Building Utilities 1 - Week 6-9 - ULOa - PDF

Week 4-6: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected to (a) Acquire knowledge of the parts and function of sewage disposal system. (b) Acquire knowledge of the parts and function of storm drainage system. (c) Distinguish plumbing fixtures, appurtenances, applian...

Week 4-6: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected to (a) Acquire knowledge of the parts and function of sewage disposal system. (b) Acquire knowledge of the parts and function of storm drainage system. (c) Distinguish plumbing fixtures, appurtenances, appliances, and accessories. (d) Recognize plumbing materials, tools, and fittings. BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS ! ULO(a). Acquire knowledge of the parts and function of Sewage Disposal System. METALANGUAGE We are now in Module 2! Doing great! Awesome progress! Now, we are about to explore the Sewage Disposal System. One of the most essential building services you must be well-knowledgeable when collaborating with allied professionals as soon as you become an architect. Here are the most essential terms/concepts relevant to study this unit learning outcome (ULOa) to establish a common frame of reference as we further elaborate discussion in the next section. Sewage Disposal System A system of collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal of sewage. Sewage Any liquid waste containing animal or vegetable matter in suspension or solution. It may include liquids containing chemicals in solution. Sewer A pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and wastewater. Public Sanitary Sewer A common sewer which all abutters have equal rights of connection. Public Toilet A toilet facility located at public places like markets, bus stations, building, etc. intended for public use. Drainage System All the piping within a public or private premise which conveys sewage, rainwater, or other liquid wastes to a point of disposal. A drainage system does not include the mains of public sewer systems or a private or public sewage treatment or disposal plant. Individual Sewage Disposal System An excreta disposal system serving a dwelling unit. Communal Excreta Disposal System An excreta disposal system serving a group of dwelling units. 46 | AR 213 Seepage Pit or Cesspool or Dry Well A hole in the ground curbed with stones, bricks, concrete hollow blocks or other materials laid in such a manner as to allow raw contaminated sewage to leach into the soil. The organic wastes accumulate and finally disposed of by disintegration process. Distribution Line of a Leaching Tile System The pipe from within the distribution box to the drain field. Distribution Box A small concrete receptacle between the septic tank and the drain field in which lines of drain tiles extends and which acts as surge tank to distribute the flow of sewage equally to each line of drain tiles. Domestic Sewage The sewage containing human excrement and other liquid household wastes. Also called sanitary sewage. Sanitary Drainage and Vent Piping Systems The sanitary and vent piping system are installed by the plumber to remove the wastewater and waste-borne waste from the plumbing fixtures and appliances, and to provide circulation of air within the drainage piping. Stack A general term used for any vertical line of soil, waste, or vent piping. Soil Pipe A pipe that conveys the discharge of water closets or similar fixtures containing fecal matter, with or without the discharge of other fixtures to the building drain or building sewer. Soil Stack Any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal or fixtures having similar function, with or without the discharge of other fixtures to the building drain or building sewer. Waste Pipe A pipe that conveys only liquid waste free of fecal matter. Branch Any part of the piping system other than the main, riser or stack. Building Drain or House Drain That part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which receives the discharge from soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside a building and conveys it to the building sewer/ house sewer. Building Sewer or House Sewer That part of the drainage system that extends from the end of the building drain and conveys its discharge to the public sewer, private sewer, individual sewage disposal system, or other appropriate point of disposal. Extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the street sewer or to any point of discharge and conveying the drainage of one building site. Drainage Fittings A special type of fitting or fittings utilized in the drainage system. Drainage fittings are like cast iron fittings, except that instead of having a bell and spigot, drainage fittings are recessed and tapped to eliminate ridges on the inside of the installed pipe. Deadend A branch leading from a soil, waste or vent pipe, a building drain, or a building sewer, and terminating at a developed length of 2 feet or more by means of a plug, cap, or other closed fitting. 47 | AR 213 Drain Any pipe that carries wastewater or waterborne wastes in a building drainage system. Air Break The physical separation between a waste pipe and an indirect waste receptor or device indirectly connected. Back Flow The flow of water or wastewater in pipes in a reverse direction from the intended. Back Pressure A pressure within the sanitary drainage system or vent piping system that is greater than the atmospheric pressure (>14.7 psi). Back Siphonage The flowing by negative pressure of contaminated or polluted water from a plumbing fixture into a potable water system. Branch Interval A vertical length of soil or waste stack at least eight feet in height (a storey height), within which the horizontal branches from one storey or floor of the building or structure are connected to a stack. Indirect Waste Pipe A waste pipe that does not connect directly with the drainage system but conveys wastes by discharging into a plumbing fixture or receptacle, which is directly connected to the drainage system, e.g. refrigerator waste pipe, drinking fountain waste pipe, etc. Insanitary A condition contrary to sanitary principles or injurious to health. Main The principal pipe to which the branches may be connected. Privy An outhouse or structure used for the deposition of excrement. Public Sewer A sewer in which all owners of abutting properties have equal rights and is controlled by public authority. Septic Tank A watertight receptacle which the discharge of sanitary plumbing system or part thereof, designed and constructed to retain solids, digest organic matter through a period of detention and to allow the liquids to discharge into the soil outside of the tank through a system of open jointed subsurface piping or a seepage pit. Sludge Solid organic matter that are denser than water and settle at the bottom of the septic tank. Scum Lighter organic material that rise to the surface of the water. Effluent It is the liquid content of sewage. Manhole An opening constructed in any part of plumbing system, of sufficient size for a person to gain access thereto. Siphonage A suction created by the flow of liquids in pipes; a pressure less than the atmospheric pressure. 48 | AR 213 Sump A tank or pit below the normal grade of gravity receiving liquid wastes or sewage from which the wastes or sewage must be mechanically pumped to a higher receiving point. Ventilation The process of supplying or removing air by natural or artificial means to or from any space, such air may or may have not been conditioned. Vent A pipe installed to provide a flow of air to or from a drainage system or to provide circulation of air within such system to protect the trap seal from siphonage and backpressure. Vent System A system of pipes or openings used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for reducing the pressure exerted on the traps. Vent Pipe A pipe attached to drainage pipes near one or more traps, which lead to outside air, e.g. connection to a vent stack. Vent Stack or Main Vent A vertical vent pipe installed primarily for the purpose of providing circulation of air to and from any part of the building drainage system. Stack Vent or Soil and Waste Vent The extension (to the open air) of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal branch drain or fixture branch connected to the stack. Individual or Back Vent Sometimes referred to as individual back vent of revent. It is a type of venting system where the vent connects with a single fixture trap, usually at the back and extends vertically and connects with a stack vent, a vent stack, or a branch vent. Unit or Common or Dual or Duplex Vent As the name implies, a common vent pipe is connected to a dual fixture trap. Circuit Vent A branch vent which serves two or more traps and extends from in front of the last fixture connection of a horizontal branch to the vent stack. Loop Vent or Venting Loop A vent arrangement for a group of plumbing fixtures; consists of a vent pipe which is connected to the waste or soil branch immediately before the first fixture of the group. Looped Vent A type of ventilation system used on fixtures in a room away from a wall or partition. Yoke Vent A pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack to a vent stack for the purpose of preventing pressure changes in the stack. Wet Vent A pipe, usually oversized, which functions both as a fixture branch and as a vent, e.g. waste pipe that also serves as a vent. Fixture Vent A vent pipe which leads from the drainage pipe to another vent pipe or to the atmosphere. Branch Vent A vent connecting one or more individual vents with a vent stack or stack vent. 49 | AR 213 Revent Also called an Individual Vent. Local Vent or Local Ventilating Pipe or Vapor Vent A pipe on the fixture side of the trap through which vapor or foul air is removed from the room of fixture. Ejector Vent A pipe used to provide air in a sump pit and prevent pressure buildup. Trap A fitting or a device that provides, when properly vented, a liquid seal to prevent the emission of sewer gases without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it. Trap Seal The vertical distance between the top dip and the crown weir of a trap; also the water in the trap between the top dip and the crown weir. Dip The lowest portion of the inside top surface of the channel through the trap. Crown Weir The highest point of the bottom surface of the crown. ESSENTIAL LANGUAGE Sanitary Drainage System Subsystems of the Sanitary System: Waste Collection System and Ventilation System General Rules in Designing the Sanitary System: -The pipes should take the shortest possible route to the house sewer or the terminating point of the sanitary system. -Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and vents, should be located strategically to ensure efficient circulation. -All horizontal piping shall be supported and anchored at intervals not to exceed three (3) meters. -Vertical piping shall be secured at sufficiently close intervals to keep the pipes in alignment. Stacks shall be properly supported at their bases. -Each plumbing fixture trap shall be provided with vent pipes. -Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be separately trapped by an approved type water sealed trap. -A cleanout, easily accessible, shall be provided for inspection or cleaning of the pipe run. Minimum Slope of Sanitary Drainage Lines: a. minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe – 2% or 20 millimeters per meter (¼” per foot). b. Exception: Where it is impracticable due to depth of street sewer, adverse structural features and irregular building plans, pipes 102 mm diameter or larger may have a slope of not 50 | AR 213 less than 1% or 10 millimeters per meter ( 1/8” per foot), approved by the administrative authority. Degrees or Grades of Wastewater: Grey Water, Black Water, and Storm Water. Types of Sewage Disposal System: Cesspool, Privy, Septic Tank and Public Sewer Line. 1) Cesspool or Dry Well or Absorbing Well Cesspool is a hole in the ground curbed with stones, bricks, concrete hollow blocks or other materials laid in such a manner as to allow raw contaminated sewage to leach into the soil. The organic wastes accumulate and finally disposed of by disintegration process. 2) Privy is a concrete sealed vault with a wooden shelter constructed for the collection of raw sewage. The disintegration of excrement is accomplished in the same manner as in a cesspool. It is objectionable because of the danger of contaminating the source of water supply. 51 | AR 213 3) Septic Tank A water tight receptacle which receives the discharge of a sanitary plumbing system or part thereof, designed and constructed to retain solids, digest organic matter through a period of detention and to allow the liquids to discharge into the soil outside of the tank through a system of open-jointed sub-surface piping or a seepage pit meeting the requirements of the National Plumbing Code. Sample Technical Drawings: 52 | AR 213 Sewage that was discharged into the tank is retained and during its retention period, about 60%-70% of the suspended solid of the sewage is removed largely by sedimentation to form a semi-liquid substance called sludge. The sludge accumulates at the bottom of the septic tank. Parts of the solids are formed into floating scum. Both the scum and sludge are processed by anaerobic bacteria and transforming them into liquid and gases. This process is called digestion. The solid matters reduced in sizes and consequently changed in character. The septic tank, therefore, combines two processes: sedimentation in the upper portion of the tank and anaerobic decomposition of the accumulated sludge at the bottom. Decomposition of organic matter from human waste is a bacteriological process caused by: Aerobic bacteria called Aerobes, Anaerobic bacteria called Anaerobes and Facultative bacteria. The life of the Aerobic bacteria is in the presence of material oxygen. The Anaerobic bacteria on the other hand, functions in the absence of free oxygen. Facultative bacteria function even with or without free oxygen. These three types of bacteria have no relation to disease. They thrive naturally in sewage and will function when conditions are favorable. These bacteria however will cease to exist in the presence of antiseptics or disinfectants. The human waste or excreta are decomposed, until the organic matters are transformed into materials that could no longer be utilized by the bacteria in their life process. The process of decomposition is regarded as stabilization. Decomposition caused by anaerobic bacteria which is sometimes referred to as putrefaction, is accompanied by bad odors. On the other hand, aerobic decomposition is not accompanied by unpleasant odor. A sewage that turns dark and smell unpleasantly due to anaerobic decomposition is called septic. Sizing of the Septic Tank: 1. A septic tank of smaller capacity is impractical because some leeway must be allowed for storage of accumulated sludge. 2. A tank of larger size is not advisable because retarded bacterial activity is liable to result. Methods of Sizing the Septic Tank: 1. The Philippine National Plumbing Code of 1959 (Sec. 233) provides the standard sizes of septic tanks based on the capacity (the number of persons) served by the tank. 2. The 1999 Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines uses the Estimated Waste/Sewage Flow Rates of the Design Population in sizing the septic tank. (Tables B-2 and B-3). 53 | AR 213  Table B-2: Estimated Waste/ Sewage Flow Rates Table B-3: Estimated Waste/Sewage Flow Rates 3. If the number of persons served (design population) is not available, the Fixture Unit Method may be employed. 4. If the values for the estimated waste flow rate are not available, use the following volume: - For residential installations, allow 0.14 to 0.17 cubic meter of tank content per person. 54 | AR 213  - For school, commercial, or industrial purposes, allow 0.06 to 0.09 cubic meter of tank content per person. Septic Tank Construction: 1. Reinforced Concrete 2. Plastered concrete hollow blocks 3. Prefabricated Asbestos 4. Thin metal and plastic General Conditions in Constructing a Septic Tank: (Refer to the 1999 Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines) 1. Plans for all septic tanks shall be submitted to the Administrative Authority for approval. Such plans shall show all dimension, reinforcing, structural calculations, and such other pertinent data as may be required. 2. Septic tanks design shall be such as to produce a clarified effluent consistent with accepted standards and shall provide adequate space for sludge and scum accumulations. 3. Septic tanks shall be constructed of solid durable materials, not subject to excessive corrosion or decay and shall be watertight. 4. Septic tanks shall have a minimum of two (2) compartments. The inlet compartment of any septic tank shall be not less than two-thirds (2/3) of the total capacity of the tank, nor less than 2 cubic meter liquid capacity, and shall be at least.9 m in width and 1.5 m in length. Liquid depth shall be not less than.6m nor more than 1.8 m the secondary compartment of any septic tank shall have a minimum capacity of 1 cubic meter and a maximum capacity of one-third (1/3) of the total capacity of such tank. In septic tanks having over 6 cubic meter capacity, the secondary compartment may be not less than 1.5 m in length. 5. Access to each septic tank shall be provided by at least two (2) manholes 508 mm in minimum dimension or by an equivalent removable cover slab. One access manhole shall be located over the inlet and one (1) access manhole shall be located over the outlet. Wherever a first compartment exceeds 3.7 m in length, an additional manhole shall be provided over the baffle wall. 6. The inlet and outlet pipe openings shall be not less in size than the connecting sewer pipe. The vertical leg of a round inlet and outlet fittings shall not be less in size than the connecting sewer pipe nor less than a 104.6 mm. A baffle type fitting shall have the equivalent cross-sectional area of the connecting sewer pipe and not less than a 106.6 mm horizontal dimension when measured at the inlet and outlet pipe inverts. 7. The inlet and outlet pipe or baffle shall extend 101.6 mm above and at least 304.8 mm below the water surface. The invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50.8 mm above the invert of the outlet pipe. 8. Inlet and outlet pipe fittings or baffles, and compartment partitions shall have a free vent area equal to the required cross-sectional area of the house sewer or private sewer discharging thereinto to provide free ventilation above the water surface from the disposal field or seepage pit through the septic tank, house sewer, and stack to the outer air 55 | AR 213  9. The side walls shall extend at least 228.6 mm above the liquid depth. The cover of the septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm above the back vent openings. 10. Partitions or baffles between compartments shall be of solid durable material and shall extend at least 101.6 mm above the liquid level. An inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet, but in no case less than 104.6 mm in size, shall be installed in the inlet compartment side of the baffle with the bottom of the fitting placed midway in the depth of the liquid. Wooden baffles are prohibited. 11. Each such tank shall be structurally designed to withstand all anticipated earth or other loads. All septic tank covers shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not less than 144 kPa when the maximum coverage does not exceed 9 meters. 12. Septic tanks installed under concrete or black top paving shall have the required manholes accessible by extending the manhole openings to grade in a manner acceptable to the Administrative Authority Illustrated 4) Public Sewer Line It is a public sewage system operated and maintained by the government consisting a sewage treatment plant that conveys the raw sewage from buildings and houses to a disposal system. Types of Public Sewer Line: 1. Combination Public Sewer – oldest variety; carries both storm and sanitary wastes. 2. Sanitary Sewer – carries regular sanitary wastes only; terminates in a modern sewage disposal plant for treatment; built at a depth of 3 meters (tributaries) 56 | AR 213  Two types of Sanitary Sewers: a. Tributary Sewers – termination points of individual units or structures; usually round shaped, with diameters between 0.60 to 1.20 meters; made of vitrified clay or cement pipes often installed by the curb line before the street; and normally laid in the northern or eastern side of streets with east-west or north-south orientations. b. Intercepting Sewers – also known as collecting sewers. Termination points of tributary sewers; placed much lower in the ground, from 4 to 30 meters in depth; varies in shape but have a diameter or effective opening ranging from 0.6 to 3.0 meters Sloped at an angle of 1:50 or 2%. Lifting stations are placed at certain intervals and pumps or sewage ejectors are used to lift the waste; sewers terminate at the disposal plant. 3. Storm Drain – carries only sanitary wastes. Sewer Requirements: 1. Drainage pipes of all buildings shall be connected to the public sewer. When not available, they shall be connected to an approved private sewage disposal system. 2. Public sewer may be considered as not being available if it is more than 61 meters from any proposed building or exterior drainage facility. 3. Exception: Single family dwellings with an existing private sewage disposal system may not be connected to a new public sewer when no hazard, nuisance or unsanitary condition is evident and when there is no sufficient grade or fall existing to permit proper drainage flow by gravity to the public sewer. Damage to Public Sewer or Private Sewage Disposal System: 1. It is unlawful to discharge any ashes, cinders, solids, rags, flammable, poisonous, explosive liquids or gases, oils, grease, and other things whatsoever which would cause damage to the public sewer or private disposal system. 2. No rain, surface or subsurface waters shall discharge into any excreta drainage system. 3. No cesspool and septic tank effluents, seepage pit or under drain system shall be connected to the excreta building sewer leading to a public sewer main. 4. No commercial food waste grinder shall be connected to a private or public sewage disposal system. 57 | AR 213  Size of Sewer – The minimum size of any building sewer shall be determined based on the total number of fixture units drained by such sewer. No building sewer shall be smaller than 150 mm diameter nor less in size than the building drain. Installation of Sewer: 1. Building sewers shall be run in practical alignment at a uniform slope of not less than 2% or 21 mm/m toward the point of disposal. 2. Exception: When impractical due to depth of street sewer, structural features or to adverse arrangement of building, to obtain a slope of 2%, sewers 102 mm and 152 mm in diameter may have a slope of not less than 1% (10.5 mm/m) and those 203 mm diameter and larger may have a slope of not less than 0.5% (5.3 mm/m). 3. No building sewer shall be installed less than 0.6 M from the outer face of any building foundation, nor less than 0.3 M below the finish surface of the ground. 4. Location of building sewer in relation to other services is shown below. 0.60 m from any building or structure 15.2 m from water supply wells 15.2 m from streams 0.30 m from domestic supply pipes 0.30 m from public water main 5. Building sewer or drainage pipe of clay or materials which are not approved for use within a building shall not be laid in the same trench as water pipes unless: a. The bottom of the water pipe is 0.3M above the top of the sewer pipe (NPC 1208.1.1), b. The water pipe is placed on a solid shelf excavated at one side of the common trench with a minimum horizontal distance of at least 0.3 m from the sewer or drainpipe (NPC 1208.1.2). 6. Water pipes crossing sewer or drainage pipe of clay or materials which are not approved for use within a building shall be laid a minimum of 0.3 m clear above the sewer or drainpipe. Water pipe joint shall be installed not less than 3 meters away from sewer line in both directions. Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) Some features of STP: 1. An aeration system within the tank 2. Submersible mixer to mix the waste 3. A sludge waste pump that aids in clarifying 4. A decanter 5. Blowers 6. Fully electronic control system, etc. 58 | AR 213 Essential Parts of the Sanitary Drainage System: 1. House or Building Drain – the part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer outside of the building. 2. House or Building Sewer – extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building site. Changes in Direction of Sanitary Drainage Lines Horizontal to Horizontal change in direction: 1. Use 45° wye branches, combination wye – 1/8 bend branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep Vertical to Horizontal change in direction: 1. 45° wye branches or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep Horizontal to Vertical change in direction: 1. use 45° or 60° wye branches, combination wye -1/8 bend branches, sanitary tee or sanitary tapped tee branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent sweeps. 2. No fitting having more than one inlet at the same level shall be used (i.e., sanitary cross) 3. Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of the fitting is at least two pipe (2) sizes larger than the largest inlet, (pipe sizes recognized for this purpose are 51, 64, 76, 89, 102, 114, 127, & 152 mm dia.) Unit of Measurement of Sizes of Sanitary Drainage Lines 1. The size of waste pipes or soil pipes depend on the amount of waste it carries. 2. A lavatory discharges 0.47 liters/sec or 28.3 liters/min (7.5 gallons per min or 1 cu ft per min), which is equivalent to the Fixture Unit (F.U.) 3. The F.U. rating of plumbing fixtures is based on the size of required trap. Maximum Trap Loading: Discharge Capacity: Note: For Discharge Capacity, Capacity over 3.15 L/s shall be determined by the Administrative Authority, For a continuous flow into a drainage system, such as from sump pump or ejector, air-conditioning equipment or similar devices, two (2) fixture units shall be allowed for every 0.063 L/s of flow and 1 gpm = 0.063 L/s. 59 | AR 213 Traps Trap Seals: 1. Common Seal – 2 inches between the overflow and the top dip. Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks, laundry tubs, & urinals. Materials commonly used for the P-trap: nickel, chrome plated brass, Galvanized malleable copper, & PVC. 2. Deep Seal – 4 inches deep. Water seal is about twice the size of the common P-trap. Used for extreme conditions because resealing quality is greater. Code Requirements on Traps 1. Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be separately trapped with an approved-type water-seal trap. 2. Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm (portion of a fixture drain between a trap and the vent). 3. One trap, centrally located, may serve three single compartment sinks or laundry tubs or lavatories, adjacent to each other and in the same room, where their waste outlets are not more than 0.75 m apart. Classification of Traps 1. Permissible Trap b. Drum Trap – is used mostly for a. P-Trap, ½ S-Trap, Gooseneck – bathtubs. It has the advantage of is the most widely used for containing a larger volume of fixtures, common diameter sizes water & discharging a greater are 32mm (1-1/4”) and 38mm (1- volume of water than a P-trap. 1/2”). 60 | AR 213  c. Running Trap or House Trap – a d. Grease Trap or Grease device installed to prevent Interceptor – is an interceptor of circulation of air between the at least 3 cubic meter capacity to drainage of the building and the serve one or more fixtures and building sewer. which is remotely located. Grease trap is a device designed to retain grease from one to a maximum of four fixtures. 2. Objectionable Trap a. Full S-Trap d. Mechanically Sealed Trap b. ¾ S-Trap e. Internal Partition Trap c. Bag Trap f. Light Metal Partition Trap 61 | AR 213  g. Bell Trap Size of Traps: 1. The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which it is connected. 2. Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less than 51 mm and not more than 102 mm (except where a deeper seal is found necessary by the Administrative Authority for special conditions. Minimum Sizes of Traps for Common Plumbing Fixtures: Installations of Traps 1. The vertical distance between a fixture outlet tailpiece and the trap weir shall not exceed 0.60 m in length. 2. Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms: Note: In no case shall the trap distance be less than 2 times the diameter of the trap arm. 3. The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the top of closet ring to inner edge of vent) of a water closet or similar fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m. 62 | AR 213  4. For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is required for a change of direction of greater than 22 ½ °. Industrial Interceptors (Clarifiers) and Separators: 1. Interceptors (a device designed and installed to separate and retain deleterious, hazardous or undesirable matters from normal wastes and permits normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge into the disposal terminal by gravity) shall have a water seal of not less than 152 mm deep. 2. Each interceptor shall be properly vented. 3. Slaughterhouses, packing establishments, and any establishment which discharges wastewater with considerable amount of grease, hairs, feathers, etc. shall drain through a screening device and thence into a grease interceptor. 4. Auto wash racks and/or floor or slabs used for cleaning machinery or machine parts shall be adequately protected against storm or surface water and shall drain into an interceptor which will separate oil and grease before the effluent reaches the public stream. Clean-outs A plumbing cleanout provides a convenient place to access a building's drain pipes to clear clogs and debris. You can remove a cap on the cleanout to supply the needed access. The plumbing codes of most localities require the installation of cleanouts during the plumbing rough-in during building construction. Clean-outs are required: 1. At the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line. 2. At each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total developed length. 3. At every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a fraction thereof. 4. Additional clean-out shall be provided on a horizontal line with an aggregate offset angle exceeding 135°. 5. Inside the building near the connection between the building drain and the building sewer or installed outside the building at the lower end of the building drain and extended to grade. Clean-outs are NOT required: 1. On a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless such line is serving sinks or urinals. 2. On short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of 72 deg or less from the vertical line (or at an angle of 1/5 bend). Size of Clean-outs: Size of clean-out shall be in conformity with the size of pipe served. 63 | AR 213 Installation of Clean-outs: 1. Each clean-out shall be installed so it opens with the direction of flow or at right angles to the direction of flow except in the case of a wye branch. 2. Each 90° clean-out extension shall be constructed from a wye fitting or an approved fitting of equivalent sweep. 3. Each clean-out 51 mm or less shall have a front clearance of not less than 305 mm; those 51 mm or more shall have a front clearance of 450 mm. 4. Clean-outs in underfloor piping shall be extended to or above finish floor or shall be extended outside the building when there is less than 450 mm vertical clearance or 750 horizontal clearance to the means of access. 5. No underfloor clean-out for residential occupancies shall be located more than 6.1 m from an access door, trap door or crawl hole. Vents and Venting System Ventilation of a plumbing system, is that portion of the drainage pipe installation, designed to maintain a balance atmospheric pressure inside the system to prevent problems like: Trap seal loss, Retardation of flow and Deterioration of the materials. Vents are required: each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back-pressure through venting. Vents are NOT required: On a primary settling tank interceptor which discharges through a horizontal indirect waste pipe into a secondary interceptor. The secondary interceptor shall be properly trapped and vented. Traps serving sinks in an island bar counter. Such sink shall discharge by means of an approved indirect waste pipe into a floor sink or other approved type receptor. 64 | AR 213 Main Types of Vents: 1. Main Soil and Waste Vent  The ‘backbone’ of the entire sanitary system  Connected to the Main Soil & Waste Stack  The portion where waste does not travel through  Continues to the roof; the portion penetrating the roof is called the Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR) 2. Main Vent  The principal artery of the venting system to which vent branches are connected.  Also known as a ‘Collecting Vent Line’  serves as support to the Main Soil & Waste Vent 3. Individual Vent or Back Vent 65 | AR 213   a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, that connects with the vent system above the fixture served or terminates in the open air. 4. Unit Vent  Also known as the Common Vent or Dual Vent.  An arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe serve two (2) traps. 5. Circuit or Loop Vent  a group vent pipe which starts in front of the extreme (highest) fixture connection on a horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack.  Serves a battery of fixtures. 66 | AR 213 6. Relief Vent  A vertical vent line that provides additional circulation of air between the drainage and vent systems or to act as an auxiliary vent on a specially designed system such as a “yoke vent” connection between the soil and vent stacks. 7. Yoke Vent  Also known as the By-pass Vent.  A pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack below the floor and below horizontal connection to an adjacent vent stack at a point above the floor and higher than the highest spill level of fixtures for preventing pressure changes in the stacks. 8. Wet Vent  That portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also flows through. 67 | AR 213 9. Looped Vent  A vertical vent connection on a horizontal soil or waste pipe branch at a point downstream of the last fixture connection and turning to a horizontal line above the highest overflow level of the highest fixture connected there.  Used in spaces without partitions 10. Local Vent  A pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a plumbing fixture or a room to the outer air. 68 | AR 213  11. Utility Vent  This is used for basement or underground public restroom wherein a vent stack may not be possible to extend 3 meters above the ground, as it may constitute a hazard and is unsightly. Size of Vents: 1. The sizes of vent piping shall be determined from its length and the total number of fixture units connected thereto. 2. The diameter of an individual vent shall not be less than 32 mm (1-1/4”) nor less in size than one-half (1/2) the diameter of the drain to which it is connected. Installation of Vents: Grades and Connections 1. All horizontal or branch vents shall be free from drops or sags & shall be graded and connected to drip back by gravity to the drainage pipe it serves. 2. Each vent shall rise vertically 152 mm above the highest-level rim of the fixtures served before offsetting horizontally. 3. All vent pipes shall extend undiminished in size above the roof or shall be reconnected to the soil or waste stack vent at a point below the roof. The “vent stack through roof” (VSTR) shall be increased one (1) pipe size above the connection between the stack vent and the horizontal vent. 4. Two (2) fixtures having same level inlet openings, may be served by a common vertical vent pipe connected to an approved double branch fitting. Vent Termination 1. VSTR shall terminate vertically not less than 150 mm above the roof nor less than 300 mm from any vertical surface nearby. 2. Each vent opening shall terminate: Not less than 3.00 m from any openable window. Not less than 0.90 m above any openable window. Not less than 0.90 m away from any lot line, alley, and street boundary lines. 3. Vertical vent pipes shall extend 3.00 m distant from any part of the roof that is used for human activities and shall extend not less than 2.10 m above such roof. 69 | AR 213 Vent Stack and Relief Vents 1. Each soil or waste stack extending ten (10) or more storeys above the building drain shall be served by a parallel vent stack which shall extend undiminished in size from its upper terminal at the roof and connect to the soil or waste stack at ground level and at every fifth floor levels with a “yoke vent” at a point below the horizontal soil or waste branch connection to the stack and at the nearby vent stack above the same floor to provide a relief vent. 2. The size of yoke vent shall be not less in diameter than either the soil stack or the vent stack, whichever is smaller. 3. The yoke vent connection at the vent stack shall be placed 1.0 m above the floor level and, by means of a wye branch at the soil stack, shall be placed below the fixture branch serving that floor. Sanitary System Problems: 1. Trap Seal Loss  Direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside the system due to inadequate ventilation of traps. Attributed to the following conditions: o Siphonage – direct and momentum o Back Pressure o Capillary Attraction o Evaporation – caused by extreme temperatures, idleness. o Wind Effects – strong winds blow the trap seal. 2. Retardation of Flow – due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and/or gravity. 3. Deterioration of Materials – due to the formation of acids. 70 | AR 213 Sample Illustrations of Sanitary Layout 71 | AR 213 Other Sample Layouts and Illustrations will be posted on BlackBoard LMS. 72 | AR 213 LET’S CHECK ! Activities will be posted on BlackBoard LMS. LET’S ANALYZE ! Activities will be posted on BlackBoard LMS. IN A NUTSHELL... Activities will be posted on BlackBoard LMS. QUESTION & ANSWER Do you have any question for clarification? If so, I suggest you try it reading again what seems not clear to you. Still, if it does not help you, post all your questions directly on Blackboard LMS forum feature. All questions raised will be answered and posted in Blackboard LMS. 73 | AR 213