APUSH Midterm Review ch 1-27 PDF

AP Periods: 1-6​ American Pageant Chapters 1-27​ Format: 80 Multiple Choice (1 point each) 1 SAQ (20 points total) Choice of ONE SAQ Question 1: Periods 1-3 or...

AP Periods: 1-6​ American Pageant Chapters 1-27​ Format: 80 Multiple Choice (1 point each) 1 SAQ (20 points total) Choice of ONE SAQ Question 1: Periods 1-3 or Question 2: Periods 4-6 Topics Include (but are not limited to): -European Exploration of North America (Spanish, -Horace Mann French, English) -Dorothea Dix -The Encomienda System -Temperance Movement -The Columbian Exchange -Uncle Tom’s Cabin -Indigenous Peoples -Nativism -How geography influenced the development of -Economic Revolution colonies/the United States -Mormons -Colonial America -Transcendentalists -The First Great Awakening -Seneca Falls Convention -The French and Indian War -Lucretia Mott -The American Revolution -Elizabeth Cady Stanton -The Declaration of Independence -Development and Evolution of Political Parties -First Continental Congress -Sectionalism -Republican Motherhood -The War for Texan Independence -The Critical Period -Westward Expansion -Debate over Ratification of the Constitution -Manifest Destiny -Transatlantic Slave Trade The Mexican American -War -Slavery (in the colonies as well as the United -The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo States) -The Mexican Cession -Abolition -The Wilmot Proviso -Harriet Tubman -James K. Polk -Nullification -John L. O’Sullivan -Henry Clay -The Gadsden Purchase -The American System -The Kansas Nebraska Act -The Missouri Compromise -The Compromise of 1850 -Antebellum Immigration -The Civil War -The Age of Jackson -The Gettysburg Address -Cult of Domesticity -Reconstruction -Constitutional Amendments (1-15) -The Compromise of 1877 -Presidents (Washington-Cleveland) -Jim Crow Laws -Foreign Policy -The Gilded Age -The Second Great -Awakening -Political Machines -Social Reform Movements -Plessy v. Ferguson -Utopian Experiments -Dred Scott v Sandford -The Spanish American War -U.S. Imperialism Chapter 1: -​ Land Bridge: nomad’s ability to cross continents on the Bering Isthmus/Bering Strait -​ Incas, Aztecs, Mayas - complex societies with advanced agriculture, relied on CORN! > Pueblos and Iroquois as well -​ Used 3 sister farming methods - all three crops being grown in one location (corn, beans, squash) - respected the land -​ Land ownership by natives and europeans was very different > Empty land was ‘unclaimed’ to Europeans, but natives respected the land. They also enjoyed sharing land, saying there were no boundaries. (Natives) -​ Spanish and Portuguese were fighting over the Iberian Peninsula -​ Pope alexander split the Atlantic left to right (TREATY OF TORDESILLAS) -​ West of line: Spain could colonize - East, Portugal could colonize >LINE OF DEMARCATION -​ Spanish colonies led to new social class pyramid -​ Native Americans weren’t used as slaves because they were not used to the labor and knew the land well so they ran away. >As a result, African Americans were brought in -​ Hernando Cortes conquered the Aztecs -​ Moctezuma II welcomed them because they thought Europeans were superior gods from heaven -​ Cortes colonized and destroyed the Aztec Empire > He wanted GOD, GOLD, GLORY (motivation for the age of exploration) > Set up the Encomienda system: allowed the government to give natives to colonizers to convert them to Christianity (make them not savages) -​ Bartolome de las Casas - Spanish missionary who spoke out against the encomienda system > Believed that forceful conversion was cruel and unpardonable (God would disapprove) Malinche: native woman slave who was an interpreter for Cortes  -​ She was baptized and learned Spanish, traveled with him. She was seen as a traitor to her people (interpreted to avoid a life of slavery) Noche Triste: 1521 -​ Sad night (translation) for the conquistadors (Aztecs attacked Spanish conquistadors) -​ 1521, Cortes captured Tenochtitlan Battle of Acoma (Mexico) - 1599 -​ Spanish massacred 800-1000 Pueblo people -​ Cut one foot off each survivor so they couldn’t run away but kept their hands so they could still work Pope Rebellion/Pueblo Revolt (1680) -​ Shows the attempt for natives to maintain political and cultural autonomy -​ Natives destroyed every Catholic church because of the missionaries, killed hundreds > Spanish gained back all the power in 50 years The Black Legend -​ False concept that the Spanish tortured and killed natives then left with the gold. -​ They did that, but also gave an empire, culture, laws, and religion to help for societies. Chapter 2: -​ The English were slow to colonize because of the Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther and the 95 theses) > Attempted to colonize with Roanoke in 1528 -​ The Spanish Armada ruled where the English wanted to colonize. In 1588 the Armada were defeated and the English could colonize and explore the seas. Primogeniture Laws: 1st born son gets all the inheritance ​ > Younger sons needed to make their own money (often involved in colonizing as an attempt to have a fortune) -​ SO… they formed joint-stock companies. (joint investing, less risk for a reward) ​ > ex: Virginia Charter Company (1606) - received a charter to form JAMESTOWN (first permanent English settlement) Captain John Smith - credited for saving Jamestown -​ “He who shall not work shall not eat” - motivator Anglo-Powhatan War (1&2) - one of many native colonizer conflicts -​ Natives usually lost, sent to reservations, or forced to work for the English Native Demographic changes & cultural changes -​ Horses: increased mobility and transportation -​ Diseases: decrease in population because of no immunity to euro diseases, tribes banded together -​ Trade: europeans introduced firearms TOBACCO: cash crop grown in virginia -​ Required lots of land which led to soil erosion and a large labor force needed (slaves) > first indentured servants, then african slaves Bacon Rebellion (1676) - led by Nathaniel Bacon -​ Tried to overthrow the VA government, unsuccessfully. ​ > demonstrated social class tensions  ​ > less indentured servants, more slave labor VA house of Burgesses (1619) - representative government -​ King was unhappy about this form of government and revoked the charter Maryland: est. 1684 by Lord Baltimore -​ Catholic haven which grew tobacco as its main source of money Maryland Act of Toleration: (1649) -​ Anyone who cursed or denied christ was sentenced to death and land was given to Lord Baltimore Barbados Slave Code: (1661) -​ Had colonies in the West Indies that grew sugar (labor intensive and needed slaves) > code denied fundamental rights to slaves (blueprint for how slaves would be treated in the 13 colonies) Tuscarora War (1711-1715) -​ English squatters in the Carolinas, natives tried to get them out -​ Settlers retaliated, and natives were sold into slavery or hid under the Iroquois confederacy Georgia (1733) -​ Seen as a buffer between French Louisiana and Spanish Florida James Oglethorpe: stood for prison reform and vocally disagreed with slavery -​ Kept slaves out of Georgia until 1750 Iroquois Confederacy: loose alliance of states -​ Remaining native tribes joined for protection against settlers Plantation Colonies: (South) -​ Virginia, Maryland, north and south carolina, Georgia -​ VA/MD: Chesapeake region Chapter 3: Pilgrims vs. ​ ​ Puritans -purify and separate -purify church of england Mayflower Compact (1620) -​ Set up by pilgrims trying to get to virginia -​ Settled in plymouth -​ Landed in Provincetown but it was sandy and not good for farming -​ William bradford was the leader and landed on plymouth rock -​ Hard journey, many died and ship was not in good condition Mayflower Compact: charter with agreement to govern themselves Protestant Ethic: -​ Serious commitment to work and engaging in worldly pursuits ​ > less focused on God, enjoyment -​ People questioned and rebelled against the ethic Anne Hutchinson: -​ 1638: banished from Massachusetts Bay colony -​ Her family walked to Rhode island, then New York  ​ > killed by Natives Virginia ​ vs. ​ ​ Massachusetts -​ 2nd born sons​​ - religious freedom -​ Economic motivation​ - sectionalism Roger Williams: -​ Wanted to compensate natives for the land they took -​ Believed in separation of church of state ​ > banished from massachusetts -​ Developed Rhode Island and first Baptist Church Connecticut: the constitution state -​ 1639: fundamental orders of connecticut (served as model for US constitution) Maine and New Hampshire: -​ Originally part of massachusetts bay colony -​ Economy based off fishing and trading, especially fur trade -​ Became own separate states Pequot War (1637) -​ Fought against English militiamen and Narragansett Indian Allies > led to decades of uneasy peace between puritans and natives -​ No respect for natives Intercolonial unity ​ ​ vs ​ ​ British response -​ New England confederation​ ​ - Dominion of New England -​ Came from colonists uniting​ ​ - Imposed by royals trying to promote defense -​ Trying to dominate colonies -​ BOTH had goal of defense against native americans Navigation Laws (1651) -​ English told colonies who they could/couldn't trade with -​ Sir Edmund Androse - royal representative for the dominion of New England Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) - dominion of new england collapses Salutary Neglect: -​ England ignored the day-to-day goings in colonies as long as they participated in mercantilism and continued to produce goods. ​ > colonies grew and thrived ​ > England didn’t care as long as colonies were economically loyal New York - originally owned by the Dutch -​ Golden age of Dutch history -​ - Henry Hudson: Huson river valley - New Amsterdam - NYC - England bough NY from Sir York (1664) Pennsylvania - quakers -​ William penn - believed in fair treatment of the natives ​ > “people approached with friendship respond with friendship” -​ Did not agree with passivists, freedom of religion, and slavery Middle colonies: -​ Bread colonies: NY, NJ, DE, PA  -​ Fertile soil, lots of land, rivers, industry, ethnically mixed, religious toleration, democratic control, human freedom ​ > lumber, shipbuilding, seaports Chapter 4: Chesapeake colonies: VA/MA: single men (not first born), weak family ties, came to new world for free, worked for 7 years Middle Passage: -​ Slaves from west africa, many died on harsh journey -​ Banjo and bongo drum brought from africa Stono Slave Rebellion (1739) -​ 15 slaves going to florida for freedom, led to more restrictions on slaves -​ Congo Square - slaves dance and sung on sundays, had 500/600 spectators because slaves couldn’t play music everywhere New England family life: -​ Strong family ties -​ WOmen were subservient to men and should be happy about it -​ Town meetings gave a sense of democracy ​ > let people be involved in decision making and voice concerns Halfway Covenant: -​ Increase the number of church membership in new england by reducing requirements to be in church Salem Witch Trials (1692, MA) -​ Women accused of being witches with no evidence -​ women forced to admit to witchcraft -​ Puritanical rule ​ > women outside of societal conventions accused ​ ​ > mass hysteria Chapter 5: Sectionalism: loyalty to one region rather than the whole country (regional division)  -​ 1700 - less than 300k people in colonies ​ > 1775 - 2.5 million in the colonies (especially German, Scottish, Italian immigrants) -​ The appeal was social openness - the idea of no social structure Clergy: most honored, Also physicians and lawyers (jurists) Workaday America: 90% agricultural colonies -​ Method of transportation was waterways because colonies were on the coastline ​ > roads also in poor condition Taverns: cradle of democracy -​ Fostered democracy, unofficial THE FIRST GREAT AWAKENING: -​ Religious revival: first mass social movement in american history ​ > let more people convert and become involved in religion Arminianism: challenged Calvinism, believed in free will , not a god determining heaven or hell (no predestination) -​ Movement started by Johnathan Edwards ​ > “sinners in the hands of an angry God” sermon ​ ​ > God will punish the wicked > new style of preaching (George Whitefield) New schools of thought Old Lights: skeptical of great awakening, unsure about emotional preaching New Lights: on board with great awakening, passionate spirituality -​ First American colleges developed (for religion) ex Princeton - training men mostly for ministry -​ UPenn, started by Ben Franklin was the first nondenominational college (open to anyone) Phyliss Wheatly: first ex-slave African to publish a book of poetry Ben Franklin: shaped American character with ‘Poor Richard’s Almanac’ John Peter Zenger Trial (1734-1735) -​ Freedom of press trial -​ Charged with printing negative things about the government of NY ​ > seditious libel - slander against government ​ ​ > voted not guilty -​ Paved way for freedom of the press Chapter 6: -​ Fight for control of North America -​ French in canada - largely autocratic government ​ > no representation in government, no right to trial by jury -​ Slow population growth because no one wanted to live there - fur trade was important to the economy -​ French brought natives disease and alcohol ​ > converting to catholicism  -​ Spanish, English, French all fighting over North American territory -​ Mississippi river developed which connected south and north regions of north america ​ > connected to new orleans ​ ​ > french had control of mississippi river Conflicts between British and French: -​ King WIlliam War (1689-1697) -​ Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) -​ French and Indian War (1754-1763) ​ > Rivers were important instead of roads, all fought for control of North America ​ > French and allies vs. British Albany Congress (1754) -​ Ben Franklin proposed Albany plan for union home rule - unite all colonies -​ Join or die (cut up snake) Fort Duquesne: -​ General Braddock tried to capture the fort -​ Braddock’s Blunder - his army was slaughtered by small french army Battle of Quebec (1759) -​ British emerged as dominant power in North America -​ Quebec located by a river Treaty of Paris (1763): -​ French ceded all territory on mainland North America -​ British received Quebec and Ohio valley ​ > port of New Orleans and Louisiana territory ​ ​ > natives not included in treaty Pontiac’s Uprising (1763) -​ Attempted to remove British from Ohio Valley ​ > response: Proclamation of​ 1763 -​ Ban settlement West of Appalachian mountains (no colonizing) > British response: send blankets infected with smallpox to natives Republicanism: civilians work to common good, no private interest Radical Whigs: British political commentators who criticized monarchy and corruption - encourage citizens to be vigilant against attempts to take away liberty. Fearful of monarch power. Chapter 7: Currency shortage → Bartering -​ Colonists start to print their own currency, Britain unhappy -​ Royal vetoes: 8653 colony laws in effect, Britain vetoes 5% of them Mercantilism: -​ In theory, selfish and deliberate oppression -​ Reality: Prior to 1763, because of salutary neglect there was no burden on colonists Navigation Acts (1763) -​ Sugar Act: tax on imported sugar to make money off colonists ​ > raise revenue for French and Indian war  -​ Colonists had to house British soldiers no questions asked -​ Redcoats stationed in colonies to make sure french and natives are adhering to rules -​ Stamp Act (1765) ​ > colonists had to purchase stamped paper along with items bought -​ Admiralty courts: no jury, guilty until innocent (setting up colonists to fail) -​ No taxation (stamp act) without representation (in parliament) -​ Declaration of rights and grievances: colonists asking British government to remove tax -​ They refuse to import any future British goods (non importation agreement) Sam Adams: Sons of liberty -​ Would tar and feather British officials in USA -​ Communicated ideas of rebellion through colonies Declaratory Act: British saying they can control colonists -​ Can make laws to bind colonies (1766) Townshend Acts (1767) - taxed on tea -​ Redcoats taking over and colonists are fed up Boston Massacre: 1770 -​ Redcoats open fire in street on colonists (no clear account of what actually happened) Boston Tea Party (1773) -​ 342 chests of tea dumped into Boston Harbor -​ Trade couldn’t happen, Boston placed under martial law Quebec Act (1774) -​ Gave Quebec residents freedom of religion, access to Ohio valley Chapter 8: -​ Second continental congress - Philly (1775) -​ Goal: draft set of appeals to which the king would respond ​ > selected George Washington to lead continental army -​ Issued Declaration of Rights - appeal for home rule -​ Formed the Association - complete boycott of British goods Lexington and Concord: beginning of American revolution -​ RedCoats running out of supplies in Boston -​ Wanted to march from Boston → Concord by lexington -​ Paul revere warned everyone the British were coming, when the Redcoats came the colonists attacked them. British Advantage: -​ Bigger army, more people and money, slave soldiers, loyalists ​ Disadvantage: -​ Low supplies, 3k miles from home ​ American Advantage: -​ French aid, African American soldiers, good leadership Disadvantage: -​ Poor organization, no supplies or money Bunker Hill (1775)  -​ Bloodiest battle of the American Revolution -​ June 1775 - colonists took Bunker Hill, British got it back with heavy injury -​ July 1775: Colonists released the Olive Branch Petition which preached American loyalty to the king asking him to stop attacking. King said no. -​ Americans had to become independent or submit to British rule Loyalists: Loyal to the crown. Patriots: loyal to America (some citizens indifferent) British have German Hessians fighting (mercenaries for hire) -​ 1775: colonists get Canada to become a 14th colony to fight against the British - Quebec said no because there was no incentive for them to do it. Thomas Paine and Common sense (1776) -​ Common sense to declare independence -​ Hated taxation without representation -​ Focus should be independence not reconciliation Declaration of Independence (1776) -​ Written mostly by Thomas Jefferson Battle of Long Island (August) -​ Washington pushed Long Island from New Jersey Crossing of the Delaware (Christmas 1776) -​ The British soldiers weren’t ready ​ > Battle of Trenton -​ Surprise attack, success for Americans British attempt to recapture Fort Ticonderoga, Benedict Arnold forms army to prevent them Colonists have assistance from others: -​ Friedrich von Steuben (Prussian) teaches colonists how to line up in formation, fire and reload quickly -​ Marquis de Lafayette (French) advocates for French aid Battle of Saratoga (1777) -​ Turning point of american revolution -​ Colonial victory convinces french to join the war John Adams’ Model treaty: -​ Blueprint for what future treaties should look like -​ No political or military connection, only commercial connection (with other countries) Abigail Adams -​ Wrote letter to her husband - ‘Remember the Ladies’ -​ Asking to give power to women so men aren’t a tyrant about women’s rights -​ Says women will rebel and not follow rules that don’t mention them Ben Franklin: AMbassador to France (1776) -​ Represented the demarcation social order to the French -​ Inspired french to rebel Benedict Arnold - traitor -​ Feels he isn’t getting enough recognition so he sells out west point information to the British for 6,300 pounds -​ Plan exposed before it happened Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) -​ First treaty between colonists and natives -​ Natives had to cede most of their land Privateers: -​ Legal pirates - colonists -​ Harass and capture enemies -​ Approved by congress Battle of Yorktown: -​ Colonists wouldn’t have won without french navy -​ British retreat to Chesapeake Bay, french navy attack British -​ British general surrendered 10/19/1781 Treaty of Paris (1783) -​ Recognize USA independence (Mississippi river to atlantic ocean) -​ Florida given to spain -​ Loyalists not prosecuted -​ Negotiated by Ben Franklin, John Adams, John Jay Chapter 9: Steps towards equality: -​ Reduced property requirements to vote -​ Everyone could be called Mr and Mrs - not exclusive to the upper class. -​ Society of Cincinnati frowned (society of exclusive revolutionary veterans) ​ > exclusive hereditary order of continental army officers -​ No primogeniture laws - divided among sons -​ Separation of church and state BUT NOT… -​ Women, slavery, cult of domesticity State Constitutions: -​ Written docs are important because they represent fundamental law ​ > including bill of rights - protected individual rights Economic Changes: -​ After american revolution, most citizens struggled financially because of lack of trade with britain - needed new trade partners Articles of confederation -​ Loose alliance of state with no central government, congress did not have power ​ ​ > congress had the right to collect taxes but not the power so nobody did it -​ Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787 - blueprints for expansion Foreign Policy: -​ Britain declined commercial relationship -​ Spain was unfriendly and controlled part of the mississippi river, closing off trade for USA -​ France demanded repayment from war -​ Pirates from North Africa interfered with trade, enslaved USA sailors Shay’s Rebellion (1786) -​ Led my farmer and veteran Daniel Shays  -​ Asked for financial help and declined, rebelled along with other farmers -​ Caused panic in nation, made people rethink the government because the government could not control it Constitutional convention: -​ 55 delegates to revise the articles, toss them out -​ James Madison - father of the constitution The Great Compromise: 1.​ The Virginia Plan: proposed proportional representation - number of reps based off population - Bicameral legislature 2.​ The New Jersey Plan: called for equal representation - unicameral 3.​ Roger Sherman proposed a compromise - the Connecticut plan -​ House of Representatives - proportional representation -​ Senate - equal representation Electoral College: compromise on how to elect president -​ Buffer between voters and president -​ Number of electoral votes a state gets depends on their population ⅗ Law: -​ For every 5 slaves, 3 counted for taxation and representation purposed -​ WOmen, slaves, and men who couldn't vote were counted for taxation and representation purposes anyways Slave Trade Compomise - will be revisited in 20 years Federalists ​ ​ ​ vs. ​ ​ Anti-Federalists -​ Support radicalization of government​ - Thinks it will give government too much power -​ Wanted bill of rights​ ​ ​ - thought exec branch had too much power Chapter 10: -​ Population increase: growth of cities but most people live rural -​ Population doubles every 25 years -​ Washington unanimously chosen to be first president -​ President elected his cabinet (advisors) ​ > unwritten constitution -​ Cabinet: Thomas Jefferson, Alex Hamilton, Henry Knox, Edmund Hamilton Bill of rights: reason why anti-feds agreed to ratify constitution -​ 10 rights: 1-8 personal liberties, 9-10 state rights Constitution Overview: 27 amendments Judiciary Act of 1789 -​ Appoints first supreme court justice - John Jay -​ 6 Justices -​ Created office of attorney general to argue on behalf of the US in cases before the supreme court Hamilton’s financial plan: 1.​ Assumption of state debt -​ Federal government will assume state debts - clean slate 2.​ Tariff to encourage purchase of american goods  3.​ Trickle down economics -​ Giving tax breaks to the wealthy because they will reinvest it in economy and the money will ‘trickle down’ 4.​ excise tax on items like whiskey 5.​ Bank of United States (BUS) -​ Not stated in constitution that country can have bank -​ Feels it gives too much power of economy to government BUS leads to thought on constitutional interpretation: Federalists; loose interpretation (north) Jeffersonian Republicans; strict interpretation (south) *anti-feds are not a political party Whiskey Rebellion (1794) -​ Testing the strength of the constitution and government to put down rebellions - it passes -​ Takes place in pennsylvania, whiskey distillers protesting excise tax -​ Shows government can put down large scale revolutions Neutrality: -​ Washington issues statement of neutrality during french revolution -​ Violated by britain - captured US soldiers and forced them to fight in royal navy Miami Confederacy: -​ In Indiana, led by Little Turtle -​ Battle of Fallen Timbers - attempt of little turtle to keep americans off the land -​ Treaty of Greenville: codified unequal relationship between americans and natives Jay’s Treaty: -​ Between US and Britain 1.​ British promised to evacuate their posts on US soil 2.​ Agreed to pay for damages to US ships 3.​ USA agreed to pay debts from pre revolution PIckney’s Treaty: -​ Spain and USA 1.​ Spain allowed USA to access mississippi river and port of New Orleans -​ Spain is friendly now because they are afraid of US and British alliance 2.​ Spain gives part of Western Florida Washington’s precedents: -​ Each president will serve 2 terms (not in constitution) -​ Warns against political parties and entangling alliances -​ Promotes neutrality and isolation 1796: first real election -​ John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson -​ Adams (P) Jefferson (VP) XYZ Affair: (1798) -​ War scare with france that leads to creation of US navy Kentucky-Virginia Resolutions -​ Alien and Sedition Acts  -​ Could deport immigrants, aliens had to wait 14 years to be a citizen instead of 5 -​ Target Jeffersonian Republicans because immigrants voted for them -​ Sedition Act: illegal to criticize the government -​ Journalists being fined and jailed for speaking out against government Jeffersonian Republicans react with nullification -​ States can nullify can't they find unconstitutional -​ Kentucky and Virginia both nullified the Acts Chapter 11: Thomas Jefferson won 1800 election -​ Judiciary Act (1801) - appoints federal judges on courts and they are all federalists -​ Makes life difficult for passing laws for Jeffersonian Republicans Marbury v. Madison (1803) -​ Sets up judicial review -​ Supreme court uses power to go back and review if a law is constitutional -​ Declared parts of 1789 Judiciary act unconstitutional Jefferson Inauguration: tries to unite everyone -​ Reduces size of military, likes state rights, shouldn’t be strong national army - supported personal state militias Louisiana Purchase: -​ Doubled size of USA -​ Jefferson is torn - unconstitutional but he does it for the benefit of the country -​ Access to mississippi river and new orleans -​ 3 treaties -​ Appointed Lewis and Clark - helped by sacagawea Aaron Burr: -​ Involved with federalists who want to secede (1804) -​ Want new england to secede from the union -​ Hamilton exposes the plan before it happens -​ Burr and Hamilton get into a duel - hamilton dies 1804: Jefferson reelected 1805: Battle of Trafalgar - shows british naval supremacy 1805: Battle of austerlitz - shows french land supremacy 1806: orders in council - england closes european ports under french control ** Tensions in world, USA stays neutral Chesapeake Affair: -​ US ship seized by british ship off east coast of virginia -​ Violation of neutrality -​ British fire on chesapeake, kill 3 americans and wound 18 Embargo Act: -​ Jefferson trying to avoid war -​ Forbids export of goods from USA Nonintercourse Act: -​ Need to trade as a new country so they trade with everyone but britain and france Macon’s Bill number 2: opens trade again 1808: jefferson steps down (2 term limit) -​ James madison elected War Hawks: led by aggressive politicians (Henry Clay, John Calhoun) -​ Want opportunity for war Battle of Tippecanoe (1811): -​ Fought between Shawnee natives (tecumseh) -​ General william henry harrison (governor of indiana, hero of battle) Chapter 12: War of 1812: -​ Causes: neutrality for USA violated, impressment of US sailors, stir up natives -​ Underlying causes: 1812 was an election year, war hawks, land greed -​ fighting on land: weak armies, lacking (navy successful) -​ American frigates: US ships covered in iron -​ Led by commodore oliver perry in the great lakes 1814: white house and capitol building burned by british -​ Treaty of Ghent: ends war of 1812 - stalemate Battle of New orleans: (1815) -​ Americans unaware war was over (news travels slow) -​ Nationalism and pride from victory Hartford Convention: -​ Fed party don't agree with war of 1812 and want to secede -​ Don’t leave yet because of timing everyone is proud to be american Henry Clay’s American system: -​ Wanted to unify the country 1.​ Creation of a second BUS (first BUS charter expanded) 2.​ Protective tariff on imports 3.​ Building more roads and canals (physically unite) 1816-1820: James monroe elected and reelected -​ Era of good feelings (misnomer) -​ Sectionalism, debate on american system, debate on slavery, panic of 1819 (deflation, depression, bankruptcy, unemployment) Moving Westward and the debate of slavery: -​ James talladye proposed no more slavery be brought out west -​ Tallamadge amendment: gradual emancipation of slavery -​ Missouri as slave state will throw off sectional balance Missouri Compromise: -​ Missouri will enter as slave state, maine will enter as free state Oregon territory: US, Britain, Russia -​ Agreed to joint occupation to share resources -​ Andrew jackson wanted to take over florida (spain), kills many to get in control -​ To alleviate tension, adams-onis treaty (florida purchase) -​ Spain ceded control of florida, control of eastern seaboard Monroe Doctrine: -​ Promotes non colonization -​ Warning to europe that if they colonize anymore land in west hemisphere there would be issues - nonintervention Chapter 13: Election of 1824: -​ John quincy adams, henry clay, andrew jackson, william crawford -​ No candidate won proper number of votes, went to house of reps -​ Crawford and clay drop out, quincy wins and appoints clay as secretary of state John Quincy Adams: -​ More success as secretary of state under monroe than as president -​ Rush-bagot agreement: unfortified boundary -​ Tries to treat natives fairly, pushback from those moving west -​ after president though, becomes speaker of the house, stood for abolition Election of 1828: dirtiest election -​ Focuses on candidate life and personality -​ Rematch between adams and jackson -​ Insulting each other and throwing low blows -​ Jackson wins - charismatic and got what he wanted but had a temper Jackson’s presidency: -​ Spoils system: appoints his friends and political supporters to government positions -​ Tariff of abominations: south carolina -​ Tariff of 1832 - nullification crisis -​ South didn’t like how he controlled economy, scared about slaves -​ Henry clay introduces the tariff compromise (north favors) -​ Jackson threatens to hang VP for going against him -​ Reduces 1832 tariff by 10% over 8 years Force Bill (1832): -​ President can use army and navy to collect tariff revenue (dig at south carolina) Indian removal act: 1830 -​ Remove natives that are east of mississippi river, forced west Cherokee nation v. Georgia (1831) Worcester v. Georgia (1832) -​ Supreme court sides with natives, indian removal act is unconstitutional Trail of tears: -​ Forced removal of 60,000 natives -​ 4000-15000 natives died -​ Resistance to removal (1832) - Black Hawk War Henry Clay: -​ Says jackson reelection will hurt economy -​ Trying to get jackson to back himself into a corner -​ Veto bank (mean) approve (hypocrite) -​ Jackson vetoes BUS and wins, destroys it and puts money into smaller banks Martin Van Buren: Election of 1836: 4 candidates  -​ Whigs: 3 candidates, splitting their votes -​ Democrat: martin van buren - wins -​ Financial panic of 1837 - speculated banks gave too many loans -​ Buren passes the divorce bill: keep government involvement out of economy -​ Passes independent treasury bill - get funds locked in vaults separate from a national banking system Gone to Texas: -​ 1821: mexico is free from spain (open borders to america to help grow economy) -​ Selling cheap settlement land under the condition they convert to roman-catholicism and follow rules of mexican government, meaning no slaves -​ Americans ignore rules, want to be independent of mexico 1836: texas declared independence (Lone Star rebellion) -​ Mexican army led by general lopez in de santa anna -​ Texas applies for statehood in USA Election of 1840: -​ Whigs - 1 candidate, william henry harrison (VP John Tyler) -​ Gained democrat vote with tyler on the ticket -​ Martin van Buren runs again - no one likes him -​ Harrison wins, solidifies longevity of 2 party system -​ Harrison got pneumonia and died from doing a 2 hour commencement speech in the rain, tyler is president Chapter 14: -​ The election of 1840 - Whigs decided on one candidate, Willam Henry Harison who wins against Van Buren running for a second term > This election showed the formation of a 2 party system -​ Westward movement - more land and opportunities - roads canals, railroads, faster steamboats - continuity through time -​ Self reliance - Emerson - rugged individualism - the west was the most typically American part of America -​ Ecological Imperialism - exploitation of the West's natural resources -​ Major increase in population - continuity -​ There was an increase in Irish and German Immigrants - famine, disease, hunger >Americans viewed them as alcoholics -​ 1849 The Know Nothing party appears (The American Party) - restrictions on immigration and naturalization and laws authorizing deportation -​ Many new inventions such as the cotton gin made by Eli Whitney -​ The creation of Labor unions emerged from the Commonwealth vs. Hunt Supreme Court Case -​ Lowell Girls - worked 6 days a week in textile factories, 13 hr a day, very low wages -​ Cult of Domesticity - glorified customary function of the homemaker (immense moral code) -​ Steamboats and Canals - Erie Canal connects Atlantic Ocean to Great lakes  -​ Railroads had the most significant contribution to the development of the economy (fast, reliable, cheaper than canals) -​ Clipper ships - long narrow majestic, glide across the sea- could haul cargo in super fast -​ Pony Express - first carried mail speedily - only in operation for 19 months -​ Myth of Social mobility - rags to riches stories - must work hard to be successful -​ Increase in the Gap between the rich and the poor Chapter 15: -​ Causes of the Second Great Awakening > Deism - most founding fathers were deist - believed in reason and science rather than the bible - also rejected original sin and the divinity of christ > Unitarian - believed that God exists in 1 person- denied the divinity of Jesus and the Holy Trinity - believed in the goodness of human nature - god=loving father -​ 2nd great awakening - growing liberalisation of religion > Charles Grandison Finney - face of the 2nd great awakening ​ ​ - Anxious Bench - Burned over District - Central and West NY - this area had been so evangelized, no more fuel (unconverted people) left to burn (convert) - Increase in Church membership specifically in Methodist and Baptist - Also Feminization of religion Joseph Smith - founder of mormon faith - not very welcomed bc they believed in multiple lives ​ ​ - believed you didn’t need to know how to read - just pray When Smith is killed - Bringham young moves the religion to Salt Lake City ​ - He believed both men and women should be educated -​ Education reform > Horace Man - definition of education reform - prior to him education was private. Public school became a necessary thing for the future -​ He advocated for education, training for teachers, expanding the curriculum and expanding the school year -​ Little red schoolhouse was prior - 1 teacher with many diff age kids ​ ​ > Noah Webster - his dictionary standardized the english language ​ ​ > William Mcguffy - made readers that promoted morality, patriotism and idealism ​ ​ > Women’s education was still resisted -​ Prison and Hospital reform - mentioned by Dorothea Dix -​ Temperance movement - Neal S Dow - father of prohibition - to limit alcohol consumption -​ Seneca falls convention - Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony - first mention of women's right to vote -​ Dr. Elizabeth Blackerll - the 1st female graduate of medical school -​ Women were criticized for wanting a life outside the home Chapter 16: -​ The Shakers - a long lasting Utopia - didn’t believe in marriage - men and women were kept separate - no intimacy so they would shake it out -​ The southern economy was based on agriculture  > Cotton became so vital to their economy in the south - King Cotton > Eli Whitney made the cotton gin- separates the seeds from the cotton -​ Increase the need for labor - more slaves needed -​ Plantation owners were the aristocrats -​ Majority were subsidized farmers with the hope of social mobility -​ Life of a slave included hard work and no education -​ Lots of acts of abolition\ -​ Free soil party - no slaves in the north but there is job competition -​ Harriet Beacher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin and it brought attention to abolition\ Chapter 17: -​ Manifest Destiny is our Divine Right - famous photo with the angle bringing light from the East to the West - bringing transportation, communication, and technology to the west - the natives have bow and arrows, they were not welcoming of the americans -​ Increase in territorial expansion because of the idea of Manifest Destiny -​ John Tyler - president in 1841 - he is a whig in name but a democrat in heart - he abused his power - people called his an executive ass -​ The Whigs kicked John Tyler out of their party and most of the cabinet resigned -​ He was a 1 term president - he signs the 1842 tariff even though he doesn’t support it -​ The British viewed Americans as lazy, violent, war w Mexico and slavery - There was tension between Britain and American > The Caroline Incident - US ship was attacked by a british ship - only 1 person died ​ > The Creole Affair 1841 - The British offered safety for 130 Virginia slaves who rebelled and captured a US ship in the Bahamas -​ Main Boundary Dispute - US and Canada > Aroostook War - it was a dispute between lumberjacks > The Webster - Ashburton Treaty 1842 solves dispute -​ Texas Annexation 1845 -(a slave state) - Mexico refused to give them independence > John Tyler made it the 28th state - this increased sectionalism (regional differences) > In the 1844 election, this was a central problem that was campaigned on -​ Oregon - in 1818 US and Britain had joint occupation but it became a 1844 election topic but compromised with the 49 line - the Oregon northern border -​ Election of 1844 - Polk (Democrat) vs. Clay (Whig) - Polk wins -​ Issues - Oregon, Texas, Tariff, Slavery, Bank of US, and Internal Improvements -​ Polk has 4 points - reduce tariffs (less taxes - promotes trade instead of only in the US), restore independent treasury (banking) (does not want BUS to come back - wants to increase the buffer), acquire oregon and california -​ Mexico refuses to accept Texan independence - Mad its a state -​ First attempt to acquire California from Mexico was Polk sent Slidel in 1845 to Mexico City to buy it for $25 mil -​ After this General Zachary Taylor and his troops are stationed along Rio Grande - border of Texas and mexico - not fighting just threatening  -​ Americans accuse Mexico of firing first and this justified them going to war - “American blood has been shed on American soil -​ Lincoln was one of the representatives who questioned this quote saying where's the spot -​ Sectionalism - The north opposed the war - South supported the war -​ John C Fremont acquires California - Bear Flag republic -​ Mexican Cession 1848 - to end the war this treaty gave the US California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and parts of Wyo, Colora, New Mex - only for $15 million ​ > largest 1 time acquirest of land -​ The Wilmot Proviso - proposed closing the Mexican cession off to slavery - does not get accepted - proposed by pennsylvania -​ Gadsden Purchase - in 1854 the US paid $10 mil for a very small piece of land for the construction of the transcontinental railroad which connects the county - the terrain was to rocky in the land they already had Chapter 18: -​ Election of 1848 - Lewis Cass (D), Zachory Taylor (Whig), Martin Van Buren (once a D, free soil now - didn’t want slaves bc they view them as job competition) -​ Zachory Taylor won but his victory was overshadowed by the California Gold Rush - major increase in population in California -​ In 1850, 20000 people : by 1853, 300000 people -​ Men would go to find the gold and women would go to marry rich -​ In 1850, California applies for statehood and wants to be a free state -​ Compromise of 1850 has 5 parts - 1.​ CA can be a free state 2.​ The remainder of the Mexican cession territory would be divided into New Mexico and Utah and would use popular sovereignty to decide if slaves 3.​ Settled a TX-New Mexico boundary dispute 4.​ Abolished the slave trade in Wash DC (slaves continued tho) 5.​ A stronger Federal Fugitive State Law -​ If northerners don't report and return runaway slaves, they will be punished -​ Sectionalism - 7th of March speech 1850 - delivered by Daniel Webster - Massachusetts senator - he supports this stricter fugitive slave law -​ The young guard - Northern politicians, anti- slavery, believe that Legislative should be based on God’s moral codes -​ Harriet Tubman escaped slavery in 1849 - made 19 trips back to the south to help 3000 more slaves > famous conductor of the underground railroad - secret code to escape - safe houses She always had a pistol and her faith in God -​ Temporary Optimism refers to Compromise of 1850 - but it fails -​ Election of 1852 - Franklin Pierce (Democrat) ​ > Whigs can’t agree on slavery so can’t decide on a person -​ Foreign policies ​ ​ > 1854 - Treaty of Kanagawa - Trade with Japan ​ ​ > Wanghia treaty - trade between China and US ​ ​ > Ostend Manifesto - scheme to acquire Cuba as a state - failed -​ Stephen A Douglas thinks slavery should be up to the states ​ ​ > he also is always in favor of popular sovereignty - people decide -​ The Kansas Nebraska act - by Stephen A Douglas ​ ​ > popular sovereignty - Kansas and Nebraska could decide if they want slavery - goes against the Missouri compromise line ​ ​ > the Republican party also formed Chapter 19: -​ Abraham Lincoln says the US can’t be divided something has to give -​ Uncle Tom’s Cabin - novel written by Harriet Beacher Stowe - emphasized the horror slave auctions had on slavery - increased the support for the abolition movement -​ Bleeding Kansas - physical violence occurring if they should have had slavery or not (1854-1860 start of war) ​ > most people were free soilers - don’t want slavery ​ > Missouri (slave state) would cross border, ruffians -​ Lecompton constitution protected the rights of slave owners - counter acted popular sovereignty - John Brown (abolitions) attacked people who were pro slavery -​ Violence in the Senate - May 19, 1856 - The crime against Kansas slavery speech was made - saying they are being forced to have slavery Butler (SC)​ Summer (MA) ​Brooks(SC) - Sectionalism -​ Brooks attacks Sumner with a cane -​ South supported the attack - north was opposed -​ Election of 1856 - James Buchanan (Demo) wins against John C. Fremont (Repub) -​ This was the first election with the republican party -​ The panic of 1857 -​ Causes - california gold inflated currency, land speculation, and overproduction of grain -​ Effects - North = hit hard South = not bad at all -​ The South had a false confidence that they don't need the north -​ Dred Scott - an enslaved man - lived in free territory with his owner and when the owner died he sued for freedom ​ > Supreme court said slaves can sue because they are property - no freedom -​ Lincoln Douglas Debates 1858 - running against each other -​ Lincoln tried to get Douglas to contradict himself or the supreme court ​ > he asks can a territory vote to prohibit slavery and he says Yes - Popular sov ​ > he also makes the Freeport Doctrine -​ John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry (VA) - sentenced with death ​ > North viewed his as a Martyr and south viewed him as a traitor -​ In 1860 - republicans had to decide between Lincoln vs. Stewart -​ Democrats ran Brekinridge and Douglas -​ South feels like they are not heard - Lincoln wasn’t on the ballot in South -​ James Buchanan doesn’t think South will succeed in succession  -​ The crittenden Compromise - meant to appease the south ​ > Go back to the Missouri compromise ​ > Lincoln rejects because it goes against his platform Chapter 20: -​ By June 1861, the Confederate States were SC, Missis, Fl, Ala, Georg, Lousi, Texas - these 7 were before Lincoln is inaugurated - then Virgi, Arkansa, NC, Tenn -​ April 12, 1861 - the fall of Fort Sumter - start of civil war - SC ​ > even though the creedeed - the union still had land instead of ammo, Lincoln sent food bc he didnt want to fuel the violence - the south fired first ​ > Fort Sumter just fell out out of the Union control - Lincoln calls for violence to fight -​ Lincoln is very careful w his words - calls South dissatisfied fed -​ Border states - Missouri, Kentu, Maryla, Delwa, later W Virgi - these are slave holding states that do not succeed - don't join the confederacy - they don't grow cotton so they don't care if they lose their slaves -​ Advantages - Union had a greater population, more industry (factories, weapons) ​ - Confed had a defensive war, stronger military leadership -​ The fall of “King Cotton” - during the 1860’s there was a decline in the importance and profit of cotton - wheat and corn were more potent -​ Trent Affair(Brit ship) - a union ship stopped a Brit ship and 2 confederate diplomats were forcefully removed - Brit is outraged Lincoln releases them -​ British claimed to be Neutral - they helped the confederacy ​ > Confed steam ship Alabama - a ship built by the British ​ > provided the South with ships -​ The Dominion of Canada - Economic/Political protection against possible US vengeance ​ >British protecting them self for helping the South -​ Lincoln was Union president, Jefferson Davis was Confed pres -​ Lincoln was a long established government, financially stable, recognized, inexperienced politician -​ Davis was a legalistic stubborn, humorless, not personally popular, devoted to South, often at odds with confederate congress overworked -​ Lincoln Use of Executive Power - increased power of president ​ > called for volunteers to put down insurrection in the South ​ > authorized spending for the war ​ > suspended the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus - jail w/o trail ​ > Violation of civil rights and liberties -​ NYC draft riots - men were drafted but would pay substitutes to fight for them - social class tensions Economic - on the union side of the war -​ Morrill Tariff Act - increased import duties from 5% to 10% - to pay for the war -​ Greenbacks - paper money (not backed by gold) determined by nations credit - fluctuate value - $1 = 39c  -​ National Banking system - established standard bank note currency. - 1st step to unified banking since the BUS Northern Boom - Homestead Act - increase of westward migration to increase states US Sanitary commission - provides care for soldiers Chapter 21: Lincoln's original goal was to preserve the union and not save or destroy slavery - 1862 -​ Battle of Bull run - July 21 1861 - first battle VA - indecisive but seen as a confederate victory - they won the first few battles -​ There were confed victories bc the Union general was george McClehn was slow > His goal was to capture Richmond, VA but failed so he was fired -​ The North’s “Anaconda Plan” - plan for victory - 1. Naval blockade to stop trade 2. Cut Confederacy ½ (E to W) via Mississippi river - stop supplies 3. And capture capital in Richmond VA -​ US Monitor vs. CS Merrimack - naval battle - showed wooden ships were outdated -​ Battle of Antietam - Sep 17, 1862 Maryland - bloodiest 1 day battle - 3600 dead Lead to Lincoln issuing the emancipation proclamation - jan 1 1863 - shifted the tone of the whole war - he freed the slaves in the confed but they were not freed -​ There was an increase in the number of Africans who enlisted - 180000 served but unequal pay - discrimination -​ Fort Pillow TN April 12, 1864 - 300 black soldiers were massacred by confederates after formally surrendering -​ Confed didn't allow blacks to enlist till a month before the war ended -​ Confed victories - Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville ​ > the confed General Stonewall was accidentally shot by his own men -​ The battle of Gettysburg - PA July 1-3, 1863 - farthest North battle ​ > Day 1- Confed gains control of gettysburg - marched 25 miles uphill ​ > Day 2 - Confed is outnumbered 90k vs 75k and tired so they surrender ​ > Union is successful at holding their ground, Confed never counterattack Gettsburg address - November 1863 - Abraham Lincoln visits the grounds of Gettysburg -​ He delivers a 2 minute speech - he explains how they are testing the nation - calls it a war wants to preserve unity and the nation, don’t distinguish the confed and union Tennessee - Feb 1862 - Fort Henry and Fort Donelson - union victories, part of western campaign - near rivers that flow into mississippi -​ Shiloh April 6-7, 1862 - union had a successful counter attack but showed there was going to be no quick end to the war - showed the need for supreme court Vicksburg - July 4, 1863 Mississippi - confed surrenders Union General William Tecumseh Sherman marched through Georgia - total war - digging up railroads, fire to buildings - destroying everything - economic, political, and military Copperheads - snakes that are silent and deadly - nickname given to those opposed the North’s attempt to unify the nation - Anti draft, lincoln and emancipation Election of 1864 - Lincoln vs McClellan (general who was fired) - Lincoln won Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural address - March 1865 - war ends in april - saying he wants everyone to work together to rebuild the nation - doesn’t want to punish anyone Appomattox Court House, VA April 9, 1865 - civil war ends with confed general surrendering April 14, 1865 - good friday - Lincoln is shot in the theater The legacy of the civil war -​ Over 600,000 men died, Over 1 mil were wounded, costed $15 mill, Supreme test of American Democracy, Union victory - inspiration to champions of democracy and liberalism -​ America had a long way to go to make promises of freedom real Chapter 22: printed Majority of the fighting took place in the South There are 3 plans for reconstruction 1. Lincoln: (10% Plan - very lenient) he died before he could carry out plan) -​ Amnesty granted to all who took an oath of loyalty to U.S. and pledge to obey all federal laws pertaining to slavery -​ High Confederate officials & military leaders were to be temporarily excluded from the process -​ Once 10% of the number of voters who had participated in the 1860 election take oath, that state could launch a new government & elect representatives to Congress Congressional Response to Lincoln’s Plan: (thought he was being to nice) The Wade Davis Bill (July 1864) A state must have a majority within its borders take the oath of loyalty - A state must formally abolish slavery - No Confederate officials could participate in the new governments 2. Andrew Johnson: (Presidential Reconstruction) - he was the vice president -​ Pardons granted to those taking loyalty oath -​ No pardons given to high Confederate officials and persons owning property valued over $20,000 -​ A state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted -​ A state was required to repeal its secession ordinance before being readmitted 3. Congress: - wants to punish the south -​ Motivation: Revenge, concern for Freedmen, keep Republican Party in power -​ Maintain Wartime Agenda: Protective Tariffs, pro-business national baking system, liberal land policies for settlers, federal aid for RR development -​ Civil Rights Act of 1866 → 14th Amendment -​ Tenure of Office Act (1867): required the president to secure the consent of the Senate before he could remove his appointees (Purpose: keep Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in the cabinet) -​ 15th Amendment (1869) -​ Divide South into 5 military districts *aka Reconstruction Acts of 1867 -​ Ex-Confederate states had to ratify 14th Amendment and place guarantees in constitution for granting the right to vote to all adult males regardless of race* The Freedmen’s Bureau (1865-1870) provided food, shelter, medical aid, and the greatest success= Education ie: Fisk & Howard Universities, as well as many (3,000) primary and secondary schools were established. Over 200,000 taught to read Black Codes: -Freedom and marriage were legally recognized -Forbade blacks from serving on a jury - they couldn’t testify against whites in court -A black person could be punished for “idleness” by being sentenced to work on a chain gang -Blacks were not allowed to vote -Prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land -Varied from state to state (harshest in Mississippi, lenient in Georgia) Congressional Response to Johnson’s Vetoes: The Civil Rights of 1866: Pronounced all African American citizens to be U.S. Citizens The 14th Amendment (1868): Declared all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. were citizens Obligated states to respect the rights of U.S. citizens and provide them with “equal protection of the laws” and “due process of law” 13th Amendment- Abolished slavery 15th Amendment: (ratified in 1870): universal manhood suffrage Ex-Parte Milligan (1866): SCOTUS ruled that military tribunals could not try civilians during wartime in areas where civil courts were open Redeemers - Southern politicians who hope to be incharge of the South again - don't want republican ruling Republican Senators Hiram Revels & Blanche K. Bruce: both of Mississippi, served in Washington D.C. between 1868 and 1876 Exodusters: Black freedmen who left the South to seek opportunity in Kansas (25,000 blacks from LA, TX, MS from 1878-1880). Failed when steamboat captains refused to transport more former slaves across the Mississippi River) Sharecropping: the landlord provided seed and other needed farms supplies in return for a share (usually half) of the harvest (remained dependent on the landlord or in debt to local merchants through tenant farming) Scalawags: white southerners who supported Reconstruction policies and efforts after the Civil War Carpetbagger: Northerners who went to south after the Civil War for personal power and profit Force Acts (1870-1875): Protect Constitutional rights of blacks guaranteed by the 14th and 15th Amendments Tenure of Office Act (1868): required the president to secure the consent of Senate before removing his appointees once they had been approved Alaska: Secretary of State William Seward purchased Alaska for $7.2 million in 1867-fur, fish, gold (“Seward’s Folly,” “Seward’s Icebox”) 13, 14, and 15 amendment - all results of civil war Chapter 23: printed 1868 election - Ulysses S Grant republican - Confed surrendered to him Jim Fisk and Jay Goud attempted to corner the gold market - gov wasn’t controlling - this could ruin economy - not successful William Tweed - was incharge of a NYC Political Machine - these bought votes for elections - if you paid Tweed you would ensure that you got all of your votes - political corruption -​ Many political cartoons - Thomast Nast illustrated President Grant’s Scandalous Administration - -​ Credit Mobilier (1872): Union Pacific RR insiders formed Credit Mobilier construction company and hired themselves as inflated price to build RR line -​ Whiskey Ring (1874-1875): robbed the Treasury of millions in excise tax revenues -​ Secretary of War (1876): William Belknap resigned after pocketing bribes from suppliers to Native American reservations (Re-elected in 1872) Causes of the Panic of 1873: Overspeculation, Overproduction of RR, mines and factories, Bankers issuing risky loans - Debtors (Farmers) most negatively affected Election of 1876: (Hayes v. Tilden)- Leads to Compromise of 1877-Formally ends Reconstruction Election of 1880: James Garfield (R).Successor: Chester A. Arthur signs Pendleton Act (1883)-Civil Service McKinley Tariff Act of 1890: highest peacetime rate ever (48.4%) hated by farmers, supported by the north​ 1894: Wilson Gorman Tariff Act-lowered tariff rates​ July 1892: Homestead Strike Steelworkers angry over pay cuts. Strikers Armed → 10 people dead, 60 wounded Election of 1884: Grover Cleveland (D) v. James Blaine (R): 1st Democratic President since the Civil War: Grover Cleveland Terms -​ “Solid South” Democratic base in much of the South -​ “New South” Changes in Southern Economy (Reconstruction/Post Civil War) -​ Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)- Several thousand Union veterans that tended to vote Republican -​ Stalwarts-believed in Patronage -​ Half-Breeds-supported Civil Service Reform 1892: The People’s/Populist Party - Rooted in the Farmers’ Alliance, Frustrated farmers, Nominate General James B. Weaver in 1892 Grover Cleveland reelected - first president to serve 2 non consecutive terms Depression of 1893: Lasted 4 years - Causes = over building, overspeculation, labor disorders, ongoing agricultural depression Grandfather clause - if your dad or grandpa could vote before 1860 you could vote - to prevent blacks from voting Disenfranchisement - south tried to prevent blacks from voting with a literacy test, a poll tax, and the grandfather clause - so white illiterate men could still vote Chapter 24: printed ~Transcontinental RR: building=costly and risky ​ -Union Pacific RR (1862) commissioned by Congress to build westward from Nebraska ​ -Government Land Grants ​ -Irish & Chinese immigrants worked to lay track ​ -Central Pacific RR began in Sacramento toward Sierra Nevada, given same government subsidies as Union Pacific RR ​ -Northern Pacific RR-(1883) completed, (Lake Superior to Puget Sound) ​ -Cornelius Vanderbilt (Steamships, RR) ​ -Steel/Bessemer Process-steel rail=safer, stronger, last longer ​ -Westinghouse brake-(1870s) helped with efficiency to stop and safety ​ -Interchangeable parts (Standard gauge of track)-Eli Whitney ​ -Pullman Palace Cars (1860s)-luxury train cars ​ -Telegraph-help prevent accidents ​ -Time Zones-November 18, 1883 ​ -Stock Watering-RR stock promoters grossly inflated claims about value of stock to encourage people to buy stock ​ -Pools-agreement to divide business in given area and share the profits (monopolies, trusts) Control prices, hurt the consumers ~Wabash v. Illinois (1886)-SCOTUS ruled that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce (Federal government-Gibbons v. Ogden 1819) ~Interstate Commerce Act (1887)-prohibited rebates and pools. Required RR to publish rates openly, forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul rather than a long haul over the same RR line. Set up the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to administer and enforce the new laws. ~Patents issued at high rates ~Alexander Graham Bell 1876-invents the telephone (leads to women working the “switchboard”) ~Thomas Alva Edison- (1847-1931): phonograph, mimeograph, dictaphone, moving picture, electric lightbulb. ~Andrew Carnegie (steel)-Scottish immigrant. Pittsburg. The Gospel of Wealth ~John D. Rockefeller (oil)-Standard Oil Company ~J.P. Morgan (banking)- reorganized several major railroads and became a powerful railroad magnate. He also financed industrial consolidations that formed General Electric, U.S. Steel, and International Harvester. ~Vertical Integration-Controlling every aspect of production from beginning to end (Carnegie) ~Horizontal Integration- Allying with competitors to monopolize a given market (Rockefeller) ~The Gospel of Wealth- Carnegie: the wealthy should be morally responsible (philanthropy) ~Herbert Spencer: Survival of the Fittest-Darwin’s ideas about species were later applied to business and humans -​ Why businesses were successful/unsuccessful ~Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)- stronger than the Interstate Commerce Commission. Created in response to public demand for curbing excesses of trusts. Forbade combinations in restraint of trade. Purpose=break up monopolies and trusts (largely ineffective) Used by corporations to curb labor unions ~Gibson Girls-personification of feminine ideal of physical attractiveness ~Breaker Boys-coal mines. Separate impurities from coal by hand in a processing ~Unions: workers members of the same industry ~Scabs-strikebreakers ~Yellow dog contracts- agreement not to join a labor union ~National Labor Union (1866)-represented giant steps by workers. Aimed to unify workers across locales and trades to challenge their evermore powerful bosses. Lasted 6 years. Attracted 600,000 members including skilled, unskilled, farmers. Excluded Chinese and made little effort to include African Amerians and women. ~Knights of Labor (1869)- Began as a secret society. Sought to include all workers in one big union ~Terrance V. Powderly-Irish immigrant and leader of Knights of Labor ~Mary Harris (Mother) Jones-through speeches and street theater, organized workers, women, and minorities, drawing public attention to their hardships and giving them a voice ~Haymarket Square (May 4, 1886)-Alleged German anarchist urged violent overthrow of the government. Dynamite bomb thrown in crowd: injured/killed dozens ~Pullman Rail Strike (May 11-July 20, 1894): Company laid off workers and slashed wages. Strike shut down RR system. ~American Federation of Labor (1886)-Samuel Gompers. Goals: Pay, hours, safety. Skilled workers. Chief weapon: walk out and boycott Chapter 25: -​ The building of skyscrapers increase the number of housing and jobs - 1st in Chicago > Also the invention of the elevator -​ Development of trolley system - public transportation - also subways - no longer need to live by your job -​ Jobs, plumbing, electricity, phones drew americans to cities - also department stores -​ There was also an increase in crime - everyone close together -​ A decrease in sanitation - garbage and unclean water -​ Tenement buildings were popular - 7 to 10 stories - very crowded, not many windows, poor ventilation -​ Old immigration - England, Ireland, Germany (pre civil war) and New immigration - Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia (post civil war) - have tension -​ Jane Addams Hull House (Chicago) - settlement houses - provided food, clothing and shelter to women who immigrated - helped them adjust to society and find jobs -​ Nativism - Continuity - don’t want immigrants ​ > APA - American Protective Association 1887 - anti foreign group - can be compared to the know nothings - use politics ; Chinese exclusion act ; Literacy test -​ The social gospel - Church movement - bel;ief that American need to work to improve conditions affecting American society - YMCA YWCA -​ By the 1900, there was an increase in the number of high schools -​ The illiterate rates decreased Government supported these acts - -​ Morrill Act 1862 - granted public land estates to support education -​ Hatch Act 1887 - federal funds for agricultural experimental stations  -​ Booker T. Washington - former slave, believed blacks needed to learn vocational education - like a trade - gradual approach to equality -​ W.E.B. duBois - favored aa formal education for blacks and immediate equality -​ Press - Sectionalism - stretching the truth (clickbait) to be more interesting - this was called yellow journalism Key authors and books -​ Looking Backward-Edward Bellamy-Government nationalized big business to serve interest of public-no private business -​ Dime Novels-Horatio Alger- rags to riches stories, virtue, honesty and industry are rewarded by success, wealth and honor -​ The Octopus –Frank Norris-RR and corrupt politicians -​ How the Other Half Lives –Jacob Riis=Pictures of NYC life, photojournalist who exposed the poor conditions in NY Slums Chapter 26: -​ Frederick Jackson Turner - wrote a essay on the significance of the frontier in American History - result of frontier closing -​ >The frontier gave people the ability to restart , allowed for development -​ The Great Plains - North Dak and Montana to Texas and New Mex - with westward expansion there wereenous and settler conflicts - continuity -​ > Pawnee Indians - indigouis who lived there -​ > Sand Creek Massacre, Red Cloud’s war, Battle of Little Bighorn, Red River War, Wounded Knee Massacre -​ The Dawes Act - try to Americanize natives - get rid of tribe and make them families -​ Hydraulic Mining, NV 1866 - gold and silver discovered in the rockies - frontier mining brought population and wealth to the west -​ Cattle drives - brought alive cow in trucks so the meet wouldn’t go bad by the time it got to the East -​ The homestead act - passed during civil war - encouraged settlement of western land - lots of land and live there for 5 years for only $30 - but it was infertile land so RR companies would use fake names to buy the cheap land to build -​ Farm factory - high prices promoted farmers to focus on one cash crop like corn or wheat - price of products was inconsistent -​ Farmers problems - droughts - forced to sell products for low prices when buying high manufactured goods - at the mercy of harvester, barbed wire, and fertilizer trusts -​ Crop lien system - basis of commercialization - merchant extended line of credit so the farmers were in constant debt -​ > Result - landless tenant farmers/sharecroppers -​ The Grange - set up by farmers to help themselves - Oliver H. Kelley was the leader - Enhanced the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities -​ Grange laws - public control of private business for general welfare - they are banning together to reduce $ of living - farmers are vital because they provide the food  -​ The legacy of Populism - failed as a 3rd party - had a political influence for 25 years after defeat in the 1896 election - populist ideas carried forward during the progressive era -​ > RR legislation, graduated income tax, direct election of senators, initiative, recall, referendum Chapter 27: ~Reasons for Imperialism 1. Overseas Markets 2. Books (missionaries, navy): Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, U.S. Navy -1890: published The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783 3. Canal ~Monroe Doctrine/Roosevelt Corollary ​ -Monroe Doctrine (Review)-1823: Noncolonization and nonintervention ​ -The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1905): “It is not true that the United States feels any land hunger or entertains any projects as regards the other nations of the Western Hemisphere save such as are for their welfare.” ~Hawaii: Missionaries, Naval Base, Sugar Plantations, Queen Liliuokalani overthrown, 1898-Hawaii annexed ~Cuba: Sugar production became less profitable after the tariff of 1894. Cubans revolted against Spanish captros in 1895 after Spanish began to place Cubans in reconcentration camps. Cubans scorched earth to hurt the Spanish and prompt the U.S. to help. U.S. $50 million investments, $100 million annual trade. ~Teller Amendment (April 11, 1898): U.S. proclaimed that when the U.S. had overthrown the Spanish misrule, it would give Cubans their freedom ~Spanish American War (April - August, 1898) ​ -USS Maine (February 15, 1898): U.S. ship blew up in Havana port ​ -The de Lome Letter (1898): Spanish minister letter published: degraded President McKinley ​ -Yellow Journalism: William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer led the fabricated atrocities of Cuba ~Manila (Philippines)- May 1, 1898- Commodore George Dewey’s 6 ship fleet attacked and destroyed the 10 ship Spanish fleet at Manila. August 13, 1898-American troops captured Manila. ~Rough Riders-First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt and commander Colonel Leonard Wood. Roosevelt resigned his position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in May 1898 to join the volunteer cavalry. ~Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898) Armistice August 12, 1898. U.S Acquires: Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines ~Cuba: Platt Amendment (1901): to the Cuban Constitution, U.S. might intervene with troops in order to restore order and provide mutual protection ~Dollar Diplomacy: Substitute $ for bullets (invest) ~Open Door Policy (1899)-Secretary of State Hay. Ensure U.S. not locked out of trade with China The Insular Cases (1901): Does the Constitution follow the flag? SCOTUS: Nope. ~Theodore Roosevelt ​ -Big Stick Diplomacy-“Speak softly and carry a big stick” ​ -Panama Canal (1904-1914)- Cost: $400 million. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) granted U.S. access to 10 mi zone around proposed canal ​ -Russo-Japanese War (1904) ​ -Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)-U.S. and Japan agree to respect one another’s territorial possession -Response to 1906 SF school segregation=Gentleman’s Agreement: Japanese agreed to stop the flow of immigrants to the U.S Mexican amercan war