Philippine Arts: A Journey Through Time PDF

TASKS 1. Introduce your group in an artistic way 2. Each group will answer the following: What do you know about our subject Contemporary Arts? What do you WANT to know about our subject? 3. Each group will share the answers. Let us begin with the Pre-colonial arts or Indigenous arts. Thes...

TASKS 1. Introduce your group in an artistic way 2. Each group will answer the following: What do you know about our subject Contemporary Arts? What do you WANT to know about our subject? 3. Each group will share the answers. Let us begin with the Pre-colonial arts or Indigenous arts. These were the arts made by the people before the foreigners came to colonize our country. These are expressions integrated within rituals which were based from the significant moments of the people’s lives in the community like ceremonies, planting, harvesting and among others. Other forms were pottery, weaving, carving, metalwork, and jewelry which do exist at present Long time ago, our ancestors were hunter gatherers. The ritual of praying for strength and feasting on the animal that they caught was involved before. How did the different forms of art begin from these rituals? Literature started when they told their stories about how they hunted animals and devised alphabets for them to write their stories down. The theater started when they imitated how the animals moved. Music and dance started when they added the drum beating and assigned a beat to their movements. To illustrate some of these arts, we have the Cañao in the Cordillera Autonomous Region where animals are sacrificed for these purposes: healing, announcement of the birth of a child, or a coming of age during wakes, weddings, and burial ceremonies. Another is the ritual Kashawing in Lake Lanao in Mindanao which involves a re-enactment of the agreement made by the ancestors of the community and the unseen spirits that dwell in the lake. The Tagbanwa in Palawan believe that their planting of rice will be blessed by three goddesses who go down from heaven. The shamans go into spell while ritual chanting and dancing are going on which they believed that they are taken over by the goddesses. The people long time ago also possessed a vibrant musical culture. They had instruments such as pipes, flutes, zithers, drums, various string instruments like the kudyapi, a three stringed guitar, the kulintang – an array of bossed gongs, the gansa or flat gong, bamboo percussion instruments and the agong, a largebossed gong. In terms of dance movements, they mimic movements of the animals, humans, and elements from nature. To name some, we have the Pangalay from the Sulu archipelago which is imitative of the movement of the seabirds. We also have the Mandaya’s kinabua, the banog-banog of the Higaonon and of the B’laan communities, and the man-manok of the Bagobos of Mindanao which copy the movement of the seabirds. In Ifugao, the talip dance which is used in courtship would mimic the movements of the wild fowls. The funny movements of the monkeys are likewise imitated by the Matigsalugs in their inamong dance and the T’bolis in their kadaliwas dance. A popular Tagalog folk dance which is often shown to tourists is the Tinikling which is like the movements of the crane in which the dancers must be alert always so they won’t be clutched by the bamboo traps. The Filipinos before colonization carved images like the bulul of the Cordilleran. This image is a granary god that plays an important role in rituals. You can also see this image in containers, bowls, and spoons. Another image, a wooden bench produced by the Ifugaos that marks the socioeconomic status of the owner, is called Hagabi. We also have the sculpture of saints called Santos which were carved by Christian Communities in Laguna and Pampanga. In Southern Philippine, there are curvilinear decorations called Okir (Ukkil) in Tausug/Samal/Badjao. The torogan which is the ancestral home of a sultan or the highest titleholder in a Maranao village has its protruding beams or the panolong designed with okir. With regards to pottery, there was a jar that was discovered in Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point, Palawan which was a secondary burial vessel where buried bones were positioned. This is named as the Manunggul Jar of the late Neolithic period (890-710 BC). This jar, with reddish hematite and carved with curvilinear designs and with two anthropomorphic or human forms atop the lid, was being transported by a paddling man and this is a representation to a travel to the afterlife. Another burial jar was found in Ayuv Cave in Maitum, Saranggani province during the Metal Age (5 BC – 225 AD) where the human figure is more noticeable in this jar. Other forms of pottery used before were the palayok used for cooking, banga and tapayan used for fermenting food or keeping liquids. In Vigan,one which is valued in Ilocos as part of its creative industry is the traditional Pagbuburnay. Textiles are not only useful, but they also convey about the belief systems of the people: the respect for spirits and nature, criteria for the beautiful, and the structure of socio- politics in their society. In traditional weaving, the people get the fibers from plants like cotton, abaca, and pineapple leaves and they extract the pigments from clay, roots, and leaves of plants. They use a backstrap loom or a pedal loom to weave designs that hold special meaning for a particular cultural group. To name some we have the pis siyabit which is a Tausug headpiece woven in Sulu. The malong is a woven textile from Maranao with exquisite tapestry panels called langkit woven in Lanao del Sur. The colorful double-layered tepo mat in Sama of Tawi-Tawi is made of pandan leaves. In Itbayat, Batanes, there are baskets which are made of nito and bamboo which are used as head sling to carry harvests. They are called the Ovaloid Baskets. There are sturdy bamboo strips that are woven to create fish traps in Ilocos region, and they are called bubo. The Filipinos adorned their bodies through tattoos and jewelries. Jewelries were worn by upper class Tagalogs while tattoos were seen among the Visayans, corroborating early accounts that referred to the Visayas as “Islas de los Pintados”. Aside from the idea that tattooing is an art, a tattoo was given importance because it was believed to guard the individual from evil spirits, and in some cases, it was considered as a mark of maturity and bravery. Those who practice tattooing include Kalinga, Kankanaey, Ibaloy and Ifugao. With regards to jewelries, it is believed that the wearer becomes more attractive to the opposite sex in as much as it is considered pleasing to the gods. The T’boli are known to wear brass chains, bells, and colorful beads to complete their elaborate ensemble. The people from Maranao of Lanao del Sur produce the lotoans or betel nut boxes of various shapes, made of brass or bronze giving attention to details to this metalwork. Other examples are the kendi and the gandur which are status symbols or as heirloom pieces. The kendi is a vessel used for pouring liquids while the gadur is a container with a tapered top, a round body, and a flared base. (Flaudetee May Datuin 2016)  WHAT IS ART? expression of feelings, imagination, and creativity of an individual  WHAT IS ART? “Art is the ability to “Art is the make connections, perception of value “To me, art is a tell a story, and in a creation that creative expression inspire others touches, inspires with a purpose”. through the usage appreciation, and Lindsay Bass, of color, music, enriches the human double major in movement, and experience”. – Mechanical craftsmanship”. – Wallace Easter, Engineering and Daveisha Gibson, Associate Professor, Vocal Performance. M.F.A Candidate in Music- Horn Arts Leadership  WHAT IS ART? As to the historical and chronological overview suggested by Arts Studies “Art is our first Professors Fajardo and language … It is a Flores titled Historical Overview of Philippine Art universal (2002), during the Postwar language.” Willie Republic (1946-1969) are the modern, conservative, Caldwell, M.F.A. abstract, experimental and Candidate in Arts public art while during the Leadership 70s – Contemporary are the Figurative, non-figurative art, multimedia, mixed media and transmedia.  PRE-COLONIAL TIMES arts were for rituals and daily use Caña o Kashawi ng  PRE-COLONIAL TIMES Kulinta Agun ng g Gans a  PRE-COLONIAL TIMES Banog Banog Pangalay Dance Dance Manmanok dance  PRE-COLONIAL TIMES Talip Haga Dance bi Carving: Bulul  PRE-COLONIAL TIMES Panolong – okir Bang designs a Manunggul Jar  PRE-COLONIAL TIMES Tapay an Textile Weaving: Pis Malon siyabit g  PRE-COLONIAL TIMES Mat and Basket Weaving Tepo Mat Ovaloid Baskets  PRE-COLONIAL TIMES Ornamentat ion Tattoos T’boli brass chain bells Islamic Colonial (13th century to the present) In Islamic art, the artists were influenced by the doctrine of Tawhid or unity of God. This belief emphasizes the greatness of the divine being. Through the abstract forms of patterns in the interior of the mosques, the believers can concentrate mentally, thus divine unity is achieved In regards to architecture, all Islamic buildings are required to follow Tawhid and other Islamic beliefs. Some parts of the mosque like the niche or mihrab must face the west, must be oriented toward Mecca to show oneness with other Islamic communities. Islamic Colonial (13th century to the present) Okir decorations can be seen in Tausug and Sama houses, traditional boats, weapons, musical instruments, and in textiles. It has been observed that Islamic arts are in upward orientation like the panolong in torogan, the royal shelter of Maranao, with the regard for heaven and in turning away from the “material earth.” (Flaudetee May Datuin 2016) Islamic Colonial (13th century to the present) Mihra Oki b r Islamic Colonial (13th century to the present)  Spanish Colonial Period (1521 – 1898) Most of the art forms during this era were religious arts for the purpose of converting the Filipinos to Catholicism. Churches were a combination of both native and European elements that is why art historians refer the style as colonial baroque or Philippine baroque. Inside the churches were images of saints made out of wood or ivory. They are displayed in decorative altars called the retablo. They brought western musical instruments like the violin, pipe organ, the guitar and the piano. They also introduced the pasyon or pabasa which is the biblical narration of Christ’s passion in an improvised melody Spanish Colonial Period (1521 – 1898) Retabl o  Spanish Colonial Period (1521 – 1898) The awit and corrido grew among the lowland Christian communities of Pampanga, Ilocos, Bicol and Iloilo. These were secular musical forms based from European literature and history that were chanted stories popular among the peasants. What also evolved during this period are the kundiman and the balitao. The balitao are sentimental love songs. The kundiman is a song where the lyrics talks about the love that is not reciprocated. It also spoke of resignation and fatalism. An example is Kundiman ni Abdon, a kundiman which is a protest against the Martial Law in the seventees and the song Bayan Ko which became popular during the EDSA Revolution.  Spanish Colonial Period (1521 – 1898) The Baybayin written on a big stone that was discovered in Ticao, Leyte was believed to be a prayer intended for a safe journey by the sea. In Mindoro, the Mangyans etched Baybayin script on the smaller nodes of bamboo poles to write poems of courtship and emotional concerns.  Spanish Colonial Period (1521 – 1898) During this era, religious processions where Catholic saints and scenes from the bible were prevalent. During the 19th century, the zarzuela or sarsuwela, a popular form of musical theater, an operetta of singing and dancing together with prose dialogues was introduced by the Spaniards. At first zarzuela were in Spanish and later they had the local one that is why it was termed sarsuwela. Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan were the most distinguished playwrights with Atang dela Rama as their leading actress. Spanish Colonial Period (1521 – 1898) Zarzuel a  Spanish Colonial Period (1521 – 1898) Other forms of arts during this period are the local theater forms like senakulo, komedya, moro-moro, and the folk music and dance like the cariñosa, pandanggo, polka, dansa and rigodon. The first senakulo which was the biblical account of Christ’s passion and death on the cross was written by Gaspar Aquino de Belen in 1704. The komedya is categorized into two namely: komedya de santo or religious komedya and secular komedya. The first category focuses on the life of Christ or any saint where the actors with extravagant costumes choreographed the war scenes. The moro-moro is an example of the second one involving a love story between a Christian and a Muslim expressed in verse and clashes between them in dance form resulting to the conversion and baptism of the Muslim character, then wedding followed. The folk music and dance were traced from habañera, jota and tango dance from Spain.  Spanish Colonial Period (1521 – 1898) Doctrina Christiana was the first printed book in the Philippines containing song lyrics, commandments, sacraments and other catechetical materials. As we can observe, Spanish colonial period was mostly religious art. American Colonial Period (1898-1940) to the Postwar Republic (1946-1969) Since the Americans taught their language in the public school, Filipinos wrote plays in English like the one written by Lino Castillejo and Jesus Araullo in 1915 entitled A Modern Filipina, the first ever play written in English. American Colonial Period (1898-1940) to the Postwar Republic (1946-1969) Since the Americans taught their language in the public school, Filipinos wrote plays in English like the one written by Lino Castillejo and Jesus Araullo in 1915 entitled A Modern Filipina, the first ever play written in English. During this period, the Americans introduced the Vaudeville that originated from France and became popular in the Philippines and was locally called bodabil. This is actually a collection of slapsticks, songs, dances, acrobatics, comedy skits, chorus girls, magic acts, and stand-up comic acts. American Colonial Period (1898-1940) to the Postwar Republic (1946-1969) Vaudevill e American Colonial Period (1898-1940) to the Postwar Republic (1946-1969) In the realm of architecture, the architect and urban planner Daniel Burnham was commissioned by the American government to design Baguio and Manila. He implemented the Burnham plan and employed Neoclassic architecture. This is for its government buildings, parks, and lawns. Neoclassic architecture may include decorative sculptural elements housed in a pediment as shown by the National Art Gallery. Some Filipinos were trained in the US or in Europe to design buildings during this period. They were Tomas Mapua, Juan Arellano, Andres Luna de San Pedro and Antonio Toledo. American Colonial Period (1898-1940) to the Postwar Republic (1946-1969) Some of the artworks during this period were the Oblation (1935 original/1958 bronze cast found at the Up Oblation Plaza) at the University of the Philippines and the Bonifacio Monument which consisted of life size figures in dynamic poses demonstrating restraint, formality and elegance in a historical tableau, 1933 in Caloocan. Both of these artworks were done by Guillermo Tolentino. Fabian dela Rosa painted Planting Rice in 1921 and El Kundiman in 1930. Fernando Amorsolo did a lot of portraits of prominent individuals and was a graphic artist of the textbook series The Philippine Readers, made illustrations for the newspaper The Independent the logo design for Ginebra San Miguel where a saint trampled on a devil. This logo helped him study Fine Arts in Spain thru a grant given by the company National Artist Victorio Edades painted in 1928 The Builders which presented distorted figures of labouring workers. (Flaudetee May Datuin 2016) American Colonial Period (1898-1940) to the Postwar Republic (1946-1969) Oblati on Planting Rice  Japanese Occupation (1941 – 1945) The Japanese led the propaganda movement that would reject the Western traditions. Art production was under the scrutiny of the Japanese government. Expressions which were subversive by nature or anti- Japanese would tantamount to torture and even death Felipe de Leon wrote Awit sa Paglikha ng Bagong Pilipinas, the anthem which spoke of the loyalty to the nation reared in East Asia where Japan was actively asserting its political power. It was said that he had been “commanded at the point of the gun” in writing this anthem.  Japanese Occupation (1941 – 1945) Genre paintings especially those expressing a neutral relationship between the Filipinos and the Japanese showing the normality of life were the most widely produced. The Japanese also preferred indigenous and pre-colonial traditions. Examples of these are Crispin Lopez’ study of an Aeta, 1943 and Amorsolo’s bombing of the Intendencia, 1942 and the Ruins of the Manila Cathedral, 1945  Neo-Realism, Abstraction, and Other Modern Art Styles The artists during this period wanted to produce works of art that would reflect their national identity, an art that would expose the “true social conditions” of the period. A group of artists showed a new kind of modernism and this was observed by artist-writer E. Aguilar Cruz who named the movement Neo-Realism. Many of these artists focused on folk themes and made commentaries on the urban condition and the effects of war. The National Artist associated with this period were Manansala, Legaspi and HR Ocampo. Manasala’s The Beggars, 1952 presents two thin women with sad faces against a dark background indicating the dullness of poverty. Most of Manansala’s paintings are characterized by transparent cubism, a style of soft fragmentation of figures using transparent planes. Legaspi’s Gadgets II, 1949 shows half-naked men surrounded by machines depicting their hardship, their expressionless faces as they function like machines. Most of Legaspi’s artworks have distorted images by stretching or making rotund forms in a well-ordered composition. Ocampo’s The Contrast, 1940, is a figurative artwork that reveals human conditions amid the environment of modernity. He is recognized with his combination of geometric and biomorphic shapes with lively colors.  Neo-Realism, Abstraction, and Other Modern Art Styles In 1950, churches of modern architectural structures were constructed. Among them were the Church of the Holy Sacrifice, 1955 and the Church of the Risen Lord that made use of concrete material and tried on rounded or parabolic forms. Another modern art that arose during this period is abstraction which consists of simplified forms and avoided copied representation. It highlighted the relationship of color, line and space or the flatness of the canvas rather an illusion of three dimensionality. An example of this kind of art is Arturo Luz’ Street Musicians, 1952 who used stark linear elements and who trimmed down the figures into lines and basic shapes. Fernando Zobel made use of used syringe in his paintings. In the artworks of Constancio Bernardo and Lee Aguinaldo were solid geometric shapes and color fields Neo-Realism, Abstraction, and Other Modern Art Styles Abstra ct  Neo-Realism, Abstraction, and Other Modern Art Styles When Martial Law was declared during the time of former President Ferdinand Marcos, there was a rebirth of a long-lost civilization and aspiration to modernization and development. The vision was to propagate and implement an art and culture program that combined fine arts, architecture, interior design, tourism, convention city building, engineering, urban planning, health and among others. This optimism and rebirth were observed in the composition of Bagong Pagsilang by Levi Celerio and Felipe de Leon Padilla.  Neo-Realism, Abstraction, and Other Modern Art Styles Cultural Center of the Philippines was the entity in charge of the implementation of art acquisition, exhibition making, workshops, grants and awards. Leandro Locsin, chief architect of Imelda Marcos designed this modernist building as a cross between the bahay kubo and art minimalist structures. Other edifices built during this period were the CCP Complex, Folk Arts Theater, PICC, Tahanang Filipino, Manila Film Center. Most of the buildings used concrete block- like forms suggestive of the Modern style while the others used vernacular elements as a way of reviving Filipino traditions (Flaudetee May Datuin 2016).  Social Realism This is the period of the 70s and 80s in which the art form was a protest art that exposed the socio-political issues and struggles at this time. The focus was on the oppressed, marginalized and underrepresented people who experienced inequality and forms of repression. Art was not only expressed through painting but also posters and murals in the streets. The Salingpusa, a group of UP students, who became popular in the 80’s, made collaborative murals where Social Realism could be felt. The members of this group are Elmer Borlongan, Karen Ocampo Flores, Emmanuel Garibay, Mark Justiniani, Lito Mondejar, and Federico Sievert. There was also a group of political artists in Bacolod named Pamilya Pintura whose members were Nunelucio Alvarado, Charlie Co, and Norberto Roldan.  Social Realism Some of the varied contemporary art forms of expressions were Ang Kiukok’s dogfight paintings hinting of conflict and aggression, Santiago Bose’s ethnicity, identity and alternative historical narratives who drew insight from his native Baguio, Roberto Feleo’s creation stories drawn from indigenous myths with foreign interventions like altar niches used to house saints, and Brenda Fajardo’s histories of ethnic communities through her tarot card series. Another one is entitled Cutting Onions Always Makes Me Cry, (1988) by Julie LLuch from Iligan city who would often emphasize her female identity and personal experiences in many of her terracotta works. Her self-portrait presents cooking, a role associated with women in the home as oppressive and unpleasant. Nelia Querubin-Tompkins, a ceramist, has experimented with iron-rich San Dionisio clay sourced from her native Iloilo. Social Realism  Social Realism The coarse clay is prepared by mixing it with river sand and lead glaze to create elegant black pottery. Ricarte Purugganan depicted nature as an uncontrollable force in Toilers of the Sea, 1980, the thick turquoise brushwork suggests the rough rolling of the waves threatening to engulf anything that comes its way. Lirio Salvador, Cavite based artist, fuses easily accessible objects like machine discards, bicycle parts, and kitchen implements to form an assemblage. He would often include synthesizers and guitar strings to convert these artworks into functional instruments. Benedicto Cabrera, a National Artist, painted Brown Brother’s Burden,1970, approximates the look of an old photograph which presents an aspect of colonial history from the gaze of the colonized (Flaudetee May Datuin 2016)  Various Contemporary Art Forms Fine or Aesthetic (Major) Arts are primarily for aesthetic enjoyment through the senses, especially visual and auditory. It is changing certain materials or media for aesthetic pleasure. Visual Arts is a form of art that uses any medium to represent the artist’s idea, emotion and imagination. Examples are painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, drawing, printmaking, design, video, film making and photograph Various Contemporary Art Forms  Various Contemporary Art Forms Practical or Utilitarian (Minor) arts are intended for practical use or utility. It is the changing of raw materials for utilitarian purposes. However, they must possess ornaments or artistic qualities to make them useful and beautiful. Industrial Art is the changing of raw materials into some significant product for human consumption or use. Examples of this are shell-craft, bamboo-craft, leather-craft, shoe-making, pottery-making, sheet – metalwork, and manufacture of automobiles, home appliances and television sets Various Contemporary Art Forms  Various Contemporary Art Forms Applied or Household Art refers mostly to household arts such as flower arrangement, interior decoration, dressmaking, embroidery, cooking and others.  Various Contemporary Art Forms Civic Art includes municipal or town planning, maintenance and beautification of parks, plazas, roads, bridges and farms. It refers to civic planning and beautification in order to improve the standards of living  Various Contemporary Art Forms Commercial Art involves business propaganda in the form of advertisements in newspapers and magazines, sign painting, billboard announcements, leaflets, displays, poster designing, movie illustrations and many more  Various Contemporary Art Forms A category of fine art, graphic art covers a broad range of visual artistic expression, typically two-dimensional, i.e. produced on a flat surface. Graphic art further includes calligraphy, photography, painting, typography, computer graphics, and bindery.  Various Contemporary Art Forms Calligraphy (from Greek: καλλιγραφία) is a visual art related to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a broad-tipped instrument, brush, or other writing instrument. Modern calligraphy ranges from functional inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the letters may or may not be readable. Computer graphics is the branch of computer science that deals with generating images with the aid of computers. Today, computer graphics is a core technology in digital photography, film, video games, cell phone and computer display, and many specialized applications.  Various Contemporary Art Forms Typography is the art of arranging letters and text in a way that makes the copy legible, clear, and visually appealing to the reader. Typography involves font style, appearance, and structure, which aims to elicit certain emotions and convey specific messages. In short, typography is what brings thetext to life Bindery refers to a studio, workshop or factory where sheets of (usually) paper are fastened together to make books, but also where gold and other decorative elements are added to the exterior of books, where boxes or books are made and where the restoration of books is carried out Various Contemporary Art Forms  Various Contemporary Art Forms Agricultural Art refers to agronomy (crop production), horticulture (garden or orchard cultivation), husbandry (raising of cows, carabaos, poultry and swine) and farming.  Various Contemporary Art Forms Business Art includes merchandising, accounting, bookkeeping, typewriting, stenography, salesmanship and business administration  Various Contemporary Art Forms Fishery Art includes shallow and deep-sea fishing, fish refrigeration and culture, net weaving  Various Contemporary Art Forms Medical or Clinical Art includes first aid treatments, medicinal manufacturing, surgery, medical operations, rehabilitation and others. It is a diverse, multidisciplinary field dedicated to transforming health and the healthcare experience through arts. Medicine is an applied science, and its practice is an art