Human Development And Diversity Terminology PDF

Human Development and Diversity: Terminology 1. Human Development Index (HDI): A composite statistic that measures a country's average achievements in three basic aspects of human development: health (life expectancy at birth), education (mean years of schooling and expected years of school...

Human Development and Diversity: Terminology 1. Human Development Index (HDI): A composite statistic that measures a country's average achievements in three basic aspects of human development: health (life expectancy at birth), education (mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling), and standard of living (GNI per capita). 2. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders within a specific time period, usually measured annually. 3. Gross National Income (GNI): The total income earned by a country's residents and businesses, including income earned abroad, minus income earned by foreigners domestically. 4. Poverty line: The minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country to meet the basic needs of life, such as food, shelter, and clothing. 5. Development indicators: Quantitative or qualitative measures used to assess the level of development within a country or region. These indicators can include economic, social, and environmental factors. 6. Life expectancy: The average number of years a person is expected to live, usually at birth, based on current mortality rates. 7. Literacy rate: The percentage of the population aged 15 and above who can read and write with understanding a simple sentence in any language. 8. Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a given year. 9. Access to clean water: The percentage of the population that has access to safe and clean drinking water sources, free from contamination. 10. Access to sanitation: The percentage of the population that has access to facilities and services for the safe disposal of human waste, such as toilets and sewage systems. 11. Gender Inequality Index (GII): A composite measure of gender inequality that takes into account disparities between men and women in reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation. 12. Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI): A modification of the HDI that takes into account inequalities in health, education, and income within a country. 13. Primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors: Categories used to classify economic activities based on the types of goods and services produced. The primary sector includes activities such as agriculture and mining, the secondary sector includes manufacturing, and the tertiary sector includes services such as retail, healthcare, and finance. 14. Urbanization: The process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in urban areas, leading to the growth and expansion of cities. 15. Rural-urban migration: The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas in search of employment, education, and better living standards. 16. Informal economy: Economic activities that are not regulated by the government and are not included in official measures of GDP or employment. 17. Formal economy: Economic activities that are regulated by the government and are included in official measures of GDP and employment. 18. Sustainable development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, balancing economic, social, and environmental considerations. 19. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Seventeen global goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015, aimed at addressing a range of social, economic, and environmental challenges by 2030. 20. Human trafficking: The illegal trade of humans for the purposes of forced labor, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation. 21. Gender empowerment: The process of empowering women and girls to participate fully in economic, social, and political life, and to exercise their rights and freedoms on an equal basis with men and boys. 22. Income inequality: The unequal distribution of income among individuals or households within a country or region. 23. Food security: The condition in which all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. 24. Globalization: The process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among countries through the exchange of goods, services, information, capital, and people (culture). 25. Cultural diversity: The existence of a variety of cultural groups within a society or region, including differences in language, religion, customs, traditions, and values. 26. Ethnicity: A social category based on shared cultural heritage, ancestry, language, or religion. 27. Multiculturalism: The coexistence of multiple cultural groups within a society, with policies and practices that promote tolerance, respect, and equality among diverse cultural identities. 28. Indigenous peoples: Ethnic groups that are native to a particular region or territory and have distinct cultural, linguistic, and historical ties to that land. 29. Human rights: Fundamental rights and freedoms that are inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, gender, or other status, including the rights to life, liberty, and security of person. 31. Nationalism: A political ideology or movement that emphasizes the interests, unity, and sovereignty of a nation, often promoting loyalty and devotion to one's own nation above others. Nationalism can manifest in various forms, including cultural, ethnic, or political nationalism, and can have both positive and negative implications for social cohesion, identity, and international relations. 32. Civil society: The sphere of social activity and organizations that exist outside of the government and the market, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community groups, advocacy organizations, religious institutions, and grassroots movements. Civil society plays a crucial role in promoting democracy, social justice, human rights, and public participation in governance, and serves as a check on state power and corporate interests.