Simplified Human Circulatory System PDF

Human Circulatory System Parts and Organs of the Human Circulatory System Blood Cells: Platelets, Red and White Blood Cells Body Circulation: Pulmonary and Systemic Disorders and Diseases of the Human Circulatory System 1A. The Heart As we discussed the resp...

Human Circulatory System Parts and Organs of the Human Circulatory System Blood Cells: Platelets, Red and White Blood Cells Body Circulation: Pulmonary and Systemic Disorders and Diseases of the Human Circulatory System 1A. The Heart As we discussed the respiratory system in the last lesson, the circulatory system is as important as the respiratory system, let us learn more about the Circulatory System. The main function of our heart is to pump blood all over our body, our heart is mainly composed with 4 chambers, Left and Right Atrium (Upper Chambers) and Left and Right Ventricle (Lower Chambers) (Figure 1.1) Heart Anatomy Our heart is about the size of our clench fist. The two upper chambers, their goal is to receive blood coming into the heart, and the lower chambers pump blood out of the heart. If we search the internet we could see images of the heart being separated by two colors: blue and red, the blue part of the heart is where the right atrium and ventricle sits and vice versa for red. Our right atrium and ventricle contains Deoxygenated Blood (oxygen-poor) and our left atrium and ventricle contains Oxygenated Blood (O2 Rich). Our heart also contains valves and like the chambers, 4 for each side. With the Right Side: tricuspid valve and Aortic semilunar valve. Now let's head to the left side: Pulmonary Semilunar Valve and Bicuspid Valve/ Mitral Valve. The function of our valves in the heart is to prevent the backward flow of blood. This are the facts to take note: - Our heart is about the size of our clenched fist - Our heart pumps about 70 ml of blood per beat this means around 5.2 L to 5.4 L per minute 1B. Blood Vessels of The Circulatory System Our body has blood vessels to help transport the blood all throughout the body but what are these blood vessels? - Arteries: these blood vessels are the ones who carries blood away from the heart, Aorta: Biggest Artery of our body, it is located at the lower-left chamber/Left ventricle of our heart, Arterioles: these are considered as the smallest artery in our body and they are linked to the capillaries even smaller than arterioles, All artery carries Oxygenated Blood - Veins: The main function of this blood vessel is to carry deoxygenated blood back to our heart. Superior Vena Cava and Inferior Vena Cava: This alongside with the inferior vena cava/cavae are the largest veins throughout our Body they are pathways of blood that connects to our heart to let the carried deoxygenated blood, flow to the lungs. Like the arteries veins also has the smallest vein: Venules these like our arterioles is linked up to our capillaries, but unlike the arterioles they receive blood from capillaries and deliver them to the Vena Cava - Capillaries: Our Venules and Arterioles are connected to the smallest blood vessel called the Capillaries. The walls of the capillaries are only one cell thick, sounds really impractical but Let me provide you with an answer: This allow the oxygen and other nutrients to diffuse through the capillary walls and into the body cells and also vice versa for carbon dioxide and waste products produced 2A: The Blood “River of Life” Our Blood isn’t just randomly called the River of Life for no reason so let us see the function it provides. 1. Transport of dissolved gasses, nutrients, hormones and metabolic wastes https://byjus.com/question-answer/the-dissolved-substances-such-as-food-gluco se-and-oxygen-can-enter-into-the-cell-whereas/ 2. Protection against toxins, pathogens, and blood loss injuries. https://www.blood.co.uk/news-and-campaigns/the-donor/latest-stories/functions-o f-blood-its-role-in-the-immune-system/#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20key%20fun ctions,produces%20more%20white%20blood%20cells. 3. Stabilization of body temperature https://byjus.com/question-answer/blood-can-regulate-the-temperature-of-the-bo dy-truefalse/ 4. Regulation of pH through the blood buffering system and electrolyte composition of interstitial fluids throughout the body Figure 1.2: RBCs, WBCs, and Platelet Figure 1.3: Composition of Blood 2B. All about Blood Cells - Blood Plasma: Plasma is the liquid component of our blood that contributes 55% of our blood's total volume. Plasma is necessary to help your body recover from injury, distribute nutrients, remove waste and prevent infection, while moving throughout your circulatory system - Red Blood Cells: RBCs are also called erythrocytes (erythro means “red” and cytes means “cells”. There are about 5 to 6 million RBCs in each cubic millimeter of blood and it is produced by the Bone Marrow. RBCs live for around 120 Days or 4 Months, they also contain the red chemical pigment called hemoglobin. About 2 to 3 million RBCs are produced in the long marrow of bones and also same amount of it dies in the same amount of time - White Blood Cells: WBCs aka leukocytes (leuko means “white”) these cells are all colorless larger than RBCs but fewer in numbers and the ratio for WBCs to RBCs are 700:1, each WBCs are also irregularly shaped and contains a nucleus. The function of WBCs is to protect us from bacteria, etc. Sadly with Great power comes great responsibility they only live for a few days - Blood Platelets: also called as thrombocytes are not really cells but fragment of cytoplasm with nucleus from large bone marrow cells also know as megakaryocytes, They play the role of clotting our blood when a blood vessel is damaged, fibrinogen ( a protein in the blood plasma ) they form a sticky substance called fibrin, they trap platelets to help us heal wounds 3AB. Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation Pulmonary Circulation: transport oxygen depleted blood to the lung to collect oxygen and flows back to the heart Systemic Circulation: their main function is to carry oxygen and nutrients throughout our body and return to our right chambers of our heart for the Pulmonary Circulation Both of these function together to maintain our body oxygen levels up let us see The Process of these: 4ABC: Blood Vessels, Heart and Blood diseases and Disorders - Atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis is a pattern of the disease arteriosclerosis, characterized by development of abnormalities called lesions in walls of arteries. This is a chronic inflammatory disease involving many different cell types, and driven by elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood forming plaque. - Stroke: Stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. Both cause parts of the brain to stop functioning properly - Coronary Heart Disease: Coronary artery disease, also called coronary heart disease, ischemic heart disease, myocardial ischemia, or simply heart disease, involves the reduction of blood flow to the cardiac muscle due to build-up of atherosclerotic plaque in the arteries of the heart. It is the most common of the cardiovascular diseases - Hypertensive Heart Disease: Hypertensive heart disease is a condition resulting from chronic high blood pressure, causing structural and functional changes in the left ventricle, left atrium, and coronary arteries. This can lead to left ventricle hypertrophy, which can lead to heart failure and increased morbidity and mortality. - Rheumatic Heart Disease: is a condition where the heart valves have been permanently damaged by rheumatic fever. The heart valve damage may start shortly after untreated or undertreated streptococcal infection, such as strep throat or scarlet fever. An immune response causes an inflammatory condition in the body. This can result in ongoing valve damage - Hemophilia: Hemophilia is a rare disorder in which the blood doesn't clot in the typical way because it doesn't have enough blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors). If you have hemophilia, you might bleed for a longer time after an injury than you would if your blood clotted properly - Anemia: Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy red blood cells. If you have anemia, your body does not get enough oxygen-rich blood. The lack of oxygen can make you feel tired or weak. You may also have shortness of breath, dizziness, headaches, or an irregular heartbeat - Leukemia: Leukemia is a type of cancer found in your blood and bone marrow and is caused by the rapid production of abnormal white blood cells. These abnormal white blood cells are not able to fight infection and impair the ability of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells and platelets.Leukemia can be either acute or chronic