What Is Anthropology? PDF

Create your Unit 1 Folder in your GAPPS Drive WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? ANTHROPOLOGISTS Unit 1: Anthropology HSP: Introduction to Anthropology, Psychology, and Sociology Anthropologists Learning Goal S...

Create your Unit 1 Folder in your GAPPS Drive WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? ANTHROPOLOGISTS Unit 1: Anthropology HSP: Introduction to Anthropology, Psychology, and Sociology Anthropologists Learning Goal Success Criteria ◻ Today I Will… explain ◻ I explain the some of the significant significant contributions of 2 contributions made influential by influential Anthropologists. anthropologists. RECALL: Anthropology ◻ Scientific study of the origin, development, customs and varieties of human beings ◻ Seek to understand WHAT MAKES US HUMAN by studying human ancestors through archaeological excavation AND by observing living cultures throughout the world. ◻ Study how different people can be AND how much different Background Information - Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. - Anthropologists were first explorers, then philosophers. - During the 1970s Applied Anthropology was introduced, making Anthropology more practical because it looked at life on an international basis. ⬜ Potential Occupations in modern day Anthropology include: Work for private corporations or government agencies - researching a market, developing advertising campaigns, doing cross-cultural training of employees on how to be more culturally sensitive Physical Anthropology ◻ RECALL: Study of human evolution, human biology, and other primates. Archaeology Forensic Anthropology Physical Human Variation Paleoanthropology Primatology Archaeology Cultural Ethnology (Social) Linguistic Anthropology Physical Anthropology SUBFIELDS ◻ Human Variation: Study of the physical differences and similarities of existing human populations. ◻ Paleoanthropology: Study bone and stone remains of our ancient ancestors from millions of years ago. ◻ Primatology: Study of primates - any mammal of the group that includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans.  Pioneers of Anthropology Charles Darwin 1809-1882 ◻ Human Variation ◻ Studied wildlife, plants, fossils, and rock formations. ◻ Made two central claims: 1. All organisms (plants/animals/living things) are descended from one ancestor. 2. The process of natural selection made the change possible, thus creating new species as complex as humans. Pioneers of Anthropology The Leakeys (Louis, Mary, and Richard) 1903-Present ◻ Paleoanthropology ◻ Discovered evidence of earliest humans in Africa. ◻ Constructed a series of ancient human civilizations that existed 100 000-2 000 000 years ago. ◻ Unearthed human skeletal remains of Australopithecus and Homo habilis. What Makes Us Human? ◻ The work of physical anthropologists led to the widespread acceptance of Evolution. ⬜ The Leakey Foundation: What Makes Us Human? ⬜ While Watching : Make 1 connection to your understanding/definition of Physical Anthropology 0:00-7:27 Proof of Evolution: The Skull Gets BIGGER --- for a BIGGER BRAIN! Human Lineage Human Lineage A life-size model of how a human ancestor, Australopithecus, might have looked three million years ago. Below is a picture of a type of chimpanzee called the bonobo. It lives in central Africa. Like humans, they give birth to helpless infants that need a lot of parental love and care. In this picture, two bonobos are cuddling a newborn infant. Notice how human their behaviour appears. Human Lineage in the Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania (March 2024) The Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania is one of the most important paleoanthropological localities in the world. The British/Kenyan paleoanthropologist-archeologist team of Mary and Louis Leakey established excavation and research programs at Olduvai Gorge that achieved great advances in human knowledge. Pioneers of Anthropology Jane Goodall 1934 -Present ◻ Primatology ◻ Studied chimpanzees in Tanzania. ◻ Monumental findings solidifying humans' undeniable link to chimpanzees (creation and use of tools). ◻ Created a path for other Pioneers of Anthropology Birute Galdikas 1946-Present ◻ Primatology ◻ Recognized as a leading authority on orangutans. Pioneers of Anthropology Dian Fossey 1932-1985 ◻ Primatology ◻ Studied gorilla packs in Rwanda by living among them for 20 years. ◻ Had close relationships with individual gorillas. ◻ Observed that while gorillas may sometimes act tough, they are really gentle giants. ◻ Her work paved the way for international support of mountain gorilla conservation and research. ⬜ Video: Gorillas In The Mist ⬜ 21:35-32:40 and 35:00-44:33 Cultural Anthropology ◻ RECALL: Study of origin, development and functioning of human cultures. ◻ Culture is learned, not something that we are born knowing. Archaeology Forensic Anthropology Physical Human Variation Paleoanthropology Primatology Archaeology Cultural Ethnology (Social) Linguistic Anthropology Cultural Anthropology SUBFIELDS ◻ Archaeology: Excavation, reconstruction and study of past cultures. Study physical remains of the past culture through excavation and reconstruction. ◻ Ethnology: Study of the origins and cultures of different races and people. Ethnologists immerse themselves in a culture and take notes. ◻ Linguistic Anthropology: Study the history and structure of language, and the ways humans use language.  Cultural Anthropology Marriage Ceremonies Think, Pair, Share: What marriage custom, from your A married couple in Eritrea. country of origin are still followed today? An indigenous marriage ceremony in Northern Russia. A marriage ceremony in Thailand. Cultural Anthropology Marriage Ceremonies Think, Pair, Share: What marriage custom, from your country of origin are still followed today? Pioneers of Anthropology Margaret Mead 1901-1978, American ◻ Ethnology ◻ Studied Samoans ◻ Proved that gender roles are not universal; they are formed by cultural history and upbringing. Pioneers of Anthropology Marvin Harris 1927-2001 ◻ Ethnology ◻ According to Harris, the principal mechanisms by which a society exploits its environment are contained in a society's infrastructure - the mode of production (technology and work patterns) and population (such as population characteristics, fertility and mortality rates). Pioneers of Anthropology Richard Lee 1937-Present, Canadian ◻ Ethnology ◻ Currently researching issues concerning the indigenous people of Botswana and Namibia, particularly their ecology and history. Pioneers of Anthropology Sherry Ortner 1941-Present, American ◻ Cultural Anthropologist ◻ First project was on the meanings and workings of social class in the United States. ◻ Second project looks at the world of independent filmmaking, and the dark view of American society that emerges through the lens of independent film. Pioneers of Anthropology Noam Chomsky 1928-Present, American ◻ Linguistic Anthropology ◻ Studied how sounds are put together to create meaning. ◻ Believes that children learn language young and easily because our brains are predisposed to the structures (rules and principles) of language. Pioneers of Anthropology Edward Sapir 1884-1939 ◻ Linguistic Anthropology ◻ Was interested in understanding how cultural patterns themselves were shaped by the composition of individual personalities that make up a society. Pioneers of Anthropology (pick any 2 –of the 5– to remember!!) Charles Darwin The Leakeys Jane Goodall Margaret Mead Noam Chomsky