Social Studies Focus 2024-25 PDF

# Social Studies Focus 2024-25 ## Texas, U.S. & World History ## Grades 5 & 6 ### UIL Social Studies Focus Topic 2024-2025 * for 5th and 6th Grades * Instructions for The Virginia Colony, The Mayflower Compact & The Charter of Massachusetts Bay **Written by:** Linda Tarrant and Nancy Barnard...

# Social Studies Focus 2024-25 ## Texas, U.S. & World History ## Grades 5 & 6 ### UIL Social Studies Focus Topic 2024-2025 * for 5th and 6th Grades * Instructions for The Virginia Colony, The Mayflower Compact & The Charter of Massachusetts Bay **Written by:** Linda Tarrant and Nancy Barnard **Edited by:** Beth Bryant **Copyright:** © 2024 by Hexco Academic **Table of Contents** * **United States (60% of the Test)** * Colonial Period * Nations & Groups * Reasons for exploration & colonization * Major Settlements * Significant Colonial Leaders * Important Dates * Primary Source Documents * Instructions for the Virginia Colony - 1606 * Mayflower Compact - 1620 * The Charter of Massachusetts Bay - 1629 * Concepts in Economics * Major Industries of Colonial America * Economic Patterns of the European Colonists * Development of Free Enterprise in Colonies * Economic Terms Glossary * Concepts in Government & Citizenship * Representative Government in the Colonies * Current National Leaders * Government Terms Glossary * **World (25-30% of the Test)** * Concepts in Economics * Types of Economies * Influences of Factors of Production * Benefits of Free Enterprise * Concepts in Government & Citizenship * Limited vs. Unlimited Governments * Development of Representative Governments * **Texas (10-15% of the Test)** * Concepts in History * Reasons for European Exploration & Settlement * Timeline of Significant Explorers * Concepts in Government & Citizenship in Texas * Characteristics of Spanish Colonial Government * Origins and Significance of State Celebrations * Index ## United States ### Colonial Period * The colonial period began in 1492 and ended in 1763. * The Spanish were among the first Europeans to arrive in the New World, and their focus was on the southern part of the U.S., the Gulf Coast of Texas, and throughout Texas and Mexico. * The English, Dutch, French and Swedes concentrated on the eastern coast of North America and Canada. * In 1606, wealthy English merchants set sail from the Virginia Company to go to the New World and start a colony. * There were three ships that carried 144 men and boys & the crew. * The ships were very crowded and dirty. * It took them 144 days to reach Chesapeake Bay. * They named it Cape Henry * They learned they were on an island with limited game. * The people quickly realized that gold was nowhere to be found and food was scarce. * They were excited about the abundance of timber that they could sell and use to make ships. * They soon used up all the available game. * All of the colonists were considered employees of the Virginia Company. * They were to be given tracts of land after seven years of service. * This was an exciting prospect, as land was hard to come by in England. * They saw opportunities for the manufacture of glass, pitch and tar * The area the colonists decided to settle was low and swampy, and the mosquitos carried malaria. * They had not brought enough food and were plagued by Native American attacks, poor water, sickness, and leadership problems. * Between 1608 and 1609, 600 more colonists set sail for Virginia. * One of the ships was shipwrecked in Bermuda on the way. * When Sir Thomas Gates finally arrived to take up his new position as deputy governor, he found only 60 of the original colonists alive. * Most of these remaining people were starving and sick. * The area experienced a drought in 1609. * It ruined the few crops they had started * A third supply fleet that was on its way was badly damaged during a storm * The winter of 1609-1610 was very harsh, and the colonists did not have enough food to feed new arrivals. * They ate anything that was available, and starvation killed many. * The colony was in such bad shape that the colonists decided to abandon it. * In 1610, a new group of people came and reclaimed the area to begin again. * John Rolfe was among that group. * He was a wealthy merchant and planned to grow a certain kind of tobacco that would be a cash crop. * He made the colony more successful. ### Nations & Groups **Reasons for Exploration & Colonization** * Some colonists represented the country sponsering the colony, and their goal was to claim land for the country of origin. * Other colonists were individuals who came to the New World to settle and start a new life. * The motivations were varied. * Some of the reasons countries created colonies include the following: * To spread Christianity. * To expand and gain more territory. * To prevent another country from gaining more land, wealth and power. * To increase wealth in general. * Many individuals left their old way of life and journeyed to a colony. * Many people wanted religious or political freedom. * Catholicism was a religion based on a loyalty to the pope. * In 1517, Martin Luther published criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church. * They became known as Protestants. * In 1534, the Church of England, a modified, reformed version of Catholicism, began when King Henry VIII wanted to divorce. * Divorce was not allowed at that time. * This led to much disagreement with the Crown of England, as the head. * Sephardic Jews relocated to avoid persecution and torture by the Inquisition. * They were supposed to be Catholic converts, but practiced faith in secrecy. * Tolerance was observed by some Spanish empresarios. * They looked the other way if artisans and scholars were willing to pretend to be Catholic. * They became known as the "Hidden Jews." * Some people made the journey to escape ongoing wars. * Many Germans were motivated to leave because of the Thirty Year's War. * It lasted from 1618 to 1648, between German principalities and France. * The Czechs who colonized were motivated by wars and conflicts. * Land ownership was a great incentive to people who lived in countries where only the royals and gentry could own property. * Even after the colonial period, land was a great reason for people to move to a new location. * The Homestead Act later used the philosophy to promote westward expansion. * Many immigrants coming to the New World were teenagers. * Their families signed agreements that gave them free passage. * They worked on plantations for no wages for five to seven years. * This is called indentured servitude. * After contracted time, they could go their own way. * Unfortunately, many immigrants died. * Some gained relief from debt. * Jails in England and Germany were filled with people who could not pay off a debt. * Jails were becoming overcrowded. * The poor could not get a job, so they borrowed money. * They found themselves back in jail, because they could not pay back what they borrowed. * The colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe. * It was an option for debtors to start over in the New World ### Major Settlements * **Roanoke Island** - English colonists * This was called the "Lost Colony"—first colonized in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh. * It was short-lived, but reestablished in 1587. * It disappeared again by 1590. * Virginia Dare was born in this colony. * **Jamestown, Virginia** - English colonists * Established in 1607. * Captain John Smith enforced a "no work-no food" policy. * The governing of the colony was by the rules established in *The Instructions for the Virginia Colony - 1606*. * Smith established trade relations with natives and became a friend of Chief Powhatan. * John Rolfe later married Pocahontas. * Rolfe grew tobacco & exported it to England. * It ultimately become a major cash crop. * Harsh conditions. * Swampy land. * Limited game. * More than 135 people died of malaria, or from drinking brackish water. * By 1610, only 60 of the original 500 men were still alive. * **Plymouth Colony** - English colonists * The Mayflower landed at Cape Cod, Massachusetts. * It established Plymouth Colony under the *Mayflower Compact*. * William Bradford was a Separatist leader. * Many of the strangers were skilled laborers and military leaders, such as Myles (Miles) Standish. * This colony ultimately merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony. * This group set the stage for religious tolerance and government for the betterment of all. * **New Netherland** - Dutch colonists * Established in 1624 by The Dutch West India Company. * It was located on Manhattan Island. * Their interest was in fur trade, not agriculture. * Peter Minuit became director in 1626. * He purchased Manhattan Island, and ordered the building of Ft Amsterdam. * The city outside the walls became New Amsterdam. * **Massachusetts Bay Colony** - English colonists * Founded by owners of The Massachusetts Bay Company in 1623 and again in 1628. * It was primarily Puritan. * There was little tolerance for other religions. * It caused friction and slow growth. * The Puritans considered education important for all. * **Providence, Rhode Island** - English colonists * Founded in 1636 by Roger Williams. * He was exiled from The Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs. * He was a Puritan chaplain. * It became known as Providence Plantations, which included several colonies. * It became one of the original 13 colonies. * It was the first colony to guarantee religious freedom. * **Connecticut Colony** - English colonists * Founded in 1636 by Thomas Hooker. * He disagreed with leaders in Massachusetts. * He opened his sermons with, "The foundation of authority is laid in the free consent of the people." * He established The First Church of Hartford. * **Ft Christina** - Swedish colonists * The first Swedish Colony in North America, was named after their queen in 1638. * Peter Minuit sailed for The New Sweden Company. * He established a settlement. * It expanded to both sides of The Delaware River into modern Maryland and Pennsylvania. * They traded peacefully with the Lenni Lenape. * Swedes governed until 1681. * William Penn obtained a charter for an English colony. * **Georgia** - English colonists * Established in 1732. * James Oglethorpe was granted a charter. * It became the 13th Colony. * It was to be for people in debtors' prisons in Europe. * The colony was planned as an agricultural settlement, supported by family farms. * Oglethorpe envisioned a better life. * Colonists would receive 50 acres of land when they completed their service * Slavery was originally banned in the colony ### Significant Colonial Leaders * **Bradford, William -** (1590-1657) * He led the Sepratist settlers of Plymouth * He was the second signer of *The Mayflower Compact*. * He was elected governor 30 times. * **Hooker, Thomas -** (1585-1647) * A Puritanleader and one of the founders of Connecticut. * He emigrated to Holland, then to the colonies. * He was a member of The Massachusetts Bay Colony. * He left with his congregation, and settled in Hartford. * He disagreed with John Winthrop (over voting rights) * Winthrop maintained that they also had to be a church member. * **Hutchinson, Anne Marbury -** (c. 1591-1643) * She was an intelligent woman and a natural leader. * She took on many roles. * She was a midwife, a nurse and a leader in theological discussions * She was excommunicated and banished from the colony for expressing beliefs. * She and many followers moved to Rhode Island. * **Minuit, Peter -** (1580-1638) * He came from Germany. * He was director of The Dutch Colony called New Netherland. * He founded New Sweden. * He purchased the land of Manhattan Island for about $680 in today's money. * **Oglethorpe, James -** * (1696-1785) a British general and member of Parliament. * He founded the colony of Georgia. * His intention was to send people from debtors' prisons to his colony in the New World. * **Penn, William -** (1644-1718) * He was a founder and "Absolute Proprietor" of The Province of Pennsylvania. * He was an early champion of democracy and religious freedom. * He was known for his treaty with the Lenni Lenape. * **Raleigh, Sir Walter -** (1551-1618) * He led numerous expeditions to the New World. * He tried to establish colonies at Roanoke—both failed due to starvation or disease. * He is best known for his harassment of Spanish ships that carried gold from the New World to Spain. * **Rolfe, John -** (1585-1622) * He was a colonial leader of Jamestown. * He was the first to grow tobacco. * He proved it could be profitably cultivated in The Virginia Region. * He married Pocahontas. * **Smith, John -** (1580-1631) * An English soldier, author & explorer. * He was active in establishing the first permanent English Settlement. * It was based at Jamesontown. * He named the area New England. * He also mapped The Chesapeake Bay area * **Standish, Myles (or Miles)-** (1584-1656) * An English military adviser for The Plymouth Colony. * He arrived on The Mayflower. * He was active in governing the colony * **White, John -** (1540-1606) * He was an artist and illustrator. * He made many sketches of landscapes and Native Americans. * He was governor of Roanoke Colony. * He left to get supplies. * He returned to England in 1587, and found Roanoke abandoned. * **Williams, Roger -** (1603-1683) * He was an English theologian and supporter of religious tolerance. * He supported the separation of church and state, and fair treatment of Native Americans. * He got the original charter to created the colony of Rhode Island. * **Winthrop, John -** (1587-1649) * A Puritan leader who wanted to purify the Church of England * He joined The Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. * His ideas caused conflict with the Church of England. * He participated in the group that banished Anne Hutchinson. * He believed that the European diseases that killed off Native populations were God's way of punishing them. ### Important Dates * **1492** - The beginning of The European exploration period. Christopher Columbus reached the New World. * **1539** - Hernando de Soto explored territory from The Gulf of Mexico to The Ozark Mountains. * **1585** - The beginning of The English colonization period in The New World. * Roanoke became the first English colony. * Sir Walter Raleigh reached the mainland under The English flag. * The colony disappeared & was reestablished later, only to disappear again. * **1607** - Jamestown was established by The British Virginia Company under the leadership of Captain John Smith. * Smith instituted a policy of *no work-no food*. * Those who worked received their share of food. * Those who didn't went hungry. * They realized that too much time was being spent searching for gold. * Colonists were not spending enough time taking care of their need for food and shelter. * The governing of the colony followed rules established in *The Instructions for The Virginia Colony - 1606*. * Colonists traded with The Native Americans & came to know Chief Powhatan. * Pocahontas later married John Rolfe. * **1608** - Henry Hudson (an Englishman) explored for The Netherlands & The Dutch East India Company. * He established Fort Orange, a trading post near what became Albany. * **1620** - The Pilgrims arrived in the New World. * They landed on The Mayflower. * *The Mayflower Compact* was signed & established rules for governing the Massachusetts Colony. * **1636** - The beginning of the Pequot War. * The war was between colonists and Native Americans. * It began in southeast Connecticut. * The war continued for two years. * **1643** - The New England Federation was established. * **1656** - The Quakers came to settle in the area of New England. ### Primary Source Documents * **Instructions for The Virginia Colony - 1606** * The document included instructions to the colonists who would settle Jamestown * The instructions suggested finding the best place to put a fort. * They also gave directions about interacting with Native Americans. * A safe port was a place on a navigable river that ran far inland. * The settlement was to be far upriver and a safe distance from the mouth. * A small group was to be located at the mouth of the river to keep watch for any invasion. * No other habitation should be between these two points. * If the river had a branch, colonists were instructed to determine the better position for their settlement. * Before unloading their supplies, it was recommended that the captain explore up the river to be sure it seemed safe. * Some characteristics that made an area desirable included open, fertile land. * It needed a good water supply . * Planting was to begin as soon as the area was selected. * It shouldn't be in a swampy area or using all original seeds. * The first crop may be a failure. * Carpenters were advised to build a storehouse and a public building before beginning private housing. * Colonists were encouraged to trade with The Native Americans. * They should guard against offending them. * Colonists were encouraged to stay together and work together for the good of the colony. * **The Mayflower Compact - 1620** * The document was written aboard the Mayflower before it landed. * It was written to establish Plymouth Colony. * The intention was to craft a working arrangement. * It would enable the colonists to work with just and equal rules for all. * Colonists were fleeing from England and religious persecution under King James I. * The voyagers were Separatists and Puritans, and collectively called Pilgrims. * Much of The Compact was written by William Bradford. * The document defined three principles. * For the glory of God. * For the advancement of the Christian faith. * For the honor of their king and country. * The signers effectively made a 'compact' or pledge to work together. * To govern the colony. * To enact *just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices* that felt were necessary for survival. * All 41 signers were adult men * **The Charter of Massachusetts Bay - 1629** * It represents a method of self-governing. * *The Massachusetts Bay Company* was a joint-stock company made of merchants and landed gentry. * They received their charter from the Crown. * This charter effectively became a constitution for the colony and it had the following provisions: * It defined *boundaries of the colony*. * It granted all the lands, ports, rivers, waters, fishing, mines, & minerals to The Council at Plymouth. * 1/5 of all gold and silver ore would be paid to the king. * Members of the council were identified and granted governing powers. * They were instructed to act as one body. * It was to govern, make laws, prosecute suits, answer any claims. * They were given power to buy or sell land and lease lands. * An annual election was defined. * It was to elect a governor, a deputy governor, and a company of 18 assistants. * All were required to be freemen. * A quorum of seven participants was required for any action. * The initial group filling these offices was appointed. * Members of the group were exempt from paying taxes for seven years. * They were exempt from certain import and export charges for 20 years. * Policies were made for payment of duties. ### Concepts in Economics * The colonies were expected to benefit the homeland. * This is called mercantilism. * Goods could only be shipped to England on English ships. * Others could be sold to anyone, as long as an English ship was used. * The colonists were industrious. * They provided England with significant income ### Major Industries of Colonial America * **New England** * This area covered Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island and Connecticut. * Much of the economy was based on the family farm and agriculture. * The conditions were poor, but it allowed for growing corn, pumpkins, squash, and beans. * Native Americans taught these farming methods * Land was granted in townships to adult males who worked the land. * The families were well-fed and clothed. * The Hudson River settlements were centered on fur trade and tenant farming. * Furs or pelts were obtained by hunting and trapping. * They were exported to Europe. * Boston and Portsmouth became shipbuilding centers. * They were aided by the presence of abundant local timber. * Fishing and whaling were major businesses. * Whale oil was burned in all lamps. * **Middle Colonies** * This area covered Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. * The soil was fertile. * Timber was available. * The colonists exported wheat, barley, and rye for profit. * They raised cattle & pigs for export. * Slave labor was used on the larger farms. * There was a supply of iron ore in Delaware. * It was mined & processed into nails, gun parts, and other tools. * Manufacturing centers were developed later. * **Southern Colonies** * This area covered South Carolina, North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, and Georgia. * Large farms and plantations produced a surplus of rice, tobacco, and eventually cotton. * These were cash crops that could be sold, traded, or sent back to England. * Indigo dye was popular in the area that is now South Carolina. * The tidewater areas, or coastal regions, had large land owners. * They had their own docks. * Indentured servants and slave labor became essential to the operation of plantations. * The wilderness settlements were largely self-sufficient. * Farms were smaller, and worked without slave labor. * People hunted for meat. * Trading went on between small communities and local farms. ### Economic Patterns of The *European Colonists* * Trade essentially made a triangle between Europe, Africa, and North America. * There was some trade directly between the Southern Colonies in The U.S. and the colonies in The West Indies. * England sent spices, furniture, cloth, and tools to the colonies. * They also sent iron products to Africa. * Slaves and gold went from Africa to The West Indies. * Molasses, slaves, and sugar went from The West Indies to North America. * The North American colonies sent flour, fish, meat, and lumber to The West Indies. * They also sent fish, whale oil, lumber, and tobacco to England. ### Development of Free Enterprise in Colonies * The free enterprise system revolves around the concept that businesses should be privately owned and that individuals should be allowed to create and run their own businesses. * This system is the exact opposite of the mercantile system upon which the colonies were founded. * The initial system at Plymouth was set up with a socialist structure. * Survival was the most important thing at this point. * Survival depended upon a good harvest. * People would grow crops & bring them to a community where it would be distributed. * Everyone received the same amount of food. * Some chose not to work, and those who did became resentful. * Productivity was reduced. * Governor Bradford knew the colony would fail if something did not change. * He decided to give people some land. * They could keep what they produced and sell or trade the extra. * The need for skilled labor grew. * Indentured servants arrived in great numbers. * When their length of service ended, they were granted parcels of land. * Many started businesses & farmers sold their extra crops. * The fur trade was especially lucrative and promoted the concept of working for oneself. * Trappers who were contracted to a large company, such as Hudson's Bay, were essentially self-employed. * Hat and coat makers prized beaver pelts, deerskins, and seal and otter skins. * Europeans and nations with cold winters increased the demand for fur. * Beaver skin hats and muff were considered high style. * Goods from Canada were smuggled into the colonies. * The Hudson's Bay Company gained a monopoly over all the rivers that emptied into the bay. * There were so many opportunities that the free enterprise system grew very quickly. ### Economic Terms Glossary * **agriculture**- work on a farm or large producing estate to grow food or animals. * The economy of the South was built on agriculture. * They grew tobacco, cotton, indigo, sugarcane, and other foodstuffs. * The large crops were grown to be exported. * **barter** - to simply trade one item for another. * Two people need to arrive at a fair exchange rate for both. * The Native American society was built on this concept. * Colonists bartered with Native Americans. * **budget** - made by most people to match money that come in to money going out. * *A deficit* means more is being spent. * *A balanced budget* has the same amount of money coming in as going out. * **capital** - currency, or any other item or asset. * Wampum was the capital for some tribes. * **cash crop** - agricultural crop grown to be specifically sold or traded. * It is a value worth growing, and there is a demand. * A grower is dependent on the supply and demand of the crop. * They need to produce more than needed to have a surplus. * The two primary cash crops in early colonial days were tobacco and cotton. * **consumerism** - encourages buying more than needed. * This is usually associated with media culture. * Advertisers pump up the idea that everyone needs the latest fashion. * This accumulates more items that are ultimately discarded. * **debt** - something one person owes another. * It is unable to be paid at once. * People finance items. * They put some money toward the purchase. * This remaining balance is their debt. * Interest is often charged. * **demographics** - term that defines the makeup of a given population. * In colonial times, the demographics of The South were primarily white landowners with black slaves. * It is usually determined by gender, age, ethnicity, land ownership, employment, and other things. * **economy** - the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. * Transactions occur when two parties agree to a value or price. * This is commonly expressed in a currency, but it can be defined in a bartering situation. * **export** - manufactured or grown in one country and shipped to another for sale. * **free enterprise** - unrestricted economic system in which individuals or a company produce goods to satisfy the needs of consumers. * *A capitalistic economy*. * Supply and demand determine the pricing of items. * If there is a large supply of an item, others are free to produce it. * **goods and services**- something that can be consumed or used. * *Goods* are food, clothes, books, cars, appliances. * *Services* are things that someone does. * Hair stylist. * Repairman. * Accountant. * **import** - manufactured or grown in a foreign country and shipped to one's own country for sale. * **inflation** - prices have risen, but the value of paychecks have not. * Look at grocery receipts from a one-week period. * Then, look at the same items a year later. * Most will have risen slightly. * It means a person can buy less with the money they have today. * **interdependence** - Most individuals can't produce everything. * Food is produced based on different areas, the soil type, growing season, and weather. * People in the U.S. are dependent on other countries to grow certain foods. * **market economy** - people make money by selling a product or service for which there is a demand. * They are able to set their own prices. * It is driven by supply and demand. * **mercantilism** - governmental regulation of a nation's economy. * It is used for the purpose of increasing its own assets * Britain restricted what the colonies could trade. * They put high tariffs on trade with other countries, so the colonies were limited. * They could also set prices. * They controlled what ships were used to transport items. * **plantation** - a large estate engaged in agriculture. * Labor is done by unskilled workers. * In the south, it meant slaves. * This was the basis for the entire society during the early colonial period. * **profit** - the difference between what it costs to grow or manufacture a product and what one receive when that product is sold. * *A capitalistic economy* allows the individual to regulate what is charged. * *A socialist or communistic economy* determines the costs and allowed prices. * It determines how much of the profit goes to the governing body * **scarcity** - lack of availability of a product. * Demand is willing to pay higher prices for the scarce item. * **self-employed** - a person who can own a business or sell their services. * They do not receive a salary. * They are free to set their own prices. * They are governed by supply and demand. * If they succeed or fail, it is due to their own efforts. * **slave labor** - part of The Plantation system. * Large tracts of land were worked by people in servitude. * Slaves were owned as property. * They could be bought and sold like any other asset. * **stocks** - investors hold onto a stock hoping to sell it for a profit in the future. * They are a way of investing in a business. * Stocks are risky. * Not all companies make money, and some investors lose money. * **supply and demand**- *Supply* is how much is available. *Demand* is how much is wanted. * The relationship affects the price of the product. * If everyone wants something and it is in short supply, the price goes up. * If no one wants it or there is too much, the price goes down. * **surplus** - excess of goods produced. * If the demand for wheat is small, but all the farmers grow it, the supply side produces a surplus. * The demand side doesn't need all that is produced. * This causes prices to drop. * **tariff** - a fee imposed by a government on goods imported or exported. * It is usually used to encourage trade with a particular country. * It discourages trade with a different country * **trade** - countries trade, or sell, things they produce to other countries. * It keeps economies healthy. * It is an exchange of goods that help all parties. * **traditional economy** - a very basic form of economy. * It is built on bartering. * It is a very old system. * Colonists traded with The Native Americans. * The two entities need to agree on what items are worth. * **transaction** - any type of exchange of goods. * It is either for other goods or currency. * The buyer and seller need to agree on the *price*. * This may be in product or currency. * **want vs. need**- * A *need* is something to survive. * Food, water, shelter & clothing * A *want* is something a person would like to have. * It is not necessary. * Clothing for fashion, jewelry, music, games, iPhones—they are driven by wants. * People buy items they do not really need. * They support businesses that make money from selling these items. ### Concepts in Government and Citizenship * The basic governing unit is the family. * As families came to live in groups, they had to agree how to govern the group. * This concept continued. * Towns were built and states came into existence. * The original colonies were all self-governing. ### Limited vs. Unlimited Governments * **Limited Government** * There are restraints under which the government must conduct business. * The people have the power. * *Democracies and republics* are two types of limited governments. * **Unlimited Government** * It is controlled by leaders who answer to no one. * Monarchies & dictatorships. * The leader has unlimited power and makes all the rules. ### Development of Representative Governments * A representative government is driven by individuals elected by the people. * They serve in a government body. * In the U.S., we elect a president, a vice president, members of Congress, state & local officials. * Most countries with representative governments are republics or representative democracies. * They are defined as countries with a chief of state, who is not a monarch. * There is a body of citizens, who are elected by the people. * Representatives are charged with making decisions in the best interest of the people who elected them. * Representatives make