Integrating Concepts in Biology Chapter 16: Variation and Population Genetics PDF

Integrating Concepts in Biology Chapter 16: Variation and Population Genetics Section 16.1 What causes individual variation? Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. Biology Learning Objectives Evaluate the processes by...

Integrating Concepts in Biology Chapter 16: Variation and Population Genetics Section 16.1 What causes individual variation? Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. Biology Learning Objectives Evaluate the processes by which variation is generated in organisms and how this affects information at the population level and natural selection. Differentiate between independent assortment and crossing over. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.  Review Genotype  Review Genotype – the genetic make up  Review Genotype – the genetic make up Phenotype  Review Genotype – the genetic make up Phenotype – an observable trait  Individual Variation Population Individual Individuals make up populations  Individual Variation Population Individual They can vary in any number of phenotypes  Variation Variation – a different of distinct form or version of something  Variation Variation – a different of distinct form or version of something Genetic Environmental Variation Genotype Environment Phenotype Variation caused by the Environment Environmental Gradient (cline) – a change in abiotic factors Variation caused by the Environment Environmental Gradient (cline) – a change in abiotic factors Common Garden Experiment A method used to determine genetic diversity Planting different populations of the same species in the same environmental conditions  Common Garden Experiment If they are genetically the same they will grow the same way Pond Mountain https://adaptivegenomics.weebly.com/experiments-in-evolution.html  Common Garden Experiment Pond Mountain Seeds from both populations https://adaptivegenomics.weebly.com/experiments-in-evolution.html  Common Garden Experiment Pond Mountain Seeds from both populations https://adaptivegenomics.weebly.com/experiments-in-evolution.html  Common Garden Experiment Pond Mountain Plants are the same height now https://adaptivegenomics.weebly.com/experiments-in-evolution.html  Common Garden Experiment Pond Mountain Plants are the same height now Environmental https://adaptivegenomics.weebly.com/experiments-in-evolution.html  Common Garden Experiment Pond Mountain Plants are the different colors https://adaptivegenomics.weebly.com/experiments-in-evolution.html  Common Garden Experiment Pond Mountain Plants are the different colors Genetic https://adaptivegenomics.weebly.com/experiments-in-evolution.html  Common Garden Experiment Variation in the phenotype caused SOLELY by environmental pressure or factors cannot be inherited by an organisms offspring https://adaptivegenomics.weebly.com/experiments-in-evolution.html https://www.123rf.com/clipart-vector/smelting.html  Plants growing near a smelting operation in Pennsylvania How did Caiazza and Quinn study the effects of the smelting plant Slender sandwort (Arenaria patula) on plants? Methods Collected plant samples at various distances Reported pollution levels at each collection location Counted stomata and hairs Grew seeds in standard conditions Japanese honeysuckle nearby (Lonicera japonica) https://img2.lrgarden.com/feed_pic/ 158/56/1000285342_1000013406_1499767224.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/ Slide put together by Dr. Jeremy Gibson (2021) Honeysuckle-2.jpg https://www.quora.com/How-are-stomatas  Zinc contamination in soils surrounding a smelting operation in Pennsylvania Figure 16.6 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 1.  Zinc contamination in soils surrounding a smelting operation in Pennsylvania Honeysuckle was only collected in near and far Figure 16.6 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 1.  Zinc contamination in soils surrounding a smelting operation in Pennsylvania Distance from smelter that plants were collected Figure 16.6 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 1.  Copper contamination and in soils surrounding a smelting operation in Pennsylvania Figure 16.6 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 1.  Zinc and copper contamination soils surrounding a smelting operation in Pennsylvania Figure 16.6 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 1.  Stomata and hair densities of honeysuckle collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions Figure 16.7 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 2 and 3.  Stomata and hair densities of honeysuckle collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions What is the effect of distance to smelter on stomata density? Figure 16.7 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 2 and 3.  Stomata and hair densities of honeysuckle collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions Stomata density is lower closer to the plant What is the effect of distance to smelter on stomata density? Figure 16.7 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 2 and 3.  Stomata and hair densities of honeysuckle collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions Figure 16.7 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 2 and 3.  Stomata and hair densities of honeysuckle collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions What is the effect of distance to smelter on hair density? Figure 16.7 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 2 and 3.  Stomata and hair densities of honeysuckle collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions Hair density is higher closer to the plant What is the effect of distance to smelter on hair density? Figure 16.7 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 2 and 3.  Stomata and hair densities of sandwort collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions Figure 16.7 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 2 and 3.  Stomata and hair densities of sandwort collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions What is the effect of distance to smelter on stomata density? Figure 16.7 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 2 and 3.  Stomata and hair densities of sandwort collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions Stomata density increases with distance from the plant What is the effect of distance to smelter on stomata density? Figure 16.7 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 2 and 3.  Stomata and hair densities of sandwort collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions Figure 16.7 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 2 and 3.  Stomata and hair densities of sandwort collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions What is the effect of distance to smelter on hair density? Figure 16.7 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 2 and 3.  Stomata and hair densities of sandwort collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions Hair density decreases with distance from the plant What is the effect of distance to smelter on hair density? Figure 16.7 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 2 and 3.  Stomata and hair densities of honeysuckle collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions What do the results of the common garden experiment show? Figure 16.7 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 2 and 3.  Stomata and hair densities of honeysuckle collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions There is a genetic component to the differences Figure 16.7 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 2 and 3.  Stomata and hair densities of sandwort collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions What do the results of the common garden experiment show? Figure 16.7 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 2 and 3.  Stomata and hair densities of sandwort collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions What do the results of the common garden experiment show? Figure 16.7 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 2 and 3.  Stomata and hair densities of sandwort collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions There is a genetic component to the differences Figure 16.7 Data from Caiazza & Quinn, 1980, Table 2 and 3.  Barnacles… Bent shell Cone shell Why two different shell types? Acorn barnacle (Chthamalus anisopoma) Phylum: Arthropoda https://i.imgur.com/AMcoZDw.gif Figure 16.8 From Lively, 1986, Figure 1 (a); Table 1 (b); Figure 3 (c), © 1986 Slide put together by Dr. Jeremy Gibson (2021) Wiley. Reproduced with permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd.  Predation at sea… Spine used to pry barnacles Bent shell Cone shell Acorn barnacle (Chthamalus anisopoma) Unicorn snail (Acanthina angelica) Phylum: Arthropoda Phylum: Mollusca Figure 16.8 From Lively, 1986, Figure 1 (a); Table 1 (b); Figure 3 (c), © 1986 Slide put together by Dr. Jeremy Gibson (2021) Wiley. Reproduced with permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Intertidal Habitat  Experimental set-up Exclusion Experiment  Experimental set-up Exclusion Experiment  Responses of the acorn barnacle to the snail predator Results of predator exclusion experiment From Lively, 1986, Figure 1 (a); Table 1 (b); Figure 3 (c), © 1986 Figure 16.8 Wiley. Reproduced with permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd.  Responses of the acorn barnacle to the snail predator What does this Results of experiment show? predator exclusion experiment From Lively, 1986, Figure 1 (a); Table 1 (b); Figure 3 (c), © 1986 Figure 16.8 Wiley. Reproduced with permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd.  Responses of the acorn barnacle to the snail predator Results of That predators can cause predator developmental changes exclusion experiment From Lively, 1986, Figure 1 (a); Table 1 (b); Figure 3 (c), © 1986 Figure 16.8 Wiley. Reproduced with permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd.  Responses of the acorn barnacle to the snail predator Bent developed in the Results of predator presence of the snail exclusion experiment From Lively, 1986, Figure 1 (a); Table 1 (b); Figure 3 (c), © 1986 Figure 16.8 Wiley. Reproduced with permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd.  Responses of the acorn barnacle to the snail predator Results of Either did not receive predator the “predator cue” or are exclusion genetically incapable of experiment growing into the bent From Lively, 1986, Figure 1 (a); Table 1 (b); Figure 3 (c), © 1986 Figure 16.8 Wiley. Reproduced with permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd.  TAKE HOME Environmental factors can alter the physical appearance of animals, but only within the scope of their genetic potential. Experimental set-up Survival  Responses of the acorn barnacle to the snail predator without Survival of predator barnacles From Lively, 1986, Figure 1 (a); Table 1 (b); Figure 3 (c), © 1986 Figure 16.8 Wiley. Reproduced with permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd.  Responses of the acorn barnacle to the snail predator Survival of barnacles with predator From Lively, 1986, Figure 1 (a); Table 1 (b); Figure 3 (c), © 1986 Figure 16.8 Wiley. Reproduced with permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd.  Responses of the acorn barnacle to the snail predator Survival of barnacles From Lively, 1986, Figure 1 (a); Table 1 (b); Figure 3 (c), © 1986 Figure 16.8 Wiley. Reproduced with permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd.  Responses of the acorn barnacle to the snail predator From Lively, 1986, Figure 1 (a); Table 1 (b); Figure 3 (c), © 1986 Figure 16.8 Wiley. Reproduced with permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd.