Smarty Pancreatic Practice Questions PDF

**1. Mallory-Weiss Tear** **Question**: What is a common risk factor for the development of a Mallory-Weiss tear? A. Alcohol consumption\ B. Forceful vomiting or coughing\ C. GERD\ D. High-fat diet\ **Answer**: B. Forceful vomiting or coughing\ **Explanation**: Mallory-Weiss tears are caused by for...

**1. Mallory-Weiss Tear** **Question**: What is a common risk factor for the development of a Mallory-Weiss tear? A. Alcohol consumption\ B. Forceful vomiting or coughing\ C. GERD\ D. High-fat diet\ **Answer**: B. Forceful vomiting or coughing\ **Explanation**: Mallory-Weiss tears are caused by forceful or prolonged vomiting, leading to mucosal lacerations at the gastroesophageal junction. **2. Esophageal Cancer** **Question**: Which type of esophageal cancer is commonly associated with Barrett\'s esophagus? A. Small cell carcinoma\ B. Adenocarcinoma\ C. Squamous cell carcinoma\ D. Non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma\ **Answer**: B. Adenocarcinoma\ **Explanation**: Adenocarcinoma is linked to Barrett\'s esophagus, a complication of chronic GERD. **3. Achalasia** **Question**: Which diagnostic study is most appropriate for confirming the diagnosis of achalasia? A. Barium swallow\ B. Endoscopy\ C. Esophageal manometry\ D. Chest X-ray\ **Answer**: C. Esophageal manometry\ **Explanation**: Esophageal manometry is the best test for diagnosing achalasia as it shows the absence of peristalsis and failure of the LES to relax. **4. Esophagitis** **Question**: Candida esophagitis is most commonly identified by which feature on endoscopy? A. Multiple erosions\ B. White-yellow plaques\ C. Ulcerated masses\ D. Gastric-type epithelium\ **Answer**: B. White-yellow plaques\ **Explanation**: Candida esophagitis typically presents as white-yellow plaques resembling cottage cheese. **5. Mid-Gut Volvulus** **Question**: What is the most common clinical presentation of mid-gut volvulus in neonates? A. Projectile vomiting\ B. Bilious vomitus\ C. Rectal bleeding\ D. Non-bilious vomitus\ **Answer**: B. Bilious vomitus\ **Explanation**: Mid-gut volvulus often presents with bilious vomitus, which is a surgical emergency. **6. Meckel\'s Diverticulum** **Question**: Meckel\'s diverticulum is most commonly associated with which symptom in children? A. Bilious vomiting\ B. Painless rectal bleeding\ C. Jaundice\ D. Projectile vomiting\ **Answer**: B. Painless rectal bleeding\ **Explanation**: Meckel\'s diverticulum often presents with painless rectal bleeding in children under five. **7. Pyloric Stenosis** **Question**: Which clinical finding is pathognomonic for pyloric stenosis? A. Murphy\'s sign\ B. McBurney's point tenderness\ C. Olive-shaped mass in the right upper quadrant\ D. Cullen\'s sign\ **Answer**: C. Olive-shaped mass in the right upper quadrant\ **Explanation**: Pyloric stenosis is characterized by a palpable olive-shaped mass in the RUQ. **8. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome** **Question**: Which hormone is secreted in excess in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? A. Gastrin\ B. Secretin\ C. Insulin\ D. CCK\ **Answer**: A. Gastrin\ **Explanation**: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is caused by a gastrin-secreting tumor, leading to excessive acid production. **9. Cholecystitis** **Question**: The Murphy\'s sign is indicative of which condition? A. Cholecystitis\ B. Appendicitis\ C. Pancreatitis\ D. Diverticulitis\ **Answer**: A. Cholecystitis\ **Explanation**: Murphy\'s sign, which is pain upon palpation of the RUQ during inspiration, indicates cholecystitis. **10. Pancreatic Cancer** **Question**: What is a common tumor marker associated with pancreatic cancer? A. CA 15-3\ B. CA 19-9\ C. AFP\ D. CEA\ **Answer**: B. CA 19-9\ **Explanation**: CA 19-9 is often elevated in patients with pancreatic cancer. **11. Appendicitis** **Question**: McBurney's point tenderness is associated with which condition? A. Diverticulitis\ B. Appendicitis\ C. Pyloric stenosis\ D. Gastritis\ **Answer**: B. Appendicitis\ **Explanation**: McBurney's point tenderness is a classic sign of appendicitis. **12. Diverticulitis** **Question**: Which of the following is the most common location for diverticulitis in Western societies? A. Ascending colon\ B. Sigmoid colon\ C. Transverse colon\ D. Cecum\ **Answer**: B. Sigmoid colon\ **Explanation**: Diverticulitis most commonly affects the sigmoid colon. **13. Esophageal Stricture** **Question**: Which condition is a major risk factor for esophageal stricture? A. GERD\ B. Alcohol use\ C. Smoking\ D. High-fat diet\ **Answer**: A. GERD\ **Explanation**: Chronic GERD can lead to esophageal stricture due to repeated inflammation and scarring. **14. Barrett\'s Esophagus** **Question**: Barrett\'s esophagus is a complication of which condition? A. GERD\ B. Achalasia\ C. Peptic ulcer disease\ D. Esophagitis\ **Answer**: A. GERD\ **Explanation**: Barrett\'s esophagus is a complication of chronic GERD and is a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. **15. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)** **Question**: Which is the most common symptom of GERD? A. Chest pain\ B. Dysphagia\ C. Heartburn\ D. Bronchospasms\ **Answer**: C. Heartburn\ **Explanation**: Heartburn is the most common symptom of GERD, often presenting as a burning sensation in the chest. **16. Crohn\'s Disease** **Question**: Which part of the gastrointestinal tract is affected in Crohn\'s disease? A. Only the colon\ B. Only the small intestine\ C. Anywhere from mouth to anus\ D. Only the rectum\ **Answer**: C. Anywhere from mouth to anus\ **Explanation**: Crohn\'s disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, with \"skip lesions\" being a hallmark feature. **17. Ulcerative Colitis** **Question**: What is the hallmark feature of ulcerative colitis? A. Cobblestone appearance\ B. Skip lesions\ C. Continuous colonic involvement\ D. Abscess formation\ **Answer**: C. Continuous colonic involvement\ **Explanation**: Ulcerative colitis is characterized by continuous inflammation starting from the rectum and extending proximally. **18. Pancreatitis** **Question**: What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis? A. Alcohol\ B. Gallstones\ C. Trauma\ D. Hypertriglyceridemia\ **Answer**: B. Gallstones\ **Explanation**: Gallstones are the most common cause of acute pancreatitis, followed by alcohol. **19. Hemorrhoids** **Question**: Which of the following is a common treatment for internal hemorrhoids? A. Rubber band ligation\ B. Appendectomy\ C. Esophageal dilation\ D. Colon resection\ **Answer**: A. Rubber band ligation\ **Explanation**: Rubber band ligation is commonly used to treat symptomatic internal hemorrhoids. **20. Peptic Ulcer Disease** **Question**: Which of the following is a major cause of peptic ulcer disease? A. Stress\ B. NSAID use\ C. High-fiber diet\ D. GERD\ **Answer**: B. NSAID use\ **Explanation**: NSAIDs are a major cause of peptic ulcer disease, along with Helicobacter pylori infection. **21. Hepatic Encephalopathy** **Question**: Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with an elevated level of which substance? A. Bilirubin\ B. Ammonia\ C. Glucose\ D. Calcium\ **Answer**: B. Ammonia\ **Explanation**: Hepatic encephalopathy is a complication of liver disease characterized by elevated levels of ammonia due to impaired hepatic detoxification. **22. Esophageal Varices** **Question**: What is the most common cause of esophageal varices? A. GERD\ B. Portal hypertension\ C. Barrett\'s esophagus\ D. Diverticulitis\ **Answer**: B. Portal hypertension\ **Explanation**: Esophageal varices are commonly caused by portal hypertension, often secondary to cirrhosis. **23. Cholelithiasis** **Question**: Which of the following is a risk factor for developing cholelithiasis? A. Low-fat diet\ B. Pregnancy\ C. High-protein diet\ D. GERD\ **Answer**: B. Pregnancy\ **Explanation**: Pregnancy increases the risk of cholelithiasis due to hormonal changes that slow bile movement. **24. Gastric Cancer** **Question**: Which country has a high incidence of gastric cancer? A. Japan\ B. United States\ C. Australia\ D. France\ **Answer**: A. Japan\ **Explanation**: Japan has a higher incidence of gastric cancer, partially due to dietary factors. **25. Hepatitis B** **Question**: What is the serological marker indicating active hepatitis B infection? A. HBsAg\ B. Anti-HBs\ C. Anti-HBc\ D. HBeAg\ **Answer**: A. HBsAg\ **Explanation**: HBsAg is the surface antigen that indicates an active hepatitis B infection. **26. Hepatitis C** **Question**: What is the main route of transmission for hepatitis C? A. Fecal-oral\ B. Blood\ C. Airborne\ D. Droplet\ **Answer**: B. Blood\ **Explanation**: Hepatitis C is primarily transmitted through exposure to infected blood. **27. Hirschsprung\'s Disease** **Question**: Hirschsprung\'s disease is most commonly associated with which finding? A. Absence of ganglion cells in the colon\ B. Intestinal perforation\ C. Hyperplastic polyps\ D. Increased peristalsis\ **Answer**: A. Absence of ganglion cells in the colon\ **Explanation**: Hirschsprung\'s disease is characterized by the absence of ganglion cells, leading to a functional bowel obstruction. **28. Celiac Disease** **Question**: What type of diet is recommended for patients with celiac disease? A. Low-fat\ B. Gluten-free\ C. Low-sugar\ D. High-protein\ **Answer**: B. Gluten-free\ **Explanation**: Celiac disease requires a gluten-free diet to prevent intestinal inflammation. **29. Achalasia** **Question**: Achalasia is characterized by a failure of which part of the esophagus to relax? A. Upper esophageal sphincter\ B. Lower esophageal sphincter\ C. Pyloric sphincter\ D. Cardiac sphincter\ **Answer**: B. Lower esophageal sphincter\ **Explanation**: Achalasia involves the inability of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax, leading to difficulty swallowing. **30. Diverticulitis** **Question**: What dietary recommendation is typically given to patients with diverticulitis? A. High-fiber diet\ B. Low-fiber diet\ C. Ketogenic diet\ D. Gluten-free diet\ **Answer**: B. Low-fiber diet\ **Explanation**: During an acute episode of diverticulitis, a low-fiber diet is recommended to minimize bowel irritation. **31. Pancreatic Cancer** **Question**: Which of the following is a common early symptom of pancreatic cancer? A. Jaundice\ B. Hemoptysis\ C. Hematuria\ D. Dysphagia\ **Answer**: A. Jaundice\ **Explanation**: Pancreatic cancer can present with jaundice due to obstruction of the bile duct by the tumor. **32. Peptic Ulcer Disease** **Question**: Which bacteria is most commonly associated with peptic ulcer disease? A. Streptococcus\ B. Helicobacter pylori\ C. Escherichia coli\ D. Salmonella\ **Answer**: B. Helicobacter pylori\ **Explanation**: Helicobacter pylori infection is a common cause of peptic ulcer disease. **33. Colonic Polyps** **Question**: Which type of colonic polyp has the highest risk of becoming cancerous? A. Hyperplastic\ B. Adenomatous\ C. Inflammatory\ D. Juvenile\ **Answer**: B. Adenomatous\ **Explanation**: Adenomatous polyps are considered precancerous and have the highest risk of developing into colorectal cancer. **34. Pyloric Stenosis** **Question**: Pyloric stenosis most commonly presents at what age? A. Newborn\ B. 2-6 weeks\ C. 6-12 months\ D. 2 years\ **Answer**: B. 2-6 weeks\ **Explanation**: Pyloric stenosis typically presents in infants between 2 to 6 weeks of age with projectile vomiting. **35. Volvulus** **Question**: What is a common radiographic sign seen in mid-gut volvulus? A. Bird's beak sign\ B. Double bubble sign\ C. Thumbprint sign\ D. Apple core sign\ **Answer**: B. Double bubble sign\ **Explanation**: The double bubble sign is commonly seen in cases of volvulus, indicating obstruction. **36. Gallstones** **Question**: What is the best initial imaging modality to diagnose gallstones? A. CT scan\ B. MRI\ C. Ultrasound\ D. X-ray\ **Answer**: C. Ultrasound\ **Explanation**: Ultrasound is the preferred initial imaging modality for diagnosing gallstones due to its sensitivity and non-invasive nature. **37. Hepatic Cirrhosis** **Question**: Which of the following is a common complication of hepatic cirrhosis? A. Portal hypertension\ B. Hyperglycemia\ C. Nephrolithiasis\ D. Hypothyroidism\ **Answer**: A. Portal hypertension\ **Explanation**: Portal hypertension is a common complication of hepatic cirrhosis, leading to ascites and esophageal varices. **38. Gastric Ulcers** **Question**: Which symptom is more commonly associated with gastric ulcers compared to duodenal ulcers? A. Weight gain\ B. Pain worsened by eating\ C. Nighttime pain\ D. Relief with antacids\ **Answer**: B. Pain worsened by eating\ **Explanation**: Gastric ulcer pain often worsens with eating, unlike duodenal ulcers, where pain may improve. **39. Appendicitis** **Question**: What is the initial symptom of appendicitis? A. RLQ pain\ B. Periumbilical pain\ C. Nausea\ D. Fever\ **Answer**: B. Periumbilical pain\ **Explanation**: Appendicitis often starts with periumbilical pain, which then localizes to the right lower quadrant. **40. Hemorrhoids** **Question**: What is a common presenting symptom of hemorrhoids? A. Black tarry stool\ B. Bright red blood per rectum\ C. Mucus in stool\ D. Steatorrhea\ **Answer**: B. Bright red blood per rectum\ **Explanation**: Hemorrhoids typically present with painless bright red blood during bowel movements. **41. Ulcerative Colitis** **Question**: What is a feared complication of ulcerative colitis? A. Fistula formation\ B. Toxic megacolon\ C. Malabsorption\ D. Weight gain\ **Answer**: B. Toxic megacolon\ **Explanation**: Toxic megacolon is a life-threatening complication of ulcerative colitis, characterized by extreme dilation of the colon. **42. Crohn\'s Disease** **Question**: Which feature is characteristic of Crohn\'s disease but not ulcerative colitis? A. Continuous lesions\ B. Cobblestone mucosa\ C. Rectal involvement\ D. Toxic megacolon\ **Answer**: B. Cobblestone mucosa\ **Explanation**: Crohn\'s disease often presents with a cobblestone appearance of the mucosa due to transmural inflammation. **43. Hepatitis A** **Question**: Hepatitis A is transmitted via which route? A. Blood\ B. Sexual contact\ C. Fecal-oral\ D. Airborne\ **Answer**: C. Fecal-oral\ **Explanation**: Hepatitis A is commonly transmitted via the fecal-oral route, especially through contaminated food or water. **44. Clostridium difficile Colitis** **Question**: Which is a common risk factor for developing C. difficile colitis? A. Recent antibiotic use\ B. High-fiber diet\ C. GERD\ D. Smoking\ **Answer**: A. Recent antibiotic use\ **Explanation**: Antibiotic use is a major risk factor for developing C. difficile colitis due to disruption of normal gut flora. **45. Peptic Ulcer Disease** **Question**: Which type of ulcer is more likely to cause weight gain due to eating for pain relief? A. Gastric ulcer\ B. Duodenal ulcer\ C. Esophageal ulcer\ D. Colonic ulcer\ **Answer**: B. Duodenal ulcer\ **Explanation**: Pain from a duodenal ulcer often improves with eating, which can lead to increased food intake and potential weight gain. **46. Cholecystitis** **Question**: Which imaging modality is the best initial test for acute cholecystitis? A. Abdominal X-ray\ B. CT scan\ C. MRI\ D. Abdominal ultrasound\ **Answer**: D. Abdominal ultrasound\ **Explanation**: Ultrasound is the preferred initial imaging test for acute cholecystitis due to its sensitivity and ability to detect gallstones and gallbladder inflammation. **47. Hepatic Encephalopathy** **Question**: Which of the following is a treatment option for hepatic encephalopathy? A. Ciprofloxacin\ B. Lactulose\ C. Proton pump inhibitors\ D. Loperamide\ **Answer**: B. Lactulose\ **Explanation**: Lactulose is used to reduce ammonia levels in the body, thereby treating hepatic encephalopathy. **48. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)** **Question**: Which of the following is commonly seen in patients with IBS? A. Bloody stools\ B. Nighttime diarrhea\ C. Constipation and diarrhea\ D. Steatorrhea\ **Answer**: C. Constipation and diarrhea\ **Explanation**: IBS is characterized by alternating periods of constipation and diarrhea, often accompanied by abdominal pain. **49. Achalasia** **Question**: Which of the following is a common treatment for achalasia? A. Esophageal dilation\ B. Antacids\ C. H2 blockers\ D. Proton pump inhibitors\ **Answer**: A. Esophageal dilation\ **Explanation**: Esophageal dilation is often used to treat achalasia by mechanically opening the lower esophageal sphincter. **50. Hemorrhoids** **Question**: Which of the following is recommended for symptomatic relief of hemorrhoids? A. High-protein diet\ B. Stool softeners\ C. Antibiotics\ D. Anti-emetics\ **Answer**: B. Stool softeners\ **Explanation**: Stool softeners are recommended to relieve constipation and reduce straining during bowel movements, providing relief from hemorrhoids. **51. Barrett\'s Esophagus** **Question**: Which condition is Barrett\'s esophagus most likely to progress to if left untreated? A. Esophageal stricture\ B. Esophageal adenocarcinoma\ C. Gastritis\ D. Diverticulosis\ **Answer**: B. Esophageal adenocarcinoma\ **Explanation**: Barrett\'s esophagus is a premalignant condition that can progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma if untreated. **52. Diverticulitis** **Question**: Which of the following is a potential complication of diverticulitis? A. Appendicitis\ B. Fistula formation\ C. Gastritis\ D. GERD\ **Answer**: B. Fistula formation\ **Explanation**: Complications of diverticulitis include fistula formation, abscesses, perforation, and peritonitis. **53. Celiac Disease** **Question**: Which type of anemia is most commonly associated with celiac disease? A. Iron deficiency anemia\ B. Sickle cell anemia\ C. Hemolytic anemia\ D. Macrocytic anemia\ **Answer**: A. Iron deficiency anemia\ **Explanation**: Iron deficiency anemia is commonly associated with celiac disease due to malabsorption of nutrients. **54. Peptic Ulcer Disease** **Question**: Which medication class is most effective in reducing gastric acid production for peptic ulcer disease? A. H2 receptor blockers\ B. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)\ C. Antacids\ D. NSAIDs\ **Answer**: B. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)\ **Explanation**: PPIs are the most effective class of drugs for reducing gastric acid production and promoting ulcer healing. **55. Clostridium difficile Infection** **Question**: Which antibiotic is used as a first-line treatment for Clostridium difficile colitis? A. Vancomycin\ B. Amoxicillin\ C. Metronidazole\ D. Ceftriaxone\ **Answer**: C. Metronidazole\ **Explanation**: Metronidazole is often used as a first-line treatment for mild to moderate cases of Clostridium difficile colitis. **56. Esophageal Varices** **Question**: What is the first-line treatment for actively bleeding esophageal varices? A. Octreotide\ B. Proton pump inhibitor\ C. Antibiotics\ D. ACE inhibitors\ **Answer**: A. Octreotide\ **Explanation**: Octreotide is a somatostatin analog that reduces portal hypertension and is used in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices. **57. Cholelithiasis** **Question**: What is the best method for the prevention of gallstones in high-risk individuals? A. Low-fat diet\ B. Increased dietary fiber\ C. High-protein diet\ D. Vitamin D supplementation\ **Answer**: A. Low-fat diet\ **Explanation**: A low-fat diet can help prevent gallstone formation by reducing the amount of bile needed for fat digestion. **58. Diverticulitis** **Question**: What is the treatment for uncomplicated diverticulitis? A. Surgery\ B. Broad-spectrum antibiotics\ C. Antacids\ D. Endoscopic dilation\ **Answer**: B. Broad-spectrum antibiotics\ **Explanation**: Uncomplicated diverticulitis is typically treated with oral broad-spectrum antibiotics to cover anaerobic and gram-negative bacteria. **59. Hepatitis D** **Question**: Hepatitis D requires which of the following to replicate? A. Hepatitis A\ B. Hepatitis B\ C. Hepatitis C\ D. HIV\ **Answer**: B. Hepatitis B\ **Explanation**: Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective virus that requires hepatitis B surface antigen for its replication. **60. Appendicitis** **Question**: What imaging study is most commonly used to diagnose appendicitis? A. Ultrasound\ B. Abdominal X-ray\ C. CT scan\ D. MRI\ **Answer**: C. CT scan\ **Explanation**: A CT scan is the preferred imaging study for diagnosing appendicitis due to its high sensitivity and specificity.