Physical Anthropology Origin Stories PDF

Physical Anthropology Origin stories Chinese Iroquois Mayan A huge egg containing The tree that had earth on its “Only the sea alone is pooled Source of the chaos, a mix of yin & yang, root...

Physical Anthropology Origin stories Chinese Iroquois Mayan A huge egg containing The tree that had earth on its “Only the sea alone is pooled Source of the chaos, a mix of yin & yang, roots. under all the sky. Whatever world female & male, dark & light, might be is simply not there.” etc. Pan Gu who broke free from The Great Turtle or The “Plumed Serpent” in the sea, Originator of the egg Animals “Heart of Sky” in the sky the world When Pan Gu broke free The Great Turtle asked the The creators simply spoke it How the Earth from the egg he separated animals to retrieve some dirt into existence, mountains formed the Earth & the sky and from the tree (since it had coming from the water, earth separated many opposites earth on its roots). They put set apart from the water the dirt on the back of the turtle and it magically grew into the Earth. Formed from Pan Gu’s body The chief’s daughter Animals of the Mountains First life forms after he died (deer, pumas, jaguars, Eyes = sun & moon snakes) and the birds, told to Body & limbs = mountains praise the creator but could Skin = flowers & trees only squawk and howl. Sweat = rain From the fleas & lice from Since the earth formed, First try were mud creatures, How humans Pan Gu’s body humans from beyond the sky talking but did not look good formed came down to live there. Or and crumbled. Next try was since the earth was magical, the wood creatures, talking it just created humans. but no memory of the creator, to the final creatures being made from corn, a crop that helped the mayans be more complex society. Relationship Both came from Pan Gu’s They both benefited off each Since animals could not between dead body (flowers & trees other. The tree and the girl speak to their creator, they humans and came from his skin and were considered a blessing had to accept the fact that animals/plant humans came from his lice & to the animals, and the they would be eaten. s fleas) animals created an island for Wooden humans were eaten the human girl. by the animals during the flood, making them monkeys.  Greek Zulu Efik The materials originated The single tiny seed created Abassi created the world. Source of the from the void the god, Umvelinqangi, Before him, there was world planted in soil and sprouted nothing. into reeds and spreaded across land. Gaia, Eros, the Abyss and The god, Umvelinqangi, Abassi: God of the universe, the Erbus who’s voice causes thunder giver of life, death, and Originator of and when angered causes justice. He lived in the sky the world earthquakes. with his wife, Atai. She was a wise goddess who would give him good advice. Out of the void emerger Gaia Unkulunkulu, The Great Abassi created the stars, the (the Earth). Gaia gave birth One, the first ancestor, earth and the wildlife. How the Earth to Uranus (the sky) without picking off the ends of the formed any male assistance. reeds and forming what’s known on the Earth. Titans, (kids of Gaia and ​ The first seed Forms of Wildlife on earth Uranus), and then Pandora, ​ Unkulunkulu, the were the first life forms. First life forms (the first human.) Great One ​ The Great One released all of the first life forms by plucking them from their reeds Prometheus shaped man out The planted seed sprouted Abassi created two humans. How humans of mud. Athena breathed life into a reed and at the ends A man and a woman. formed into the clay figure. of the reeds humans and Prometheus made man other life forms were formed. stand upright as the gods did and gave him fire. Creation vs evolution ​ Creationist believe that the biblical account of creation as well as the age of the earth to be 10,000 years ago. ​ message - accidental process, no connection to god and not created by God. ​ Humans and chimps have 97% of the same dna. ​ Pope talked about in oct 23,1996. Possible reasons for resistance to the theory of evolution ​ Racial problem: people can’t aceapt the fact they come from creatures like primates because they believe darker skins are close to primates and lighter skin is closer to God ​ Pride: people believe that they have dominion over all other creatures. ​ Fear factor: for some, science has reduced God’s power. ​ People are naturally resistant to change: change threatens who we are and who we were. Evolution and Charles darwin ​ He wrote the origin of the human species by means of natural selection or the preservation of the favoured races in the struggle of life in 1859. ​ The HMS beagle was the ship darwin travelled on to collect data. ​ Galapagas islands were not affected by civilization. ​ Evolution- higher forms of life have gradually arisen out of lower forms. ​ Bigger finches have high survival rates than the smaller ones because the big ones have bigger beaks giving them an advantage when it comes to eating. Darwin’s view of evolution ​ 1. All species are engaged in a struggle for survival and must have fit characteristics to survive. ​ 2. Evidence shows that species change over time ​ 3. The environment changes over time like an earthquake. ​ 4. Through natural selections, modifications best suited to the environment are preserved. Ex beaks on birds. ​ 5. Evolutionary change is the natural selection of successful modifications. Ex- horse getting bigger. Ancient ancestors homework ​ Things that anthropologists can learn from ancient bones is how life survived/was like for the creature it came from to live ​ Lucy was discovered in 1974 by donald johanson and walked on earth 3.2 million years ago. Selam is 3 year old discovered in 2006. ​ Lucy and selam help paleoanthropolgist understand our past because it can determine where and how humans originated.  ​ Finding fossil evidence allows paleoanthropolgist to prove theories and discover more. Their challenge is getting permission for them to dig in some areas. ​ Humans walk on 2 legs while primates don’t. ​ An anthropologist determines whether a fossil is hominin: s shaped spine, a wide flat pelvis, a slanting thigh bone, a double arched foot, and a big toe in line with the heel. ​ The lowkey family found early proof of the african origin. ​ Raymond dart determined the skull found to be an early form of human. ​ Bipedalism is the trait of walking on two legs. It is important when studying human origins so then it helps anthropologists determine if a fossil belongs to hominin. ​ Ardipithecus ramidus has pushed back bipedalism to 4.4 million years ago. Discovered in 2009 ​ She was bipedal but had big toes that allowed her to move in tree. She was not knuckle walker. ​ Neanderthals have bigger brains than humans. They both are bipedal and share a common ancestor. The skull lab ​ The brain got bigger over time so the skull also grew bigger. ​ Posture and movement changed as they developed which caused the placement of the spine to be in the centre. They started to walk upright. ​ As the skull started to get bigger so did the brow ridge started to become present as the skull shape changed. ​ The upper dental arch changed from rectangular to curved as the face and jaw changed over time. ​ The forehead went from vertical to horizontal. Ultimate survivor documentary ​ First humans orginate from africa ​ Lucy was discovered in 1970s in ethiopia. She had slanted thigh like humans ​ Lousie leakey is anthropologist. She discovered flat face. The discovery rewrites human evolution. ​ Erectus is a creature that is more like humans. His body is designed for running since he has ligament and his but helps him walk and stablize the torso. ​ He lived alongside nutcracker, robustus, and handyman. He ate robustus. ​ The dark zone is period of time where there was no discovery. ​ Goliath is very tall giant. Discoverd 700,000 years ago. He created the throwing spear. He only had 50% skin allowing him to overheat causing him to die. ​ Hobbit was discovered in a cave in Indonesia. 13 000 years ago. ​ The great squeeze is volcanic eruption that reduced the population level to 2000 and made us smarter to survive. ​ We are different from the other humans because we are smarter and have language to speak which makes be not violent like them.  ​ The human evolution is competition for survival because they all existed togther at some time. Human variation ​ The 2 theories regarding our origins is modern humans came from africa and pre modern humans migrated from africa to become modern humans in other parts of the world. ​ Africa and middle east- homo sapiens ​ Asia- home ercutus ​ Europe- neanderthals ​ The out of africa theory is that homo sapiens came from africa then migrated to other parts of the world replacing the other spieces. Did not bread with neanderthals and ercutus ​ The multiregional hypothesis is homo sapiens evolved from another spiece and ercutus left africa 2 million years ago to become human. Humans and primates power point ​ We are similar because we have 3d vision and rely more on sight than smell. ​ We are different because humans have more organized brains and primates have complex brains.We can speak as we have language but primates can’t. ​ Bipedalism separates humans from other primates. Made walking easier. Allowed our ancestors to carry food to safe area. Freed the hands for making tools. ​ Dr. jane goodall began studies in the 1960s and created an institute. Studies focus on chimpanzees and not monkeys. Monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans are primates. ​ Primates are mammals characterized by their advanced cognitive abilities and development. ​ The categories of primates are: great apes, less apes and old/new world monkeys. ​ Great apes have larger brain and body but no tail. Ex. human ​ Old and new world monkeys have tails and walk an all four and have small brains. ​ Chimpanzees are gennitically closet to humans share about 98.6% of our Dna. ​ The trimates- the following 3 ​ Dr goodall - chimpanzees ​ Dian fossey- mountain gorrilas ​ Birute Galdikas- orangutans. Physical evolution of humans ​ Ardipithesus ramidus lived 4.4 million years ago. His nickname is ardi. First reported in 1994. Swung around trees ​ Australopithecus afarensis lived 3.2 million years ago. Nickname is lucy. Longest lived and best early human species. Survived over 900,000 years. ​ Homo erectus lived 143,000 to 1.89 million years ago. Oldest known of who had modern human like body. Learned how to make fire and use language. Earliest hand axes. ​ Neanderthals lived 200-280,000 years ago. Our closest human relative. ​ Homo sapiens lived 40 000 years to present. Cultural anthropology ​ Interviews are important tools that are used by anthropologists. ​ The 3 types of interviews are unstructured, semi structured, and structure. ​ Ethnology is the study of origins and culture of different tales and people. ​ Kinship: the relationship between 2 or more people that is based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption. ​ Ethnography: the written account of a culture. ​ Subjective: type of conclusion shaped by a person’s cultural and personal perspectives. ​ Objective: type of conclusion based on facts and data. ​ Reflexivity: the practice of reflecting on your own world view, biases and impact on the culture you are studying. History of cultures ​ Foraging cultures: Both men and women, hunt, gather roots and berries. Foraging bands tend to be small. Decisions are made informally. Few possessions because they follow plant growth and animals Ex. Inuit ​ Horticultural cultures: Farm land for a few years until the land is no longer fertile. Life is more settled, hunting is not as important. People made and kept more personal possessions. Abundant food supply leads to larger population. Ex. Iroquois ​ Agriculture Cultures: Work land intensively and continuously.Irrigation used to store water.Plows pulled with non human energy. Town and city growth. Large populations. Difference between wealth and power arised. Ex.Africa ​ Industrial Cultures: Non Human power energy could be harnessed to power complex machines. Movement from farm to cities. Overcrowding leads to social problems. Competing economic systems (Communism and Capitalism). Ex. 18th century England ​ Communication Information age: Development of mass media that provides information to a broad audience.Leisure and popular culture. Computers transform work and education. Ex. North America ​ Ethnocentrism can be defined as the tendency to view other cultures from the perspectives of one’s own. It leads us to make false assumptions about cultural differences. ​ Early human communication consisted of grunts and gestures. ​ in 1982 the Biami tribe in New Guinea were the 1st contacted by modern scientists. ​ Reasons for rites of passage are: Entertainment, give communities a pattern allowing them to anticipate consequences, and help ease stress. Formal Sex Relations How are girls raised to react to boys? ​ Avoidance and antagonism ​ Treat boys as enemies ​ Don’t approach boys What are examples of flirting between younger boys and girls? ​ Goodnatures banter and teasing ​ Girls giggle and run away ​ Try to avoid in daylight What are some ways girls are disciplined? ​ Married to older men ​ Child bride ​ Incest What are forms of relations between the unmarried? ​ Courtship ​ Widowed of the same age What is a Soa? ​ Middleman ​ Wingman What are the benefits of having a female Soa? ​ Your girl is not stolen ​ Can meet with her at night Describe what happens during a Clandestine love affair ​ Sneak out to see each other ​ Under the palm trees ​ Never presents himself and her house Reasons why girls are afraid to go out at night ​ Kidnapped by “ghosts” ​ Rape What is Mototolo? Mototolo is when a girl is waiting for her lover in the dark at night but instead another man goes to the room and has intercourse with the girl. Sometimes men just go and rape girls in their sleep. Traditions of courting ​ Basket of expensive meats ​ Ceremony Tales from the Jungle ​ Anthropology supported racism in the 20’s by believing that dark skin equaled savagery ​ The idea of nurture didn't exist ​ Franz Boas was an anthropologist and his theory was that nature was a big part of humans ​ He was most intrigued by adolescents ​ Margaret Mead when doing her participant observation faced the challenges of Samoa being too westernized, she had to learn the language, deal with loneliness, the tropical climate and culture shock ​ Mead learned that Samoa children never learned to have a strong connection to someone ​ There was less tension between parent and child relationships ​ Teengers lacked aggressiveness that American teens had ​ Mead concluded that humans are products of nurture not nature as Samoan children did not experience the same stress American kids did ​ Therefore stress is not genetic but caused by your environment ​ Derek Freeman was a professor of anthropology ​ He discovered that Samoans were actually jealous and aggressive just like the rest of humankind ​ Freeman argued that Mead had only interviewed 26 girls, culture could trump nature, and there was favoured chastity ​ He criticized the methods of Mead specifically her interviewing only a few girls and accused her of manipulating the evidence ​ The anthropology community was not happy with Freeman ​ Margaret Mead was not alive to defend herself therefore it was not a fair fight ​ They both visited Samoa in different time periods ​ Information was gathered by different people ​ Freeman discovered that Mead had been told lies by the girls that she had interviewed ​ However Mead had interviewed multiple girls and she would have been able to tell if that girl had been lying since they were close ​ Depending on who you talk to and how you view things your position on a topic will be different ​ Margaret visited in 20s and freeman visited in 60s Rite of passage ​ A rite of passage is a ceremony that marks a person’s progress from one phase to another. ​ Arnold van gennep(1960) said that the rites of passage have 3 phases which are separation, transition(liminality), and reintegration. ​ Segregation is when an individual is seen to change from their current status and prepare to go to a new stage. ​ Transition is in between the period of transition that follows separation. The person is removed from the society to undergo special tasks that will prepare them for the new stage. ​ Reintegration is when the person is welcomed back into the society. ​ Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis. ​ Identity moratorium is when adolescents are unable to accomplish tasks necessary to becoming an adult and explore other youth subcultures. ​ Spair whorf hypothesis is the theory that language not only labels reality but also shapes our cultural reality. ​ A euphemism is a word or set of words that are used to describe an uncomfortable or inappropriate concept in a polite or socially acceptable fashion. ​ Language influences culture by shaping how people perceive things like color. ​ Body language is key to communication because it shows how people feel. ​ It can cause confusion too since people from different cultures interpret things differently. Culture Powerpoint 2 different aspects of culture: Material culture (tangible things) and Non-material culture Material culture Objects that humans create and giving meaning to, such as clothes and cars, these are tangible things Nonmaterial culture These are thoughts, behaviours, values, language, rules, family, customs. These things are abstract and cannot be seen or touched because they are conceptual. Cultures all share these characteristics (the same but different) Behaviour Politics (government, justice system)  Economics (production and exchange of goods) Family Communication (verbal and non-verbal language) Recreation (ways to relax) War (ways of dealing with conflict) Knowledge and Beliefs Science Myths Attitudes Religion Philosophy Material Culture Food Dress Tools Transportations Shelter Art Weapons Industry Psychology notes Textbook work on the brain ​ Neuroscientist is a scientist who specializes in the study of the human brain. ​ Cerebrum is the largest and most developed portion of the brain. It controls the brain’s problem solving ability. ​ The hippocampus is responsible for short term and long term memory. Inside the teenage brain ​ The frontal cortext is developed until the age of 20, by age 6 our brain is 95% developed. ​ The thinking part of the brain is associated with grey matter. ​ The use it or lose it principle is the cells and connections you use will stay alive and the ones you don’t die. ​ Teenagers have an immature frontal cortex are responsible for the risky behaviours of teenagers. ​ Hormones during puberty cause mood swings. The frontal cortex is responsible for changes in mood and our regulations of those changes. ​ Charlies improved by 6% on the ball and cup task and nicole improved by 11%. ​ Rem is rapid eye movement which is important in sleep. Sigmund Freud ​ Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis. ​ Developed a therapeutic approach to explore the unconscious mind. He developed the unconscious ​ The miracle drug he made was cocaine. ​ Josef broyer is a promient physiologist. His new revolutionary therapy was the talking treatment. ​ Used techniques like free association and dream analysis. ​ Free association is letting the patients talk freely. ​ The brunt puddin case which involves a daughter that was abused by her father. ​ Patients were encouraged to speak freely about whatever came to mind, without filtering their thoughts. ​ The aim was to uncover unconscious thoughts, memories, and desires. ​ Freud believed that spontaneous talking bypassed the ego’s defenses and revealed hidden conflicts. ​ His conclusion was that all hysteria was caused because of sexual abuse in childhood. ​ Conscious: Thoughts we are aware of. ​ Preconscious: Memories we can recall with effort. ​ Unconscious: Hidden desires, fears, and past trauma. ​ Id: Primitive desires and instincts (pleasure principle). ​ Ego: Rational self; mediates between id and reality (reality principle). ​ Superego: Moral conscience; internalized societal values. Karen Horney ​ Development is lifelong and not fixed in childhood ​ Repression is a rare response to trauma ​ She did not believe that personality was not strongly influence by sexual conflicts in childhood ​ She was the founder of feminine psychology ​ Feminine psychology is a field with issues unique to females ​ She also made significant discoveries to the study of neurotic disorders Carl Jung ​ A student of Freud but disagreed with him on multiple things ​ He founded analytical psychology ​ He believed that there are two parts to the unconscious, the personal and the collective ​ He believed that we all were born with archetypes as our collective conscious contains images derived from our early ancestors  ​ Archetypes connect us to images and emotes ​ Symbols that often reoccur are stones, animals and the circle ​ The circle symbolizes the self, completeness or the whole ​ Jung examined past experiments, dreams and fantasies Terms ​ Psychodynamic theory: an approach to therapy that focuses on resolving a patient’s conflicted conscious ​ Psychoanalytic theory: Sigmund Freud’s theory that all human behaviour is influenced by early childhood and childhood experiences influence the unconscious mind throughout life. ​ Unconscious: information processing in our mind that we are not aware of. ​ Conscious: information that we are always aware of ​ ego : rational part of the mind, which operates on the reality principle. ​ Id: the instinctual part of the mind which operates on the pleasure principle ​ Superego: the moral centre of the mind ​ Defence mechanism: the ego’s way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety. ​ Repression: a process in which unacceptable desires or impulses are excluded from consciousness and left to operate in the unconscious. ​ Denial: a defence mechanism whereby a person refuses to recognize or acknowledge something that is painful. ​ Displacement: the shift of an emotion from its original focus to another object, person, or situation. ​ Free association: a method used in psycho analysis where a patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind. ​ Projection: a defence mechanism whereby a person attributes their own threatening impulses onto someone else. ​ Neo freudians: psychologists who modified freud’s psychoanalytic theory to include social and cultural aspects. ​ Neurotic disorder: a mental disorder involving fear and anxiety. ​ Analytical psychology: a branch of psychology founded by Carl Jung based on the idea that balancing a person’s psyche would allow the person to reach his or her full potential. ​ Collective unconscious: the shared, inherited pool of memories from our ancestors. ​ Archetypes: universal symbols that tend to reappear over time; includes models of people, behaviours, and personalities. Personality ​ Jung believed that personality was introverted or extroverted ​ He also used for functional typed to describe personality such as thinking, feelings, sensation, and intuition ​ This theory has led to the theory of psychometrics ​ Thinking and feelings are opposite of each other just like sensation and intuition  ​ In psychometrics they have developed tests to measure personality, ability, and knowledge such as the MBTI test ​ Psychodynamic theories have influenced human psychologists ​ They are still used today Dreams The Psychology behind dreams ​ There are two types of dreams; slow wave – slow and regular breathing and heart rate, eyes roll slowly back and forth and REM sleep – breathing and heart rate accelerate, eyes dart back and forth irregularly behind closed eyelids (usually occurs every 90 minutes) ​ Plots of dreams are shaped by what we know in our waking life: themes of aggression, competition, attack and submission ​ 95% of our dreams involve others and our relationship to them ​ Dreaming involves processing information, memory and possibly problem solving ​ Dreams are a mental realm where we can solve problems and think creatively ​ Dreams are powered by the spontaneous firing of neurons Freud’s Theory of Dreams ​ The reason we dream is wish fulfillment - an unconscious attempt to fulfill needs (especially for sex and aggression) that cannot be expressed during waking hours ​ Freud stressed that dreams often contain memories of infancy and childhood experiences especially events associated with parents ​ Dreams frequently contain information from the day or two preceding the dream ​ Manifest content: the dreams surface content with contains dream symbols that distort and disguise the dreams true meaning ​ Latent content: The dreams hidden content its unconscious meaning Theories why we have them Theory #1: Evolutionary Theory – Dreams Help Us Practice Survival Antti Revonsuo suggests dreams are a rehearsal for survival, activating the brain's fight-or-flight system during REM sleep. This evolutionary adaptation allows us to practice self-defense responses safely during sleep, preparing us for real-world threats. Theory #2: Dreams Create Wisdom Matt Wilson's research shows that dreams help sort memories, keeping useful ones while discarding the rest. By replaying critical moments from the day, the brain turns information into long-term knowledge, sharpening decision-making and intelligence. Theory #3: Defragmenting the Brain Francis Crick and Graeme Mitchison propose that dreams "clean up" the brain by breaking unhelpful thinking patterns and forming new, efficient connections—like defragmenting a computer hard drive. Theory #4: Dreams as Therapy Ernest Hartmann argues that dreams process emotions by visualizing them in a non-critical way. This safe exploration helps us confront and accept difficult feelings, similar to psychotherapy. Theory #5: No Theory at All Some believe dreams are simply random brain activity with no deeper meaning. They argue the mind produces images without conscious intent, and any interpretation is our attempt to find meaning where there is none. Most common types of dreams Processing Dreams​ These "sleep-working" dreams organize daily events and clear mental clutter, preparing you for the next day. Venting Dreams​ Nightmares help release emotions or warn you to prepare for challenges, clearing the way for growth. Integration Dreams​ Dreams of extreme behaviors reflect parts of yourself to embrace for self-awareness and balance. Breakdown/Breakthrough Dreams​ Disaster dreams signal upcoming life changes and urge you to adapt and grow. Recurring Dreams​ Repetitive dreams deliver important messages until they’re understood. Precognitive Dreams​ These glimpses of the future connect to ongoing events and sometimes come true. Prophetic Dreams​ Dreams with wise figures offer profound lessons or guidance. Wish-Fulfillment Dreams​ These dreams align you with your desires, creating a mental path toward achieving them. Rorschach Inkblot test ​ It is a method of psychological evaluation. Psychologists use the test to examine the personality characteristics and emotional functioning of their patients to differeniate psychotic from non psychotic. ​ The test is the subject’s responses to an ambitious stimulus(an inkblot) which can provide insight into their thought processes. Ivan Pavlov ​ What is the relation between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus ​ He introduced a neutral stimulus (the bell) before presenting food to the dogs ​ Palvov paired the bell with the presentation of food ​ Experimented with dogs ​ The dogs became conditioned to associate food with the bell ​ His work showed that stimuli could control behaviour through the process of association ​ You can condition to anyone to behave a certain way in certain scenarios ​ Unconditioned stimulus → conditioned response ​ Conditioned stimulus → conditioned response B.F Skinner ​ What are some rewards that encourage good behavior in humans ​ What role does reward and punishment play in shaping behaviour ​ Experimented with rats and pigeons ​ Invented the skinner box ​ Operant conditioning ​ Learning could take place through good and bad consequences ​ We are rewarder in hopes of repeating the good behavior ​ Behaviour modification - people can be persuaded to show “good” behavior if they are positively reinforced for displaying them Behaviour psychology terms ​ operant conditioning: a type of learning that uses rewards and punishment to achieve a desired behaviour ​ unconditioned response: the natural response to an unconditioned stimulus. ​ Unconditioned stimulus: a stimulus that naturally triggers a response. ​ conditioned stimulus: an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. ​ Conditioned response: the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. ​ classical conditioning: a type of learning where a neutral stimulus comes to produce a particular response after parings with a conditioned stimulus. Asch Line Test The Asch Line Test is a simple experiment conducted by social psychologist Solomon Asch in the 1950s to study conformity ​ Participants are shown a line on one card and asked to match its length with one of three lines on another card. ​ The task is easy and unambiguous—the correct answer is obvious. ​ However, the participant is placed in a group with actors who purposefully give the wrong answer on some trials. ​ The test observes whether the participant will conform to the incorrect group consensus or stick to their own correct judgment. The Stanford prison experiment ​ Created to study obedience after the second world war ​ Officers abused their power and degraded and humiliated the prisoners ​ Dr. Philip Zimbardo, a psychology professor at Stanford University. ​ A mock prison was constructed in the basement of Stanford University's psychology department. ​ Planned to last 14 days but was terminated after 6 days due to ethical concerns. ​ Participants signed consent forms and were compensated $15/day. ​ Guards were given uniforms, reflective sunglasses, and wooden batons, and instructed to maintain order without using physical violence. ​ Prisoners wore smocks with identification numbers and were subjected to strict rules and routines. ​ Both guards and prisoners quickly embraced their assigned roles, leading to extreme behaviors. ​ Guards exhibited increasingly authoritarian and abusive behavior, including psychological harassment and humiliation. ​ Some prisoners showed signs of extreme stress, emotional breakdowns, and compliance. ​ The prison-like environment led to a loss of individual identity among participants. ​ The study demonstrated how situational factors and power dynamics could override personal morals and ethics. The Bystander Effect A concept in social psychology that explains why the larger number of people in a group make it less likely that an individual will stop to help someone in an emergency Conformity/obedience ​ Obedience is a form of social influence where an individual acts in response to a direct from another individual, who is usually an authority figure. ​ A real life example of obedience is the holocaust. ​ Conformity is a type of social influence involving a change in belief or behaviour in order to fit in with the group. ​ 3 types of conformity is identification, internalization, compliance. ​ Compliance is agreeing in the public but disagreeing in the private. ​ Internalization is changing their behaviour to fit in and agree with them even in private. ​ Identification is individual that follow the expectations of a social role like a police. Humanistic psychology ​ Self actualization: reaching one’s full potential; occurs only after basic physical and pyschoogical needs are met ​ Abraham maslow is considered one of the founders of humanist psychology. He studied what he called self actualization to understand how they achieved the status of having reached their full potential. ​ He is known for the hierarchy of needs. The hierarchy explains that basic needs have to be met before higher orders needs become important. ​ The hierarchy of needs ranges from: physiological needs(food, water), safety needs( personal security,employment), love and belonging(family), esteem(respect and freedom), and self actualization( a desire to become the most you can be. ​ Viktor franki’s theory grew out of his experiences in Aushwtiz which was a nazi concentration camp that was set in ww1. ​ Logotheopy helps the patient find the aim and meaning of their own life without acessing the medical aspect of mental. ​ Carl rogers developed the client centered therapy. It focuses on the potential of each person to realize his or her own groth is self awareness and self fullfillment. The client plays the active role. ​ Humanistic psychology helps create a positive environment. Cognitive psychology ​ Cognition refers to the mental processes of the brain. ​ Congnitive psychology is the study and application of how the brain learns. ​ Alberta Bandura is a Canadian psychologist. ​ He questioned why the same situation could trigger different responses from different people or even the same person. ​ He developed the Social cognitive theory. It is a perspective on personality that takes a person’s motivation, environment, and behaviour into account. ​ He believes that people learn behaviors by watching and then imitating them. ​ Bandura created an experiment called the Bobo doll experiment to see if he was right.  ​ He would make children watch a video in which an adult acted aggressively towards a rubber Bobo doll. ​ The children who had watched the video behaved just as aggressively as the adults in the video and were more likely to play with the aggressive toys in the room. ​ Elizabeth Loftus is interested in our memories and why we repress certain memories and sometimes develop false memories. ​ She also proved that people can be led to remember their past in various ways and even remember a past that didn’t happen. Types of mental disorders Anxiety disorders ​ Generalized anxiety disorder: a psychological disorder characterized by excessuve or dispropotionale anxiety about several aspects of life. Symptoms is fear appearing for no reason and dsiplaying unusual behaviour. ​ Phobias: a form of anxiety that involves an intense, irrational fear of certain objects and situations. Symptoms are physical symptoms such as anxiety attacks, dry mouth, and shortness of breath. ​ Obsessive complusive disorder: a form of anxiety marked by the tendancy to perform an action repeatdely in order to relieve unwanted thoughts. A characteristic is anorexia nersova which is a type of eating disorder. Mood disorders ​ Major despression: a mental disorder marked by deep, prolonged unhappiness. Can occur once or several times. ​ Biopolar affective disorder: a condition marked by extreme moods that have two stages: a manic stage and a depressive stage. The manic stage is marked by confused, irrational behaviour. The depressive stage is marked by extreme shifts in mood behaviour and a sense of futility. Schizophrenia disorders ​ Schizophrenia: A mental disorder marked by distortion of reality, social withdrawl, and disturbances of thought, perception, motor activity and emotions. Lose interest in the world. Personality disorders It is a disorder that makes it diffcult for individuals to engage with with people, fuction normally or to hold a job. Individuals are usually anti social and view their behaviour as perfectly normal. Substance related disorders: refers to harmful use of substance like drugs and alchol. It interferes with their ability to function at work or home. Sociology Definitions Discrimination: the act of treating groups and individuals unfairly based on their race; gender, or other common characteristic; can be overt or systemic Stereotype: an exaggerated view of judgment made about a group or class of people Racism: erroneous judgement, assumptions, opinions, or actions towards a person or group, based on the belief that one race is superior to another Sexism: attitudes or behaviours based on predetermined ideas of sexual roles that discriminate against others because of their sex Classism: systemic or personal actions that discriminate against persons according to their socio-economic level, which leads to human needs being unmet Prejudice: an individual judgment about or active hostility toward another social group Upstander: a person who takes action, particularly when the easiest or most acceptable course is to do nothing, when he or she believes something is right Islamophobia: racism that leads to prejudice against and fear of Islamic beliefs and Muslims Sociology: the scientific study of human society and social interaction Macrosociology: the study of the outside influences on human societies on a wide scale. Microsociology: a branch of sociology that studies how people interact with each other in small groups and on a daily basis. History of Sociology The study of sociology started with the ancient greek They considered man a social animal and society as essential Plato, Aristotle, Cicero Augustine, and Thomas Aquinas disccsued society Post Industrial Revolution – massive social changes occurred 1800s cities grew at a rate that wasn't sustainable Major urbanization occurred even though there were no urban planners There was increase in disease, poverty, crime and social disorder Philosophers realized that society needed to be studied and the ills of society needed to be addressed Agust Comte 1789-1857 (France) Known for the theory of positive philosophy Positive and orderly solutions can solve social problems According to him social evaluation went in hand with progress He is considered the founder of modern sociology Harriet Martineau 1802-1876 (England) Raise people's awareness about inequality towards women Wrote editorials in the London daily news Emilie Durkheim 1917-1958 (France) Brought sociology to the forefront Founded the first journal of sociology Developed the theory of social facts Customs, institutions, and organizations exert control over people. Karl Marx 1818-1883 (German) He believed in capitalism - the economic system that brought about class differences was inequitable and should be placed by communism. Communism: an economic system where resources are more evenly distributed and where class differences would no longer exist. Wrote the communist manifesto Max Weber 1864-1920 (Germany) Disagreed with Marx Believed that human values and beliefs affected how people have acted throughout history, not necessarily class struggles. believed individual action is the unit of sociological analysis - individuals act within society. Categories of socialization Primary socialization Process of learning the basic skills needed to survive Ex. hygiene, eating with utensils, language etc. Secondary socialization Process of learning how to behave in group situations Ex. how to behave in church, school, supermarket, etc. Anticipatory socialization Process of learning how to plan the way we behave in new situations Ex. Using prior knowledge to anticipate the type of clothing, language and behaviour is required for the first day of school Resocialization Process by which negative behaviour is transformed into socially acceptable behaviour Ex. Criminal released from prison given the opportunity to practice new behaviour Agents of socialization Agents of socialization: people and institutions that shape an individual’s social development The primary agent of socialization is family. Nuclear family: a family that consists of spouses and their dependent children extended family: a family system in which several generations live together in one household. Lone parent family: a family that consists of one parent with one or more dependent children. blended family: a family in which divorced parents with children from a previous union marry. Same sex family: a family that consists of two individuals of the same gender with children. Interracial family: a family that consists of parents from different racial or ethnic backgrounds with children. Schools generally transmit a set of standard knowledge and skills to students. A hidden curriculum is taught at schools. Peer groups are especially influential during adolescence. They teach individuals about sexual relationships, gender, and culture. The workplace can be a valuable learning environment. It teaches one how to collaborate with a diverse group of people. The media can shape our identity and self esteem. Religions are influential because they have moral codes, set standards of behaviours for members, teach responsibility, and encourage charity. Nature vs Nurture Nature: An individual development and behaviour of an individual are products of their nature and biological heredity and not from their interaction with their environment Nurture: An individual's development is a product of socialization and social environment Range of potential According to Sanda Scarr, all humans are born with a range of potential which is genetically predetermined How far you achieve along that range is determined by your environment Abnormal socialization The forms of child abuse include: Physical abuse: involves assault or inflicting physical harm Emotional abuse: may include repeatedly criticizing a child or subjecting the child to an unhappy or disturbing environment. Neglect: the failure to provide physical or emotional necessities of life. Sexual abuse: occurs when an elderly person touches a child sexually or inappropiatly. feral : unwanted child deserated at a young age and raised by animals. Isolate: children raised in near isolation within a human household. Oxana spent most of her childhood interacting with dogs as her parents were alcoholic and later acting like a dog. Ukraine Genie had lived most of her 13 years in severe isolation. She was constantly strapped to a potty chair with little to no human interaction. Danielle lived in a dark room and lay down on a dirty mattress. Why we hate Xenophobia: The fear of foreigners or other strange-seeming people that comes out when we are under stress. The IAT (Implicit Association Test) is a simple test that measures reaction time: The subject sees various words or images projected on a screen, then classifies the images into one of two groups by pressing buttons. People who shared cultural similarities were found to be more genetically related than those who did not social identity theory: The desire to think highly of oneself. One way to lift your self-esteem is to be part of a distinctive group, like a winning team; another is to play up the qualities of your own group and denigrate the attributes of others so that you feel your group is better. The teacher, Jane Elliot, divided her class into two groups - those with blue eyes and those with brown or green eyes. The brown eyed group received privileges and treats, while the blue-eyed students were denied rewards and told they were inferior. Within hours. The once-harmonious classroom became two camps, full of mutual fear and resentment. Yet, what is especially shocking is that the students were only in the third grade. The more strongly one supports the ethnic profiling of Arabs at airport-security checkpoints, the more hidden prejudice one has against Muslims. Society and culture Society is a group of people in a particular geographic area who share the same rules and laws. Segregation: members of minority groups live, work, and go to school separately from the rest of the society. Ex. african americans in the south Assimilation: a policy that encourages minority cultures to adopt the way of dominant society. Ex. First nations are required to attend residential schools. Multiculturalism: a policy that encourages different cultures to retain their distinct characteristics, ideas, and beliefs within the larger society. Ex. canada’s official policy Implicit bias: non conscious, between deliberate action and accident. When stereotypic beliefs combine with prejudicial attitudes and emotion, like fear and hostility, it can drive the behaviour, discrimination. How prejudice turns into stereotypes Verbal rejection: this is when jokes and friendly talking is verbalized and then internalized Avoidance: contact from groups are purposefully avoided like exclusion Discrimination: when people act against their prejudices like not hiring a particular ethnicity Semi violence: racist slogans and spray paints is used to intimidate groups Extermination: involves the allowance of the government to tolerate violence against a group like holocaust. What causes prejudice and discrimination Learned theory: not innate but learned behaviours. Competition theory: economic crisis is unemployed blaming newcomers for taking their jobs. Frustration- aggression theory: shortcomings an individual experiences in their financial status provides a reason to resent groups that appear to have greater access to wealth. Scapegoat: specific group of people who become the target of hatred and and blame for the majority class in society. Ignorance theory: the fear of unfamiliar cultural practices that guides discriminatory behaviour. Not wanting to learn about a group. Cupcake brown She joined gangs at the age of 12. She was shot in a drive by at the age of 15 The person that standed by Brown at the age of 23 was Kenneth J. Rose who gave her job as a legal secretary. Rose helped her with her drug addiction and sent her to a rehab program. She became a lawyer What makes you who you are The author’s main argument is that learning consists of nothing more than switching genes on and off. The more we lift the lid on the genome, the more vulnerable to experience, genes appear to be. Our fear of snakes may be acquired by watching others fear them. Language is not fully formed in the brain, it must be learned. love - humans form long pair bonds with their mates, our genes create the possibility of falling in love after the right experience. Homosexuality - gay men are found to have older brothers. Something about occupying a womb that held other boys resulted in reduced birth weight. Our genes were predispositioned to be attracted to males because of the boy that occupied the womb before. antisocial behaviour: maltreatment is not enough, you must also have the low active gene to be antisocial. It is not enough to have the low active gene, you must also be maltreated.