The Reign of Alauddin Khalji PDF

# The Reign of Alauddin Khalji ## Amir Khusrau Amir Khusrau was a Sufi poet born in Uttar Pradesh who wrote in Persian and Hindavi and was a disciple of the Sufi saint Nizammuddin Auliya. ### What was the main emphasis of Sufi poetry? ### How was Sufism important in Indian subcontinent society i...

# The Reign of Alauddin Khalji ## Amir Khusrau Amir Khusrau was a Sufi poet born in Uttar Pradesh who wrote in Persian and Hindavi and was a disciple of the Sufi saint Nizammuddin Auliya. ### What was the main emphasis of Sufi poetry? ### How was Sufism important in Indian subcontinent society in the 13th-14th century? ## The Khalji Dynasty ### Khalji-Aghanistan Alban successfully crushed all rebellions and ascended the throne. The authority of the Band established a strong government. His successors, however, were quite incapable of maintaining the empire. This coup set the stage for the rise of the second Delhi Sultanate dynasty, the Khalji dynasty. ### Jalaluddin Khalji Jalaluddin Firoz, the founder of the Khalji dynasty, was an old man of seventy when he ascended the throne. His kingdom was in chaos and confusion. In 1296 CE, his nephew and son-in-law Alauddin Khalji captured the throne and murdered him. **Rebellion**: Armed opposition to an established government. **What should have been the rule of succession? Can an assassin/killer become an emperor? Would it not lead to more chaos, uncertainty and bloodshed?** ### Alauddin Khalji Alauddin's uncle appointed him the governor of Awadh and Kara. In 1296 CE, he attacked and defeated Raja Ramchandra of Devagiri in the Deccan and returned with fabulous riches. Jalaluddin was so pleased with his nephew’s achievement that he went to Allahabad to welcome him, where he was murdered at the behest of Alauddin. He next, defeated and imprisoned Arkali Khan and Qadar Khan, the two sons of the Sultan and proclaimed himself the Sultan in 1296 CE. In order to win over the nobles, he distributed the booty that he had got in Devagiri among them. Alauddin Khalji was sent as the governor of Devagiri by Jalauddin. - True - False Palace of Thousand Pillars in Warangal built by Alauddin ### Alauddin Khalji Alauddin was able to maintain a large army and develop an efficient administration. **Alauddin Khalji in battle** Apart from conquering Gujarat and Malwa in 1297 CE, he also captured Ranthambhor and Chittor in Rajasthan. Alauddin faced more than a dozen Mongol invasions during his reign and was successful in countering them. Apart from attacking the Mongols directly, he also conquered several territories like Dwarasamudra and Madurai in the south, for his master. ### The Khaljis The Khaljis were originally Turks. However, they settled in a region of Afghanistan called Khalj. After settling there, they adopted Afghan manners and customs. Later, the Mongol invasion pushed them into Hindustan. Alauddin Khalji’s empire was the largest empire in India, since the time of Ashoka! ### Administration Alauddin was not only a successful general, but also an accomplished administrator. He kept a strict watch on the nobles and took certain steps to stamp out all intrigues and revolts. All land and property given to the nobles as gifts or religious grants was taken back by the government. (Marriages, parties and social gatherings amongst the nobles were restricted. **Alauddin cruel, ruthless, strict, Military Expansion** He strengthened the fortifications on the frontiers, ensuring his empire extended from the Brahmaputra in the east to the Arabian Sea in the west, and from the Himalayas in the north to Madurai in the far south. He realized that the south was far off and difficult to rule. Hence, he made the rajas his vassals and took annual tributes from them. In this way, he was able to maintain a large army and develop an efficient administration. **Alauddin Khalji in battle** Apart from conquering Gujarat and Malwa in 1297 CE, he also captured Ranthambhor and Chittor in Rajasthan. Alauddin faced more than a dozen Mongol invasions during his reign and was successful in countering them. Apart from attacking the Mongols directly, he also conquered several territories, like Dwarasamudra and Madurai in the south, for his master. **Step Up** The Khaljis were originally Turks. However, they settled in a region of Afghanistan called Khalj. After settling there, they adopted Afghan manners and customs. Later, the Mongol invasion pushed them into Hindustan. Alauddin Khalji's Empire was the largest empire in India, since the time of Ashoka! **were** The price of cloths were comparitivel lower the th **A folio from Duval Rani Khizr Khan by Amir Khusrau** **Achievements** Alauddin was also a great patron of art and architecture. Poets and scholars like Amir Khusrau and Amir Hasan adorned his court. An A time when the Seljuk Empire in the west price was breaking up under the incessant attacks $ood of the Mongols, many poets, artists, architects and craftsmen took employment and shelter in neighbouring lands. Amir Khusrau was a famous poet in the court of the Khalji Sultans to pro standing army: an army on the permanent pay roll of a kingdom or state | decreed: made a law or order | incessant: non-stop or continuous Doab: Land we **areas** of the rivers **Like in contemporary England, Spain and India. submission to their overlord. Coins of Alauddin Khalji** **Special** revenue officials were appointed to in collect taxes in cash. Alauddin increased the capital share of the state from one-third to half. He took steps to control the prices. Commodities wh required for daily use had fixed prices. Officers were appointed to supervise the market. Prices of essential goods were kept low. Defaulters were punished. In the Doab, the fertile land between the Ganga and Yamuna rivers, revenue was raised to half of the total produce. Land revenue was fixed and strictly collected. Grains were also stored in government granaries. grains pulses, horses moat egetables dry fruits were decreased prices of slaves fixed were The price of cloths were **Drinking** **Apart** **Grain** **prices** **marleet** of wine in public was also prohibited) from this, (an efficient spy system was Aganised by him.) He also introduced the -system of chehra, a kind of identity card for every soldier and dagh, a branding for horses to be used specifically for wars.) **Economic Reforms** For his required army conquests, Alauddin a large standing and to maintain one, he introduced various economic measures. The rulers of the Deccan were forced to an ha acknowledge the supremacy of the Sultan and pay heavy annual tribute as a mark of Mohammad brice Shah JUL **Connecting Bridges**** **son Qutb-ud-din Mubarak neid the reins for four years but was completely ineffective. The Khalji dynasty fell and the Tughluq dynasty came to power. Bla** Alai Dawraza and Hauz Khaz tank were built by Alauddin Khalji Padmavati was an exceptionally beautiful princess of the Singhal kingdom (Sri Lanka). The earliest source to mention her is Padmavat, an epic poem written by Malik Muhammad Jayasi in 1540 CE. Ratan Sen, the Rajput ruler of Chittor, heard about Padmavat's beauty from a talking parrot named Hiraman. After an adventurous quest, he married her and brought her to Chittor. Alauddin Khalji, the Sultan of Delhi also heard about her beauty, and attacked Chittor to obtain her. She was so beautiful that Alauddin was mesmerised by her beauty. His passion for the queen made him invade Chittor in 1303 CE. However on his conquest of Chittor, the queen preferred to commit 'jauhar' and burnt herself along with other women of the palace. Attack on Chittor and w burning themselve **EXERCISES.** A. Choose the correct option. 1. Rani Padmavat was the queen of which place? **Amir Khusrau or the 'Father of the Qawwali, was an eminent poet and writer. His writings were patronised by Alauddin Khalji and have historical and literary significance. Some of his important works are: • Khzainul-Futuh: conquests describes Alauddin's Duval Rani Khizr Khan: depicts the love story between Duval Rani and Khizr Khan Mijtah-ul-Futuh: talks about the four famous victories of Jalaluddin Khalji Nuh-Sipir: contains a poetical description of Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah Khalji's reign His other works of literary significance are Laila Majnu, Ayina-i-Sikandri and Hasht Bihisht. Alauddin built the Alai Darwaza, which served Step Up 1712 as a beautiful entrance to the Qutb Minar, and a madrasa near Qutb Minar (Delhi). He also built the Siri Fort and the Palace of Thousand Pillars in Warangal. Hauz Khas, a big tank for royal bath, was also constructed during his rule. Although he was religious minded, he did not allow religion to interfere in the affairs of the state. After his death in 1316 CE, his son Outh-ud-din Mubarak hold the rains for** Text Photo