letters, with higher grades. He was awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central de Madrid on June 19, 1885 (his 24th birthday), with the rating of "Excellent" (Sobresaliente). His scholastic records in course follow; 1882-83 Universal History I Very Good General Literature Excellent 1883-84 Universal History 1 Very Good General Literature Excellent 1884-85 Universal History 2 Excellent Greek and Latin Literature Excellent with prize) Greek I Excellent with prize) 1882-83 Spanish Language Excellent w/a scholarship Arabic Language Excellent w/a scholarship At long last, Rizal completed his studies in Spain. By obtaining the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters, he became qualified to be a professor of humanities in any Spanish university. And by receiving his degree of Licentiate in Medicine, he became a full-fledged physician, qualified to practice medicine. He did not bother to secure the post-graduate degree of Doctor of Medicine because it was, together with the licentiate in philosophy and letters, good only for teaching purposes. Being a man of high intelligence and foresight, he knew that with his brown color and Asian racial ancestry no friar-owned university or college in the Philippines would accept him in its faculty staff. Thus, he said, in his letter to his family written in Madrid, November 26, 1884: "My doctorate is not of very much value to me because although it is useful to a university professor, yet I believe they (Dominican friars Z) will never appoint me as such in the College of Santo Tomas. I say the same thing of philosophy and letters which may serve also for a professorship but, I doubt if the Dominican fathers will grant it to me. Page 8 of 12 V- Activity/Exercises Name: _______________________________________________ Score: ___________ Year and Section: _____________________________________ Date: ____________ Instructor: Laiza L. Tampipi Module No. 5 Directions: List the unhappy days of Dr. Rizal in UST, his secret mission and difficulties in his life abroad. Write your answer on the given figures below. SECRET MISSION UNHAPPY DAYS AT UST Difficulties in life abroad Page 9 of 12  VI- Assessment/Evaluation ESSAY Direction: Answer the following questions using 3 to 4 sentences only. Write your answer on the space provided. Rubrics: Rubric for Scoring 9-10 ✓ The answer is organized around big ideas, major concepts/principles. ✓ The response is exemplary, detailed, and clear. 7-8 ✓ The answer demonstrates some organization around big ideas, major concepts/principles. ✓ The response is good, has some detail, and is clear. 5-6 ✓ The response is satisfactory, containing some detail, but the answer may be vague or not well developed and may include misconceptions or some inaccurate information. 3-4 ✓ The response contains misconceptions or inaccurate information. ✓ The response is poor and lacks clarity. 1-2 ✓ The student shows no knowledge or understanding of the topic. 0 ✓ The student either: (1) left the answer blank, and (2) wrote about a different topic 1. What is the reason why Dr. Jose Rizal did not use his real surname during his departure in Spain? 2. What is the reason why Dr. Jose Rizal did not ask the permission of his parents on his plan to study abroad? 3. Explain why Dr. Rizal was involved the student’s demonstrations in the city of Madrid? Page 10 of 12 Page 11 of 12 Page 12 of 12