Soc-Sci (PDF)

STS ***Physical Self*** - Includes physical appearance and the brain. - It's tangible aspect of a person - It's the vehicle through which we interact with the world. ***Physical Characteristics*** - Our height, weight, gender, age, etc. - Often the first things noticed by others. -...

STS ***Physical Self*** - Includes physical appearance and the brain. - It's tangible aspect of a person - It's the vehicle through which we interact with the world. ***Physical Characteristics*** - Our height, weight, gender, age, etc. - Often the first things noticed by others. - Influences our self-perception and how others perceive us. ***Physical Abilities*** - Strength, speed, endurance, etc. - These influences our lifestyle, hobbies and, even career choices. ***Components of Physical Self*** ***Appearance*** -- The first thing people notice about us. ***Health*** -- A vital component of our physical self. ***Abilities*** -- Define what we can do, enable us to perform feats that make us unique. ***Aging*** -- Natural part of life that brings about changes in our physical self. ***Primary Aging*** -- Inevitable changes associated with aging (hair and hearing loss) ***Secondary Aging*** -- Caused by diseases and environmental factors. ***Body Language*** -- Communicates our feelings and intentions to others. ***The Physical Self and Self-Perception*** ***Self-Perception*** -- This is how we perceive ourselves, which can be influenced by our physical self. ***Body Image*** -- Mental representation of our physical self. ***Self-Esteem*** -- Influenced by our satisfaction or dissatisfaction with our physical self. ***Physical Abilities and Self-Perception*** -- Influences on how we perceive ourselves. ***The role of Society*** -- Set the standards for physical appearance, which influences our self-perception and self-esteem. ***Societal Standards*** -- Often sets the standards for physical appearance and abilities. ***Media Influence** --* Significant role in shaping our perception of the physical self. ***Cultural Difference*** -- Have different perceptions of the ideal physical self. ***Impact on Self-perception*** -- It's like a mirror reflecting society's views onto our self-image. ***Nurturing the Physical Self*** ***Importance of Self-Care** --* Crucial for our overall well-being. ***Healthy Lifestyle** --* Fueling our body with the right nutrients and keeping it active. ***Rest and Relaxation** --* Recharging our body's battery, helping us to function at our best. ***Regular Check-ups*** -- Can help detect any physical health issues early and keep our health on track. ***Positive Body Image*** -- Appreciating our body for its abilities, not just its appearance. ***Sexual Self*** - Fundamental aspect of human identity. - The integration of sexual orientation, preferences, and behaviors into one's sense of self. ***Sexuality*** - A dynamic and integral part of who we are. ***Defining the Sexual Self*** ***Sex/Biological Aspect*** -- The inherent physiological characteristics and sexual genitalia that distinguish males and females at birth. ***The Essence of the Sexual Self*** ***Gender/Sexual Orientation*** -- An individual' emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attraction to others, shaping their identity. - Homosexual, Bisexual, Heterosexual, Pansexual/Omnisexual, and Asexual. ***Sexuality's Role in Personal Identity*** ***Gender Identity*** -- A deeply-felt sense of being male, female, or somewhere along the gender spectrum. - Cisgender, Transgender, Agender, and Non-Binary. ***Expression of Self*** -- How one's sexuality is expressed through behavior, appearance, and personal interactions. ***Navigating Sexual Identity*** ***Awareness and Acceptance*** -- Recognizing and embracing one's sexual orientation and preferences as integral parts of their identity. ***Societal Influence*** -- Understanding how society's norms and expectations can impact the formation of sexual identity. ***Formation of Sexual Identity*** ***Integrating Sexuality into One's Identity*** ***Early Awareness*** -- Attraction and feelings during adolescence. ***Influence of Experiences*** -- Pivotal role in shaping one's sexual identity. ***Factors Influencing Sexual Identity Development*** ***Biological Factors*** -- Hormonal changes during puberty can influence sexual desires and orientation. ***Puberty*** **--** one-to-three-year process of hormonal and physical change that causes the young person to reach sexual maturity. ***3 Stages of Love*** ***Lust*** - Estrogen and Testosterone - Motivate individuals to fins a mate - The hypothalamus of the brain plays a big role in this, stimulating the production of the sex hormones. ***Attraction*** - Dopamine, Serotonin, and Norepinephrine. - The "infatuation" stage. - Arousal of the body, with the person increasing the desire to spend more time with them. ***Attraction*** ***Dopamine*** -- Released when we do things that feel good to us. ***Norepinephrine*** -- Released during attraction, makes us giddy, energetic and euphoric ***Serotonin*** -- Decrease to underlie the overpowering infatuation that characterizes the beginning stages of love. ***Attachment*** - Oxytocin and Vasopressin - Oxytocin -- Cuddle hormone, appears to help reinforce the positive feeling, we already feel toward the people we love. ***Models of Sexual Response*** ***Excitement*** - Arousal; penis erection, vagina lubrication - Increase in bodily temperature. ***Plateau*** - Continuation of heightening of the arousal. ***Orgasm*** - Peak of intense pleasure. - The "Climax" ***Resolution*** - Body returns to normal state. ***Formation of Sexual Identity*** ***Factors Influencing Sexual Identity Development*** ***Societal Expectations*** -- The norms and values of society can impact how individuals perceive and express their sexuality. ***Emotional Connections*** -- Contributes to the development of sexual identity. ***Navigating the Complexities of Sexual Identity*** ***Self-Exploration*** - Understanding and accepting one's sexual orientation is a personal journey that involves self-reflection and exploration. ***External Challenges* -** Dealing with societal pressures and expectations can be challenging but is an integral part of forming a sexual identity. ***Case Studies of Sexual Identity*** ***Media Representation*** - The increasing visibility of LGBTQ+ characters in television and film, influencing societal perceptions and norms. ***Legal Milestones*** - The legalization of same-sex marriage in various countries, reflecting changing societal attitudes towards sexual identity. ***Challenges and Progress*** ***Workplace Discrimination*** - Efforts to address discrimination based on sexual orientation. ***Gender and Sexual Minorities (GSM)*** - The recognition and support for a broader spectrum of identities. ***Stigma and Acceptance*** - The ongoing struggle against stigma and the journey towards acceptance and equality. ***Legal and Social Milestones -*** Key legal decisions and social changes that have impacted the recognition of sexual identity. ***Implications and Impact*** ***Mental Health Considerations*** ***Understanding Self*** -- Have profound implications on mental health and self-esteem. ***Societal Pressure*** - The stress of conforming to societal norms or facing discrimination. ***Effects on Relationships*** ***Interpersonal Dynamics --*** Sexual identity can shape relationships with family, friends, and partners. ***Social Interactions*** -- Influences how individuals interact within society and can affect social inclusion or exclusion. ***Societal Interactions*** ***Cultural Expectations*** -- How different cultures view sexual identity can lead to varying degrees of acceptance or discrimination. ***Legal Implications*** -- Recognition of sexual identity can have significant legal implications, affecting rights and protections. ***Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)*** - Engaging in sexual contact, either vaginal, oral or anal can give temporary pleasure and with it, a possibility of transmitting "more than 30 different bacteria, viruses and parasites" that may result to a lifetime of sexually transmitted infections. ***Family Planning*** - intends to provide accessible information on sexual and reproductive health for people to choose from depending on their needs and preferences. ***Contraception*** - Focused on the ways to prevent pregnancy in line with the FP program. ***Material Self*** - Tangible elements, such as body, clothes, family, and home. - The material self is what we can see, touch, and have ownership over. ***Economic Self*** - Encompasses one's financial status and assets. - It reflects how we manage, spend, and invest our financial resources. - Possessions and lifestyle. ***Impact of Economic Status and Material Possessions*** ***Economic Status:*** ***Influence on Self-Esteem*** - Socioeconomic status can significantly affect an individual's self-esteem and self-worth. ***Access to Opportunities*** - Economic status often dictates access to resources, influencing one's ability to engage in various life experiences***.*** ***Material Possessions:*** ***Expression of Identity*** -- The things we own, not just functional but also serve as a form of self-expression. ***Symbolic Value*** -- Reflecting our identity and aspirations. ***Interplay Between Economic Status and Material Possessions:*** ***Consumer Culture*** -- Where identity itself becomes a commodity. ***Self-Concept*** -- How we view ourselves materially affects our behavior and educational performance. ***Calvinist Principle*** - John Calvin; It is through the consumption of material goods that people can truly fulfill God's desires that is to be done in moderation. ***Marxist Principle*** - ***Commodity Fetishism*** -- How certain foods are given high monetary value with no regard for the labor that went into its creation, thus effectively becoming but fetishized commodities stripped off their human essence. - ***Alienation*** -- Labor in capitalists societies is often imposed and non-voluntary. ***Implications of the Material/Economic Self*** ***Consumer Culture:*** ***Identity as Commodity*** -- Shaped by the good we purchase and the brands we associate with ***Anxiety and Choice*** -- The fear of making the wrong choice. ***Mass Identity Crisis*** -- Where consumer goods and social encounters shape our sense of self. ***Modern and Identity Crisis:*** ***Symbolic Communication*** -- Material possessions and roles in society. ***Economic Systems and Self-Perception:*** ***Allocation of Resources** - How scarce resources are allocated within an economy influences individuals' roles as consumers or producers, affecting self-perception.* ***Economic Influence*** - The economy of a region or country, shaped by culture, laws, history, and geography, impacts how individuals view themselves and their material/economic self. ***Understanding the Spiritual Self*** ***Values** -* Core beliefs and principles that guide behavior and decision-making. ***Personality -*** Unique traits and qualities that form an individual's distinct character. ***Beliefs*** - Convictions or acceptance that certain things are true or real, often without immediate evidence. ***Essence*** - The intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something, especially something abstract, that determines its character. ***The Spiritual Self Across Cultures and Traditions*** ***Hinduism --*** "Atman", the eternal self, is central to understanding one's connection to the universe. ***Buddhism -*** The concept of "Anatta", or non-self, challenges the notion of a permanent self. ***Christianity -*** The soul is seen as the immortal essence, created and loved by God. ***Islam*** - The "Ruh" represents the spiritual element, linking individuals to the divine. ***Indigenous Beliefs -*** Often emphasize the spiritual self's connection to nature and the earth. ***New Age Spirituality*** - Focuses on personal spiritual experience and the unity of all existence. ***Understanding Self-Concept:*** - Self-concept is the image we have of ourselves, including our beliefs, personality traits, and values. ***Spirituality's Influence:*** - Spirituality can profoundly shape self-concept by providing a sense of purpose and connection to something greater. ***Benefits of Spiritual Self-Concept:*** ***Enhanced well-being -*** Spirituality is linked to better mental health and coping strategies. ***Self-Discovery -*** Spiritual practices like meditation can lead to greater self-awareness and personal growth. ***Interconnectedness*** - A spiritual outlook often includes a feeling of unity with all life forms, fostering empathy and compassion. ***Personal Growth*** - Spirituality often leads to self-discovery, helping individuals understand their strengths and weaknesses. ***Spirituality in Action: Shaping the Self-Concept*** ***Mindfulness*** - Practices like meditation enhance self-awareness and promote a peaceful state of mind. ***Compassion*** - A spiritual outlook can foster empathy and a desire to help others, influencing social behavior. ***Purpose*** - Spirituality can provide a sense of meaning beyond material success, contributing to a fulfilling life. ***Self-Discovery*** - Spirituality encourages exploration of the inner self, leading to greater self-awareness and understanding. ***Resilience*** - Spiritual practices provide comfort and strength, enhancing the ability to cope with life's challenges. ***Moral Compass -*** Spirituality offers ethical guidance, influencing decisions and actions towards the greater goods. ***Community Connection -*** Emphasizes the importance of service and community, strengthening social bonds. ***Holistic Health -*** Promotes a balanced approach to health, integrating physical, mental, and emotional well-being. ***Who Am I as a Filipino*** ***How to be a Filipino, by the Spaniards*** 1\. Be an Idiot 2\. Be Barbaric 3\. Be uncivilized 4\. Be stupid ***How to be a Filipino, by the Americans*** 1\. Be Barbaric 2\. Be uncivilized ***How to be a Filipino, from the 1987 Philippine Constitution*** 1\. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution; 2\. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines; 3\. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and 4\. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. ***Who Am I as a Filipino?*** - Makadiyos, Makakalikasan, Makatao, at Makabansa. ***Democracy -*** Democracy is a term derived from the Greek word "dēmokratia," which combines "dēmos" meaning "the people" and "kratos" meaning "power" or "rule." It refers to a system of government where the power lies with the whole population or all eligible members of a state, typically exercised through elected representatives. ***Democracy*** -- this is a double-edge sword that can either cut a country down or make it prosper. ***Ideology*** -- is defined as a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy. It refers to the ideas and manner of thinking characteristic of a group, social class, or individual. ***Majority Rule and Minority Rights*** - While the majority's decision should be respected, the rights of the minority must be protected. ***Political Equality*** - All members of the society have equal access to power and the right to be treated equally by the law and government. ***Liberty*** -- Often used interchangeably with freedom, is a concept that encompasses the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views. ***Unity*** -- refers to the state of being united or joined as a whole. It refers to a state of agreement and cooperation among individuals or groups with diverse opinions or interests. It's the act of coming together for a common purpose or action, often to promote collective goals or to respond to a crisis. ***MULTIPHRENIA***- the idea that countless alternatives to self- expression alters identity formation. ***Catfishing*** - is someone who pretends on social media to be someone different, to trick or attract other people. ***ABSTRACTION-*** the non-physical properties one gets to try and interact with when consuming technology. ***KIMBERLY ROSENFILED ESTIMATION*** - Varying manifestations of abstraction can be mapped on a continuum, ranging from least abstract (left) to most abstract (right). - ***REAL-LIFE REALITY***- the reality which you engage most frequently. "Life away from digital devices" and where interaction happens on a physical level. - ***SIMULATION***- the purpose is to copy reality as close as it can. It offers uncanny representation of real-world aspects and can also be used for instruction. - ***AUGMENTED REALITY-*** real-life reality is spliced with the unreal. It permits you to simultaneously interact with both the tangible world and various digital add-ons for a more enhanced experience. - ***VIRTUAL REALITY***-completely detached from real-life reality. You are granted relative freedom to explore and eventually inhabit digitally made-up worlds through a character or avatar you can create yourself. - ***HYPERREALITY-*** it is more than anything, a state of mind. The inability to distinguish the real from the otherwise. Jean Baudrillard, says "It is the generation by models of a real without origin or reality: a hyperreal". ***The Cyberself*** - Identity is interrelated with performativity. Identity is defined to one's perception of the self, "selfhood or subjectivity". ***The Dramaturgy of the Self*** ***Erving Goffman*** ***Front stage-*** when people carefully -- constructed digital selves engage in online activities. ***Back Stage --*** When someone simply logs out and momentarily abstains from social media use. ***Off Stage --*** when people meet up with people they only know on the internet, or at least those they perform to online though various cure and expressions. ***ELEMENTS OF DRAMATURGICAL SELF*** ***PERFORMANCE-*** set of activities in which the self participates in front of others to express meaning about themselves and their present situation. ***SETTING***- scenery where an interaction will take place. Naturally, there is more than one location in which an actor can perform. ***APPEARANCE-*** Ability to portray the self's various statuses, with one of its several props being a person's attire of choice. ***MANNER***- how an actor sends various sends various signals to the audience to ultimately inform them in advance of the role he/she seeks or is about to perform. ***FRONT***- "social script" that actors follow for a more guided performance. ***Identity Crisis: Anonymity and Pseudonymity in the Cyberspace*** ***ANONYMITY***- the act of communicating wherein the sender does not openly reveal his/her identity. ***PSEUDONYMITY*** - lies in the middle of the identity continuum, affords a user with a "self" albeit a stylized or refashioned one. ***The Disinhibited Self*** ***ONLINE DISINHIBITION EFFECT***- removal of social inhibitions and/or restrictions imposed upon people's behavior when engaging in the web. ***BENIGN DISINHIBITION***- the positive side as it focuses on personal development, self-understanding, and the exploration of new emotional domains of experience in the virtual world. ***TOXIC DISINHIBITION*** - the opposite of benign that zeroes in on disparaging remarks, death threats, blackmails and hate slurs among other. ***The Causes:*** ***DISSOCIATIVE ANONYMITY-*** "People don\'t know me***"*** ***INVISIBILITY-*** "People can't see me" ***ASYNCHRONICITY --*** "See you when I see you" ***SOLIPSISTIC INTROJECTION-*** "It's All in the Mind" ***DISSOCIATIVE IMAGINATION***- "It's All a Play" ***MINIMIZATION OF STATUS AND AUTHORITY --*** "Your rules don't work online," people are perceived to equals online.