Contemporary Philippines Arts from the Regions PDF

CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINES ARTS FROM THE REGIONS Pre-Conquest Era Pre-Conquest In art historical terms, we refer to art before the coming of the first colonizers as “pre-conquest”. In stylistic terms, we refer to it as “indigenous” to emphasize the idea that our ancestors have been making art before...

CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINES ARTS FROM THE REGIONS Pre-Conquest Era Pre-Conquest In art historical terms, we refer to art before the coming of the first colonizers as “pre-conquest”. In stylistic terms, we refer to it as “indigenous” to emphasize the idea that our ancestors have been making art before colonization. It is also described as “pre-colonial” as a term to use for the general way of life before colonization. Although the terms are interchangeable, it is also useful to keep these distinctions in mind when studying the art of the past. Priot to colonization, art of the ancient Filipinos were woven in fabric of everyday life. They do not refert to “art” as we do today, that is, as an expression of an individual, and seen largely in museums and concert halls. They did not distinguish forms into differeng categories. Everyday expressions were all integrated within rituals that marked significant moments in a community’s life.  Aside from the communal functionality of indigenous art, creative forms such as pottery, weaving, carving, metalwork, and jewelry also embody aesthetic, technological, and ritual values that exist in various forms with the present. INSERT YUNAKA ROOSTER IMPRESSION  Art Forms during Pre-Conquest Era Our ancestors often told stories about their hunt as most of them were hunter-gatherers. They Story Telling imitated the movement of animals and prey, and the sounds they made. An example would be when they partitioned what they hunted and gathered and feasted on the Performing Rituals fish they caught or the pig that they slew. It marked the beginnings of literature. In time, they would learn to devise an alphabet and write Oral Story Telling stories about what they’ve hunted. Theater or Play Acting Imitation of the movements of the animals they’ve hunted. Music and Dance Our ancestors learned to add drum beating and attach a rhythm to their movements  Earliest Forms of Theater Mayvanuvanua A Ritual found in Batanes. A ritual found in the Cordillera Autonomous Region which is officiated by a shaman or mumbaki, the kanyaw also involves anima sacrifice, where the entrails are read through a process of divination that is Kanyaw performed either for healing, to announce the birth of a child, or a coming of age during wakes, weddings, and burial ceremonies. A ritual in Lake Lanao in Mindanao to ensure abundance during rice planting and harvesting, which is still Kashawing observed and performed. This ritual involves a reenactment of the pact made by the ancestors of the community and the unseen spirits that inhabit the lake. Found in Palawan, this ritual believes that every thirteenth moon, three goddesses descend from heaven Tagbanwa to bless the planting of rice. The shamans go into a trance amidst ritual chanting and dancing and are believed to be taken over by the goddesses themselves. Kudyapi A three stringed guitar. Kulintang An array of bossed gongs Gansa The Flat Gong Agong A Large Bossed Gong  Native Dance Forms A Dance from the Sulu Archipelago that is mimetic of the movement of Pangalay Seabirds. Mandaya’s Kinabua, The banog-banog of the Higaonon, and the B’laan Imitates the movement of communities, and the man-manok of the Bagobos predatory birds. A dance of the Ifugao which is used in courtship and is mimetic of the movements of the wild Talip Dance fowls The Inamong of the Matigsalugs and the Kadaliwas of the T’bolis representthe comedic Inamong and Kadaliwas movements of monkeys. The popular Tagalog folk dance, which is often showcased for toursists, is evocative of the Tinikling movements of the crane, balancing itself on stilt-like legs or flitting away from the clutches of the bamboo traps.  Native Carving Forms A carving from the people of Cordillera that is regarded as a granary Bulul god that plays an important role in rituals. The anthropomorphic bulul appears in containers, bowls, and spoons. A wooden bench from the Ifugaos that marks socioeconomic Hagabi status of the owners. Christianized communities in Laguna and Pampanga are known for Santos carving sculptures of saints as well as other wooden sculptures of secular or non-religious orientations. Okir/Ukil Curvilinear decorations in the Southern Philippines. Sensous figures sometimes painted in primary colors Sarimanok, Naga Pako Rabong follow their basic designs. Manunggul Jar Discovered in the Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point, Palawan, is dated to the late Neolithic Period (890 – 710 B.C.). It is a secondary burial vessel, where buried and exhumed bones are placed. Boxer Codex Featured representations of various ethnolinguistic groups in the 16th Century. An upper class Tagalog couple was portrayed wearing gold jewelry while the Visayans are shown as “Islas de los Pintados”. Lost Wax or Cire Perdue The design is achieved through a special technique of metal casting process which involves the use of moulds filled with liquefied metal that eventually hardens. Kendi A vessel used for pouring liquids. It has a round body with no handle, while the gadur is a container with tapered top, a round body, and a flared base. Islamic Colonial (13 th Century to the Present) Islamic Colonial (13th Century to the Present) Even before the coming of Spanish Colonizers, Islam was already well-entrenched in Southern Philippines, where it continues to be culturally dominant and strong. Islam was said to have gained significant grounding in Sulu as early as the 13th Century. However it was the arrival of Sayyid Abbubakar of Arabia in the 15th Century that led to a significant turn of events. Tahwid Unity of God This believe emphasizes the impermanence of nature and the incomprehensible greatness of the divine Being.  2 Aspects of Tahwid One The object perceived by the ordinary sense. The sense of nothingness, a space or a void empty of all things, to evoke that God is above and beyond all Two things. Mihrab or Qibla Example of architecture (Philippine Muslims) The Great Mosque of Mecca The dome tells us about how the order of the universe is imagined.  The Great Mosque of Mecca Octagonal Base Symbolizes the spirit Four-sided main base Refers to the earth or material world Located in the courtyard, a black shrine believed to be built by the Ka’bah Prophet Muhammad himself. Qiblah The direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays Serves the function of ablution, or cleansing before one Fountain enters the sacred space of the Mosque. Ukkil or Okkir Decorations found in Tausug and Sama houses, traditional boats, weapons, sunduk or gravemakers. Sakili Inclined to project, grow, or have an upward orientation, in tune with the regard for heaven and to veer from the ‘material world’ Spanish Colonial Period (1521 – 1898)  Spanish Colonial Period Central part of the islands were inhabited by ‘Lowland Christians’ Art flourished during the Spanish colonial period conformed to the demands of the church and the colonial state. Religious orders were dispatched to convert the natives to Catholicism. The art forms from that period are referred to stylistically and culturally as religious art, lowland Christian art, or folk art. Plaza Complex A place where natives were relocated, became a means of organizing and gaining control of the native complex. Municipio or local government office Designed according to the prescriptions of the government office and the church. Designed according to the prescriptions of the crown. Church Established its importance in people’s lives through its imposing scale and overall visual appeal. Cruciform Churches Follows the shape of how the Latin cross were built. Baroque Style Churches Characterized as grandeur, drama, and elaborate details that purposely appealed the emotions. Example of Baroque styled Churches San Agustin Church (Manila) Morong Church (Rizal) Paoay Church (Ilocos Norte) Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church (Miag-ao, Iloilo) Miag-ao Church The façade features St. Christopher surrounded by reliefs or relieves having tropical motifs like palm fronts and papaya trees.  Spanish Colonial Period Made of ivory or wood, the imagery of Saints would be based on classical Santo and baroque models. Chinese artisans, under Spanish supervision, were engaged in Artisans of Santos making icons or saints or santos in wood and ivory; building churches and houses, as well as furnitures. Location Cebu, Batangas, Manila, and Ilocos. A painting of the image of which was said to be inspired from Nuestra Senora del Rosario Kuanyin, the deity of mercy in East Asian Buddhism, located in Bohol. Retablo A decorative altar niche wherein Santos are displayed.