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7:50 编辑 3 ONA 88 HLT54121 Diploma of Nursing (C5365) HLTAAP002 - Confirm Physical Health Status (NURS5362C/5369C) Lesson 1 The Human Body: Introduction Welcome to Confirm Physical Health Status In this unit You will Learn so MUCH! 49 Х RMIT UNIVERSITY Role responsibilities and limitations for diff...

7:50 编辑 3 ONA 88 HLT54121 Diploma of Nursing (C5365) HLTAAP002 - Confirm Physical Health Status (NURS5362C/5369C) Lesson 1 The Human Body: Introduction Welcome to Confirm Physical Health Status In this unit You will Learn so MUCH! 49 Х RMIT UNIVERSITY Role responsibilities and limitations for different members of the care team in relation to checking client. health status Concepts underpinning human anatomy and physiology Structure and function of human body systems and their interactions Anatomical and medical terminology Common disorders, problems and complaints and their signs and symptoms, associated with each body system and its components relevant to the area of work RMIT UNIVERSITY Cont..... RMIT MRSITY. Basic pharmacology in relation to cautions and contraindications for relevant health procedures Causes of disease physical, mental and emotional, and key features of each cause Major types of cellular adaptation Processes of metabolism, nutrition, body temperature regulation, biological maturation, inheritance and ageing Oral health disease of the mouth and teeth including edentulous (no-natural teeth) and dentate (having natural teeth) Variations from normal functioning and appropriate responses RMIT UNIVERSITY Assessment Overview No: 1 2 3 Assessment Code HLTAAP002-Assessment Task1 (Online Quiz) - Semester 1 Name 25 Questions HLTAAP002 Assessment 15 Questions Task 2 Semester 2 HLTAAP002-Assessment Task 3 Semester 2 Practical Health Assessment and questions based on Case Studies RMIT 4 UNIVERSITY Session objectives Define Anatomy and physiology Identify the relationship between anatomy and physiology Identify the levels of structural organisation Identify the necessary life functions and Survival needs Define Homeostasis and feedback mechanisms RMIT RSITY RMIT RSITY RMIT 5 UNIVERSITY RMIT School of Vocational Engineering, Health & Sciences RSITY Session objectives continued Define the Anatomical position Define common Directional terms and Regional terms Identify Body planes and sections Identify Body cavities RMIT 6 UNIVERSITY RMIT School of Vocational Engineering, Health & Sciences RSITY The human body-An orientation. Anatomy; Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy Physiology; Study of how the body and its parts work or function Structure determines what functions can occur RMIT UNIVERSITY If structure changes, the function changes School of Vocational Engineering. Health & Sciences. Maintaining life: necessary life functions Maintain boundaries Movement. Responsiveness Digestion RMIT ERSITY RMIT 8 UNIVERSITY PMIT School of Vocational Engineering, Health & Sciences VERSITY ACTIVITY https://www.ideasthatwork.com.au/product/healthy-bodies/ (video) Name all body systems: 1) Integumentary 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) RMIT 9 UNIVERSITY Organ System Overview Integumentary system Forms the external body covering (skin) Protects deeper tissue from injury Helps regulate body temperature Location of cutaneous nerve receptors RMIT 10 UNIVERSITY 9) 10) 11) Integumentary System - Skin Forms the external body covering; protect deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands. 11 RMIT UNIVERSITY Organ System Overview Skeletal system Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints Supports the body Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) Stores minerals RMIT 12 UNIVERSITY Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals. RMIT 13 UNIVERSITY Organ System Overview Muscular system Skeletal muscles contract or shorten. Produces movement of bones RMIT 14 UNIVERSITY 15 Skeletal muscles Muscular System Organ System Overview. Nervous system Fast-acting control system Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors Responds to internal and external change Sends messages via nerve impulses to central nervous system ⚫ Central nervous system activates effectors (muscles and glands) RMIT 16 UNIVERSITY 17 Nervous System Brain Sensory receptor Spinal cord Nerves Organ System Overview. Endocrine system Endocrine glands include: Pituitary gland Thyroid and parathyroid Adrenal glands Thymus Pancreas Pineal gland Ovaries (females) and testes (males) Endocrine system Secretes regulatory hormones. Growth Reproduction. Metabolism RMIT 18 UNIVERSITY Cartilages -Joint Bones RMIT MRSITY RMIT RSITY RMIT ERSITY RMIT ERSITY Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat. RMIT MERSITY RMIT ERSITY Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. RMIT ERSITY RMIT VERSITY RMIT 19 UNIVERSITY Pineal gland Pituitary gland Endocrine System Thyroid gland (parathyroid glands on posterior aspect) Thymus gland Adrenal glands Pancreas Testis (male) Ovary (female) Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells. RMIT MRSITY Organ System Overview Cardiovascular system Includes heart and blood vessels Heart pumps blood Vessels transport blood to tissues ⚫Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart.. RMIT 20 UNIVERSITY Oxygen and carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Cardiovascular System Heart RMIT VERSITY RMIT 21 UNIVERSITY Blood vessels Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood. RMIT RSITY Organ System Overview Lymphatic system Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs Returns leaked fluids back to blood vessels Cleanses the blood Involved in immunity. RMIT 22 UNIVERSITY Lymphatic System Thoracic duct Lymph nodes RMIT RMIT 23 UNIVERSITY Lymphatic vessels Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity. Organ System Overview. Respiratory system Includes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs Supplies blood with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide RMIT 24 UNIVERSITY RMIT 25 UNIVERSITY Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Respiratory System Bronchus Left lung Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. Digestive system Includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and accessory organs Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood ⚫ Eliminates indigestible material as feces RMIT 26 UNIVERSITY RMIT 27 UNIVERSITY Oral cavity Esophagus Stomach Digestive System Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. Organ System Overview Urinary/ Renal system ⚫ Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra ⚫ Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid-base balance Regulates water and electrolytes RMIT 28 UNIVERSITY RMIT 29 UNIVERSITY Organ System Overview Reproductive system Urinary/Renal System Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. For males, includes the testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system Testes produce sperm Duct system carries sperm to exterior For females, includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina Ovaries produce eggs Uterus provides site of development for fetus RMIT 30 UNIVERSITY ERSITY RMIT RSITY RMIT RSITY RMIT RSITY RMIT RSITY RMIT RSITY RMIT RSITY RMIT RSITY RMIT RSITY Male Reproductive System Prostate gland Female Reproductive System Mammary glands (in breasts) Uterine tube Ovary Seminal- vesicles Uterus - Vas deferens Penis Testis Vagina Scrotum Overall function of the reproductive system is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to sex hormones; the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female remaining structures serve as sites for glands of female breast produce milk to nourish the fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary newborn. 31 Maintaining life: necessary life functions continued Metabolism. Excretion Reproduction. Growth RMIT 32 UNIVERSITY RMIT School of Vocational Engineering, Health & Sciences RSITY Survival needs Nutrients. Oxygen Water Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure RMIT 33 UNIVERSITY School of Vocational Engineering. Health & Sciences Homeostasis Homeostasis-maintenance of a stable internal environment Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life A dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostatic imbalance A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease or damage Causes vary across a number of areas RMIT 34 UNIVERSITY School of Vocational Engineering, Health & Sciences RMIT RSITY RMIT VERSITY Internal influences such as aging and genetics. External influences such as nutrition deficiencies, physical activity, mental health, drug and alcohol abuse. Environmental influences such as exposure to toxins. Examples of physiological variables. Temperature Water and electrolyte concentrations. pH of body fluids. Blood glucose levels Blood and tissue oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. Blood pressure RMIT 35 UNIVERSITY School of Vocational Engineering Health & Sciences Maintaining homeostasis. Homeostasis regulation involves 3 parts: Receptor receive information from the environment that something is changing Control center receives and processes the information Effector respond to the commands from the control centre by either opposing or enhancing the command Factors that influence Homeostatic imbalance ? RMIT 36 UNIVERSITY School of Vocational Engineering, Health & Sciences RMIT ERSITY RMIT VERSITY Internal influences such as aging and genetics. External influences such as nutrition deficiencies, physical activity, mental health, drug and alcohol abuse. Environmental influences such as exposure to toxins. Step 1: A receptor detects a change and sends information to the control center. Receptor (sensor) 37 Imbalance Step 2: The control center integrates information from the receptors and directs the appropriate responses. Control center Variable Factor to Be Controlled in Homeostasis Step 3: The effector Effector brings about the (muscle or gland) necessary adjustment. Imbalance Maintaining homeostasis continued Efferent Pathways carry signal away from central nervous system to an organ which carry's out the appropriate responds Afferent Pathways receive signals that come from outside and tell the brain what they are sensing RMIT 38 UNIVERSITY School of Vocational Engineering, Health & Sciences RMIT RSITY Efferent Pathways = they are signals that your brain sends to tell your body to do something. Eg; yours eyes to blink Afferent Pathways = sense signals from outside eg; temperature change. Feedback mechanisms Negative and Positive Feedback systems https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6_oe_QcHKcd RMIT 39 UNIVERSITY School of Vocational Engineering. Health & Sciences RMIT RSITY Youtube video explaining feedback mechisms: Homesostatic Feedback Control Loops (2.26 mins) The language of anatomy. Anatomical position Standard body position Stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward RMIT 40 UNIVERSITY School of Vocational Engineering. Health & Sciences Medical terminology Each body system has terminology attached Eg: Cranial brain What are some other examples Utilise handout on CANVAS RMIT 41 UNIVERSITY Figure 1.5a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas. 42 2015 Pearson Education, Limited Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Buccal Oral Mental Cervical Thoracic Sternal Axillary Abdominal Umbilical- Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital). KEY: Thorax Abdomen (a) Anterior/Ventral Upper limb -Acromial - Deltoid -Brachial (arm) - Antecubital -Antebrachial (forearm) -Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Digital RMIT RSITY RMIT RSITY Directional terms Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms Term Definition Illustration Example Superior (cranial or Toward the head end or The forehead is superior to the Superior Inferior Ventral (anterior) Dorsal (posterior) cephalad) upper part of a structure or the body; above nose. Inferior (caudal)* Away from the head end The navel is inferior to the or toward the lower part breastbone. of a structure or the body; below Ventral (anterior) Toward or at the front of The breastbone is anterior to Dorsal (posterior) the body; in front of Toward or at the backside of the body; behind the spine. The heart is posterior to the breastbone. RMIT 43 UNIVERSITY "The term caudal, literally "toward the tail," is synonymous with inferior only to the inferior end of the spine. Ventral and anterior are synonymous in humans; this is not the case in four-legged animals. Ventral refers to the inferior surface of four-legged animals. Likewise, although the dorsal and posterior surfaces are the same an animal's back. Thus, the dorsal surface of four-legged animals is their superior surface. the "belly" of an animal and thus is in humans, the term dorsal refers to Table 1.1 Directional terms Term continued Medial Medial Orientation and Directional Terms (continued) Definition Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner Illustration Example The heart is medial to the arm. Lateral Proximal ⚫ Distal Lateral Intermediate Proximal side of Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of Between a more medial and a more lateral structure. The arms are lateral to the chest. The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and the shoulder. Close to the origin of the The body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk wrist elbow is proximal to the (meaning that the elbow is closer to the shoulder or attachment point of the arm RMIT 44 UNIVERSITY than the wrist is). Directional terms continued Superficial (external) Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (continued) Term Definition Illustration Example Distal Farther from the origin of The knee is distal to the thigh. a body part or the point Deep (internal) of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Superficial Toward or at the body The skin is superficial to the (external) surface skeleton. Deep (internal) Away from the body The lungs are deep to the rib RMIT surface; more internal cage. 45 UNIVERSITY Regional terms used to designate specific body areas Figure 1a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal - Buccal Mental- Cervical Thoracic Axillary Abdominal Umbilical- Pelvic Inguinal Upper limb -Acromial -Deltoid -Brachial (arm) -Antecubital -Antebrachial (forearm) -Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Digital (groin) Lower limb -Coxal (hip) Pubic (genital) Femoral (thigh) -Patellar -Crural (leg) KEY: Thorax Abdomen -Fibular Pedal (foot) -Tarsal (ankle) 46 - Digital (a) Anterior/Ventral ©2015 Pearses Education, United Body planes and sections A sagittal section A median, or mid-sagittal, section. A frontal, or coronal, section A transverse, or cross, section RMIT 47 UNIVERSITY Figure 1 Regional term used to designate specifle body areas Upper limb Cephalic -Occipital Acromial (back of head) - Cervical Brachial (arm)- Olecranal- Back (dorsal) 2015 School of Vocational Engineering, Health & Sciences Antebrachial- (forearm) Scapular -Vertebral Lumbar Manus (hand) Sacral Gluteal Digital- Femoral (thigh) Popliteal- Sural (calf)- Fibular KEY: Back (Dorsum) Pedal (foot) Calcaneal- Plantar- (b) Posterior/Dorsal Figure 1.6 The anatomical position and planes of the body-median, frontal, and transverse with corresponding MRI scans. RMIT RSITY (a) Median (midsagittal) (b) Frontal (coronal) plane Vertebral column Right lung Heart Left lung (c) Transverse plane Liver Aorta Pancreas Spleen 48 Rectum Intestines 2015 Pearson Education, Limited Body cavities Dorsal body Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity RMIT 49 UNIVERSITY Liver Stomach Spleen Subcutaneous Spinal cord fat layer Figure 1.7 Body cavities Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity -Diaphragm Abdominal Spinal cavity cavity Pelvic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity KEY: Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity ©2015 Pearson Education, Limited The four abdominopelvic quadrants Figure 1.8 The four abdominopelvic quadrants. Left upper Right upper quadrant (LUQ) quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) 50 2015 Pearson Education, Limited Left lower quadrant (LLQ) The nine abdominopelvic regions Figure 1.9 The nine abdominopelvic regions. Right hypochondriac region Epigastric hypochondriac Liver Gallbladder Ascending Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumbar colon of large intestine region region region Small intestine Right iliac Нуро- gastric Left illac (Inguinal) (pubic) (Inguinal) region region (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes 51 ©2015 Pearson Education, Limited Diaphragm Stomach Transverse colon of large intestine Descending colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary Cecum Appendix bladder (b) Anterior view of the nine regions Body cavities continued Other body cavities include: Oral and digestive cavities Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities showing the superficial organs RMIT 52 UNIVERSITY RMIT School of Vocational Engineering. Health & Sciences RSITY RMIT 53 UNIVERSITY Any questions? School of Vocational Engineering, Health & Sciences RMIT VERSITY References Marieb, E. (2015). Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, (11th ed.). Pearson Education Inc. USA Article: Challenging questions beneficial to missions http: //archive.constantcontact.com/fs199/1102881281765/archive/111 0827961738.html RMIT 54 UNIVERSITY School of Vocational Engineering, Health & Sciences RMIT RSITY